资源简介

(共58张PPT)
主题语境：自然灾害与防范
省　略
[教材原句]
① It's just typical that my journey is on one of the oldest lines，as well as one of the deepest.
② It's the hottest on the whole Tube system.
③ My office is only on the third floor of the building，so quite low.
④Technology isn't the only way to forecast the weather.Nature has its ways, too.
[我的发现]
1.句①the deepest后省略了_____。
2.句②the hottest后省略了___。
3.句③quite前省略了___。
4.句④ways后省略了__________________。
lines
line
it is
to forecast the weather
为了避免重复，或为了使句子更简练，在一些句子中常常省去一个或某几个成分，这种语法现象在英语中叫作省略。在英语句子中，常见的省略情况有以下几种：
一、简单句中的省略
1.省略主语：一般情况下，主语是不能省略的，但在祈使句和其他不容易引起歧义的情况下，特别是在口语中，主语常常省略，主要是祈使句中的you和疑问句中的主语。
(You)Be sure not to make any noise.
(你)一定不要制造出任何噪声。
(You)Want a hand
(你)需要帮忙吗？
2.省略宾语：当前、后两个句子的宾语一致时，通常省略宾语。
She washed (the shirt), ironed (the shirt)，and folded the shirt.
她洗了(衬衫), 并且把它熨好、叠好。
Tom enjoys dancing，but Peter hates (dancing).
汤姆喜欢跳舞，但彼得讨厌(跳舞)。
3.省略主语和谓语(或谓语的一部分)：在某些具体的场合下，主语和谓语都很明确，此时为了简化或显得亲切等，可将主语和谓语(或谓语的一部分)同时省略，只剩下表语、宾语、状语或其他成分。
(You come) This way, please.
请这边走。(省略了主语和谓语)
(Have you) Got any ink
你有墨水吗？(省略了主语和谓语的一部分)
[即时演练1]　将下列句子改为省略句
(1) I'll see you tomorrow.
→________________
(2)—Are you feeling better now
—I am feeling much better now.
→—Are you feeling better now
—_______________
(3)—Do you know Miss Gao
—I don't know her.
→—Do you know Miss Gao
—___________
See you tomorrow.
Much better now.
I don't know.
二、并列句中的省略
1.在并列句中，后面分句中与前面分句相同的部分常常省去，以避免重复。
When summer comes, the day is getting longer and longer, and the night (is getting) shorter and shorter.
当夏天来临，白天变得越来越长，夜晚变得越来越短。
My brother likes sports and I (like) music.
我弟弟喜欢体育，我喜欢音乐。
Jeff broke two eggs into a plate and (Jeff) added in some milk.
杰夫在盘子里打了两个鸡蛋，并加了一些牛奶。
2.有时由于上下文语境很明显，后一分句中的一些词语也可省略。
They tried their best but (they tried) in vain.
他们尽力了，但是白费劲。
[即时演练2]　写出下列句中可以省略的部分
(1)Tom picked up a comic on the floor and Tom handed it to his teacher.______________
(2)Jack must have been playing football and Mary must have been doing her homework.
_______________________
(3)His claim made me happy, but his claim made Jim angry.____________
(4)He has a knowledge of china but his friend doesn't have a knowledge of china.________
__________________
省略第二个Tom
省略第二个must have been
省略his claim
省略have a knowledge of china
三、复合句中的省略
1.状语从句中的省略
(1)状语从句的主语和主句的主语相同或从句主语是it, 且从句谓语是系动词be的某种形式时，从句的主语和系动词可以同时省略。
(2)从句与主句中的相同部分也可以省略。
While (I was) walking along the street, I heard my name called.
当我在街上散步时，我听到有人叫我的名字。
When (it is) heated, ice can be turned into water.
冰被加热后，可以变成水。
If (it is) possible, you can reply to me as soon as possible.
如果可能的话，你可以尽快回复我。
2.宾语从句中的省略
及物动词后接宾语从句时，连接词that一般可以省略；但如果及物动词接两个或两个以上that引导的宾语从句，那么只有第一个that可以省略。
We hope (that) such attention will excite a greater interest in the scientific and scholarly study of emotion.
