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新外研版初中英语八年级下册 Unit 4 Helping out 知识清单
一、核心词汇 (Key Words)
1. excuse / 原谅
词形转换：excuse (n. 借口；理由) | excusable (adj. 可原谅的) | inexcusable (adj. 不可原谅的)
固定搭配：excuse me (劳驾) | excuse sb. for doing sth. (原谅某人做某事) | make an excuse (找借口) | without excuse (无故)
例句：Please excuse me for being late.
2. afford / 买得起，付得起
词形转换：affordable (adj. 负担得起的) | affordability (n. 可负担性)
固定搭配：afford to do sth. (有能力做某事) | can’t afford (买不起；承担不起) | affordable prices (实惠的价格)
例句：We can’t afford to go on vacation this year.
3. treat / 治疗；对待
词形转换：treatment (n. 治疗；疗法) | treatable (adj. 可治疗的)
固定搭配：treat sb. well/badly (善待/虐待某人)
4. sunshine / 阳光
词形转换：sun (n. 太阳) | sunny (adj. 晴朗的)
固定搭配：bright sunshine (明媚的阳光) | enjoy the sunshine (享受阳光)
5. virus / 病毒
词形转换：viral (adj. 病毒性的)
固定搭配：computer virus (计算机病毒) | viral infection (病毒感染) | spread a virus (传播病毒)
6. disappointment / 失望，扫兴
词形转换：disappoint (v. 使失望) | disappointed (adj. 感到失望的) | disappointing (adj. 令人失望的)
固定搭配：to one’s disappointment (令某人失望的是) | express disappointment (表达失望) | a great disappointment (极大的失望)
7. X-ray / X光检查
词形转换：X-ray (v. 拍X光) | X-ray (adj. X光的)
固定搭配：have an X-ray (做X光检查) | X-ray film (X光片)
8. treatment / 治疗，诊治；疗法
固定搭配：medical treatment (医疗治疗) | receive treatment (接受治疗) | be under treatment (正在接受治疗)
9. pocket / 衣袋，口袋
词形转换：pocket (adj. 袖珍的) | pocket (v. 把……装进口袋)
固定搭配：pocket money (零花钱)
10. illness / 病，疾病
词形转换：ill (adj. 生病的)
11. crayon / 彩色蜡笔
固定搭配：a box of crayons (一盒彩色蜡笔) | draw with crayons (用蜡笔画画)
12. purple / 紫色的
词形转换：purple (n. 紫色) | purplish (adj. 略带紫色的)
固定搭配：purple flowers (紫色的花) | dark purple (深紫色) | light purple (浅紫色)
13. five-year-old / 五岁的
固定搭配：a five-year-old boy (一个五岁的男孩)
注意：作定语时用连字符，作表语时不用：He is five years old.
词形转换重点
动词 名词 形容词
excuse excuse (借口) excusable (可原谅的)
disappoint disappointment (失望) disappointed/disappointing
treat treatment (治疗) treatable (可治疗的)
—— sunshine (阳光) sunny (晴朗的)
—— virus (病毒) viral (病毒性的)
afford affordability (可负担性) affordable (负担得起的)
二、重点短语及句型 (Key Phrases & Sentence Patterns)
1. 课文相关核心短语
excuse me (劳驾；打扰一下)
pocket money (零花钱)
enjoy the sunshine (享受阳光)
afford to do sth. (有能力做某事)
to one’s disappointment (令某人失望的是)
have an X-ray (做X光检查)
receive treatment (接受治疗)
a box of crayons (一盒彩色蜡笔)
draw with crayons (用蜡笔画画)
2. 志愿服务与帮助他人（教材Presenting ideas核心框架）
讨论帮助对象：
people in need of help (需要帮助的人)
elderly people / sick people / children / disabled people (老人/病人/儿童/残障人士)
homeless animals (无家可归的动物)
nursing home / community centre / hospital (养老院/社区中心/医院)
计划帮助行动：
donate money / clothes (捐款/衣物)
volunteer (做志愿者)
clean up (打扫)
teach the elderly to use smartphones (教老人使用智能手机)
visit the nursing home (拜访养老院)
bring warmth and joy to their lives (给他们的生活带来温暖与欢乐)
讨论可能挑战：
communication problems (沟通问题)
lack of experience (经验不足)
be patient with sb. (对某人有耐心)
understand the elderly’s way of thinking (理解老人的思维方式)
讨论预期结果：
make people happy (让人们开心)
solve problems (解决问题)
build friendships (建立友谊)
spread kindness (传播善意)
inspire others (激励他人)
feel cared for (感受到被关爱)
3. 教材相关功能句型
表达帮助意愿与推测：
There must be something we can do to help. (一定有我们能帮上忙的事。)
We could help with... (我们可以帮忙……)
We are sure to learn a lot from... (我们一定能从……中学到很多)
表达困难与感受：
The work is by no means easy. (这项工作绝不简单。)
Our small actions can bring warmth and joy to their lives. (我们的小小行动能给他们的生活带来温暖与快乐。)
We will feel happy, too. (我们也会感到快乐。)
提建议与计划：
First, we could... Then, we could... (首先，我们可以……然后，我们可以……)
We need to... (我们需要……)
It will bring... to... (这会给……带来……)
三、语法知识 (Grammar Focus)
1. 情态动词表推测
(1) 肯定推测
情态动词 把握程度 用法说明 例句
must 90%-100% 非常肯定，意为“一定” There must be something we can do to help.（一定有我们能做的事。）
may 40%-70% 可能性，意为“可能” I may go to the science museum. （我可能去科技馆。）
might 20%-40% 可能性较小，意为“或许” She might be at home.（她或许在家。）
could 30%-50% 可能，语气比may弱 It could be rainy tonight.（今晚可能会下雨。）
(2) 否定推测
情态动词 把握程度 用法说明 例句
can’t 0%-10% 非常肯定“不可能” It can’t be him. He went to Dalian. （不可能是他。他去大连了。）
could not 0%-20% 不可能 That could not be true.（那不可能是真的。）
may not 30%-50% 可能不 She may not come today.（她今天可能不来。）
(3) 结构公式
情态动词 + be + 表语（名词/形容词）
It may be rainy.
She may be Jack’s sister.
情态动词 + 动词原形
We never know what may happen to us.
You may easily lose your way.
(4) 易错警示
can’t 表否定推测，mustn’t 表“禁止”——不可混用！
It mustn’t be him.（错误：mustn’t不表推测）
It can’t be him.（正确）
maybe 与 may be 区分：
maybe (adv.) 也许，位于句首：Maybe he is right.
may be (情态动词+be) 可能是：He may be right.
四、易错点提示
1. 情态动词表推测的否定形式
正确：can’t be (不可能)
错误：mustn’t be (mustn’t表禁止)
真题示例：It can’t be him. He went to Dalian yesterday.
2. maybe 与 may be 辨析
maybe = perhaps (副词)，位于句首：Maybe it is rainy.
may be = 情态动词+be (谓语)，位于句中：It may be rainy.
3. afford 的用法
正确：can’t afford to buy a new house（接不定式）
错误：can’t afford buy a new house
通常与 can/could/be able to 连用，多用于否定句和疑问句
4. disappointment 相关形容词辨析
disappointed：感到失望的（修饰人）
I was disappointed with the result.
disappointing：令人失望的（修饰事物）
The result was disappointing.
5. five-year-old 与 five years old
作定语（带连字符，单数）：a five-year-old boy
作表语（无连字符，复数）：He is five years old.
6. excuse 的两种词性及发音
动词 / k skju z/：Excuse me.
名词 / k skju s/：make an excuse

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