我们希望这样的关注能激发人们对情感科学和学术研究的更大兴趣。
He said (that) the text was very important and that we should learn it by heart.
他说这篇课文很重要，我们应该用心学习。
3.定语从句中的省略
(1)关系代词在定语从句中作宾语且前面无介词时，可以省略关系代词。
My husband and I agreed they were the best fruit (that) we had ever eaten.
我丈夫和我都认为它们是我们吃过的最好的水果。
(2)修饰way的关系词that或in which 可以省略。
The way (in which/that) he speaks to us is really annoying.
他对我们讲话的方式真是令人讨厌。
[即时演练3]　写出下列句中可以省略的部分
(1)I believe that she will help you and that you will succeed._________
(2)Is this the reason that he explained at the meeting for his carelessness in his work？___
(3)Whenever it is possible, he will come to my help. ____
第一个that
that
it is
四、其他情况的省略
1.动词不定式的省略
(1)当动词不定式在形容词afraid, anxious, eager, glad, happy, ready, willing等后作状语时，常省略与前句重复的to后面的内容。
You can't force him to answer the question if he's not ready to (answer the question).
如果他没有准备好回答这个问题，你不能强迫他。
(2)某些使役动词(如make, let, have等)和感官动词(如see, watch, notice, observe, hear等)后面作宾语补足语的动词不定式须省略to；但若这些动词用于被动语态时，则不能省略to。
We often hear her sing an English song in the classroom.
→She is often heard to sing an English song in the classroom.
我们经常听见她在教室里唱英文歌。
(3)作介词but, except的宾语，且前面有实义动词do的某种形式时，后面的动词不定式(短语)常不带to。如果 but/except 前面没有 do 的某种形式，则后面的不定式要带 to。
All he could do was nothing but wait and see.
他所能做的只有等着瞧。
He had no choice but to accept the offer.
他别无选择，只能接受这个提议。
(4)当动词不定式作某些复合谓语时，如be going to、 be able to、 have to、 ought to、 used to等，可以只保留不定式符号to。
They didn't visit their parents as much as they ought to (visit their parents).
他们应该多看望父母，但他们没有。
(5)并列的动词不定式可以省略后面的不定式符号to，但若两个动词不定式之间表示对比关系时，则不能省略to。
She asked me to sit down and (to) wait for a moment.(这里“sit down” 和“wait” 是连续动作，可以省略第二个 to。)
她让我坐下并等一会儿。
Her goal is to succeed，not to give up.(强调对比，不省略 to)
她的目标是成功，而不是放弃。
2.使用so，not等时的省略
(1)—Can you finish your work today
—I think so./I don't think so./I think not.
“你今天能完成工作吗？”
“我认为能。”/“我认为不能。”
(2)—The boys are not doing a good job at all，are they
—I guess not.
“男孩们工作做得一点儿也不好，是吗？”
“我猜是没做好。”
句(1)中so相当于I can finish my work today；not相当于I can't finish my work today；句(2)中第二个not相当于the boys are not doing a good job。
3.介词的省略
一些与动词、名词或形容词搭配的介词常常可以省略，而保留介词后的动词-ing形式。常见结构如下：
(1)have difficulty/trouble (in) doing sth
(2)be busy (in) doing sth
(3)spend some time (in) doing sth
(4)stop/prevent sb (from) doing sth
The heavy rain prevented him (from) arriving there on time.
大雨使得他没能按时到达那里。
[即时演练4]　补全下列句子中的省略成分/补全句子
(1)I have trouble __learning English.
(2)He decided to study hard and __pass the exam.
(3)You can go with us if you want to_________.
(4)—Tom was injured, or he would have won the race.
—_________(我认为如此).
in
to
go with us
I think so
1.reliable adj.可信赖的，可靠的(→rely v.依靠，依赖；信赖)
[教材原句]　So，for accurate and reliable predictions，it's best to check an official，scientific report.所以，为了准确可靠的预测，最好核实官方的科学报告。
rely on/upon　　　　　 信任；依靠
rely on/upon sb to do sth(＝rely on/upon sb's doing sth)
依靠/相信某人做某事
rely on/upon it that... 相信……，指望……
[即学即练]　单句语法填空/完成句子
①(2025·全国一卷)Crucially，this process relies _______the water containing enough calcium carbonate (碳酸钙) to trap the plastics.
②Tom is one of the most ______(rely) friends I've ever had，so you can rely on him ______
(give) you a hand whenever in trouble.
③你可以相信我的介绍和努力会加深参观者对中国传统文化的了解。
You can ________________my introduction and efforts can deepen visitors' understanding of traditional Chinese culture.(应用文写作之自荐信)
on/upon
reliable
to give
rely on/upon it that
2.rescue n.营救，解救；营救行动 v.营救，解救
[经典例句]　A rescue worker risked his life saving two tourists who had been trapped in the mountains for two days.一名救援人员冒着生命危险救出了两名被困在山里两天的游客。
(1)rescue...from...　　 把……从……营救出来
(2)come to/go to sb's rescue(＝rescue sb) 营救某人
a rescue team 救援队
a rescue worker 救援人员
[即学即练]　单句语法填空/补全句子/完成句子
①Soon after the accident，one thousand soldiers were sent to rescue the miners _____the local coal mine.
②Firefighters in China are absolutely reliable.Whenever we are in danger，we can always rely on it that they will ________________(来营救我们).
③当我们最终获救时，我们感到如释重负，欣喜万分，以至于我们中有许多人无法掩饰自己的泪水。
________________________，we felt such relief and joy that many of us could not hide our tears.(读后续写之心理描写)
from
come to our rescue
When we were finally rescued
3.claim v.(战争、事故等)夺去(生命)；声称；主张；索赔 n.要求；主张；声称
[教材原句]　Caused by exceptionally heavy snowfall within a short period of time，they destroyed buildings and forests，and claimed over 256 lives.短时间内的特大降雪摧毁了建筑物和森林，夺去了超过256人的生命。
claim to do sth　　　 　 声称/主张做某事
claim to have done sth 声称做过某事
claim that... 声称……
It is claimed that... 有人主张……；据说……
[即学即练]　单句语法填空/补全句子/同义句转换
①Don't be taken in by advertisements claiming ______ (help) you lose weight in a week.
② _______________ (据说) humour not only affects patients' moods，but also helps them recover faster.
③He claimed that he had found the same mysterious cave of the science fiction，which was really absurd and ridiculous.
→He __________________the same mysterious cave of the science fiction，which was really absurd and ridiculous.
to help
It is claimed that
claimed to have found
4.threaten v.威胁到，危及；威胁，恐吓(→threat n.威胁，恐吓；形成威胁的人或事物→threatening adj.恐吓的，威胁的→threatened adj.受到威胁的，感到危险的)
[教材原句]　It led to a severe food crisis and threatened the livelihoods of more than 9.5 million people.它导致了一场严重的粮食危机，威胁到超过950万人的生计。
(1)threaten to do sth　　　 威胁要做某事
threaten sb with sth 用某事威胁某人
(2)under threat 遭到威胁
a threat to... 对……的威胁
[即学即练]　单句语法填空/完成句子
①Some cultures see direct eye contact as impolite or _________(threaten) behaviour，while Americans see it as a sign of genuineness(真诚) and honesty.
②David threatened ________(report) his neighbour to the police if the damages were not paid.
③Now some world heritage sites are _____threat from pollution caused by human activities.(应用文写作之倡议书)
④只有当我们学会与自然和谐相处时，我们才不会成为野生动物和地球的威胁。
Only when we learn to exist in harmony with nature_______________________________
_____________.(应用文写作之倡议书/演讲稿)
threatening
to report
under
can we stop being a threat to wildlife and to our Earth
(满分：77.5分)
Ⅰ.单句语法填空(每小题1.5分，共15分)
1.The plan，if ______(carry) out successfully，will completely change the traffic condition in the city.
2.(2024·浙江卷1月)Perhaps most remarkable，however，was the fact that this man spent hours _______(study) every day after hard physical labor.
3.Nowadays，there are far more opportunities for young people than there used _____(be).
4.You can't imagine that what great difficulty we had _______(climb) to the top of the mountain.
5.It sounds like something is wrong with the car's engine.If__, we'd better take it to the garage immediately.
carried
studying
to be
climbing
so
6.It can be shown that a single special machine of that type can be made _____(do) the work of all.
7.The food that birds rely on when they move to the north might not be _______ (rely) if the beginning of spring at these higher latitudes(纬度地区) is expanded.
8.Shortly after the accident，many rescue teams were sent to the spot and all the people trapped in the fallen building ___________ (rescue).
9.Air pollution is what most Chinese people are concerned about nowadays，because their health _______________ (threaten).
10.The lake by the village is reported ______________(claim) the lives of many children in the past three years.
to do
reliable
were rescued
is being threatened
to have claimed
Ⅱ.完成句子 (用省略结构)(每小题3分，共15分)
1.(2023·新课标Ⅰ卷)听到他的话，我感到无比兴奋和自豪，目瞪口呆地站在那里，我的脚好像扎根在地上，一动也动不了。
Dominated by an overwhelming sense of excitement and pride at his words，I simply stood there dumbfounded，and my feet，_____________________，couldn't move a bit.
2.亨利通过期末考试的可能性很小，但他仍希望通过。
Henry is less likely to pass the end-of-term exam，but______________.
as if rooted to the ground
he still hopes to
3.那个男孩想在大街上骑自行车，但他的妈妈不让。
The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street，but_____________________.
4.如果你不参加明天的开幕式，我也不去了。
If you don't attend the opening ceremony tomorrow，______________.
5.如果你有梦想，就去努力实现它。即使结果没有达到预期，也不要放弃。
If you have a dream，work at it.If it doesn't turn out __________，don't give up.
his mother told him not to
neither/nor will I
as expected
Ⅲ.阅读理解(每小题2.5分，共20分)
A
Eddie was on a family trip on Hawaii's Big Island when the terrible wildfires occurred in the island of Maui，killing 115 people and destroying the town of Lahaina.He overheard the disaster while watching TV.
“It was Wednesday afternoon.We had the news on，and he asked me to turn it off because he said that made him too sad，” Eddie's mother，Ami，told USA Today.“At that point，I realized he was really paying attention and listening，and we needed to actually solve it.I hadn't really intended to tell him about it，because we thought he was still a kid.But what happened next proved that we were wrong.”
Ami shared how their family had stayed in Lahaina earlier that year.While it was difficult for Eddie to understand the disaster at a young age，he wanted to help people in any way he could.
Eddie shared the idea of starting a stand and giving all the money to support casualties.Ami and her husband immediately supported the idea and set up a lemonade stand on Saturday on their busy Seattle street.
The stand ran from 10 am to 6 pm.It sold lemonade，ice cream，sandwiches and even some of Eddie's toys.Lemonade was sold for a dollar each，but most people gave $5，$10 and $20 bills as part of their donation (捐赠).
The family also posted videos on social media and told their friends and family.To their surprise，their one-day business found success quickly.Back-to-back cars would line up to buy and many donated online.The stand made over $17，000，including online donations.
Eddie had a great time in the whole process.Struck by how his generosity invited others to be generous，Ami and her husband are proud of Eddie's creativity and generosity and happy to support his positive ideas.
[解题导语]　本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了年幼的艾迪在无意中听到火灾的报道后，在父母的帮助下帮助受灾者的故事。
1.What can we know about Eddie
A.He enjoyed watching TV.
B.He was willing to help others.
C.He understood what the disaster was.
D.He cared little about what happened.
解析　B　推理判断题。根据文章第三段“While it was difficult for Eddie to understand the disaster at a young age，he wanted to help people in any way he could.”可知，艾迪很愿意帮助他人。故选B。
2.What does the underlined word “casualties” in paragraph 4 probably refer to
A.Parents losing their jobs.
B.Children liking lemonade.
C.Villagers doing some business.
D.People suffering from the fire.
解析　D　词义猜测题。根据文章第四段“Eddie shared the idea of starting a stand and giving all the money to support”及第一段可知，艾迪想要支持遭受火灾的人们。故选D。
3.Why did the family post videos on social media probably
A.To call for more donations.
B.To make themselves famous.
C.To attract officials to join them.
D.To share more lemonade with others.
解析　A　推理判断题。根据文章倒数第二段的内容可知，这家人在社交媒体上发布视频是为了呼吁更多的人捐款，来帮助受灾的人。故选A。
4.What does the author want to show by telling the story
A.It's good to set a goal at an early age.
B.Creativity is the key to success.
C.There is no age limit to helping others.
D.Where there is a will，there is a way.
解析　C　推理判断题。根据文章第二段“At that point，I realized he was...proved that we were wrong.”及第三段“While it was difficult...help people in any way he could.”可知，作者通过年幼的艾迪的助人之举告诉我们，帮助别人没有年龄限制。故选C。
B
In a natural disaster—a hurricane，a flood，a volcanic eruption，or other catastrophes—minutes and even seconds of warning can make the difference between life and death.Because of this，scientists are working to use the latest technological advances to predict when and where disasters will happen.They are also studying how best to analyze and communicate this information once it is obtained.
On September 29，1998，Hurricane Georges made landfall in Biloxi，Mississippi，after damaging Haiti，the Dominican Republic，Puerto Rico，and several islands of the Caribbean badly with heavy rains and winds up to 160 km per hour.Few people lost their lives along the Gulf Coast of the United States，although hundreds died in the Caribbean.This was a very different result from 1900，when a powerful Gulf Coast hurricane made an unexpected direct hit on Galveston，Texas，killing at least 6，000 people.Vastly improved hurricane warnings explained the different circumstances at the end of the 20th century—residents of Galveston had no advance warning that a storm was approaching，while residents of Biloxi had been warned days in advance，allowing for extensive safety precautions (预防).
At the same time when people in Biloxi were thankful for the advance warning，some residents of New Orleans，Louisiana were less satisfied.A day before Georges made landfall，forecasters were predicting that the hurricane had a good chance of striking New Orleans.Emergency management officials must begin the evacuation (疏散) well before it strikes.But the evacuation costs money.The mayor of New Orleans estimated that his city's preparations for Georges cost more than $50 million.After Georges missed New Orleans，some residents questioned the value of the hurricane forecasts in the face of such high costs.
The different views on the early warnings of Hurricane Georges show some of the complexity (复杂性) related to predicting disasters.Disaster prediction is a process of providing scientific information for the government officials and other decision-makers who must respond to those predictions.
[解题导语]　本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了灾害预测的重要性和不确定性，灾害预测是为了挽救人们的生命，但目前技术还有局限。
5.What is the purpose of disaster prediction according to the passage
A.To find out the cause of disasters.
B.To save people's lives.
C.To prevent natural disasters from happening.
D.To apply advanced technology to disaster prediction.
解析　B　推理判断题。根据第一段中的“In a natural disaster—a hurricane...where disasters will happen.”可知，灾害预测的目的是挽救人们的生命。
6.In which area did a hurricane cause the most deaths
A.Puerto Rico. B.New Orleans.
C.Biloxi. D.Galveston.
解析　D　细节理解题。通读第二、三段内容并结合选项可知，加尔维斯顿的死亡人数最多。
7.Why were the city residents of New Orleans unsatisfied
A.Because their preparations were made in vain.
B.Because the hurricane warning arrived rather late.
C.Because the forecast hurricane did not hit the city.
D.Because they suffered from a heavy hurricane attack.
解析　A　推理判断题。根据第三段内容可知，天气预报员说飓风很可能会袭击新奥尔良，因此新奥尔良市花费很多钱预防和疏散，但飓风乔治斯并没有在新奥尔良登陆，因而居民们因自己所做的徒劳准备而不满。
8.What does the passage mainly talk about
A.The different ways of disaster prediction.
B.Technological advances in disaster prediction.
C.The benefits and preparations of disaster prediction.
D.The importance and uncertainty of disaster prediction.
解析　D　主旨大意题。通读全文可知，第一、二段介绍灾害预测可以拯救人们的生命，第三段介绍灾害预测有时会有不确定性，第四段介绍灾害预测非常复杂，因此文章主要介绍了灾害预测的重要性和不确定性。
Ⅳ.阅读七选五(每小题2.5分，共12.5分)
Landslides occur when large quantities of substances(物质)，including rocks，earth，and trees，slide down a slope(斜坡).They may occur as a result of fires，earthquakes，volcanic eruptions，storms，or human activities.Landslides are particularly dangerous because they strike suddenly，move at extremely high speed，and travel long distances.Although landslides are often difficult to predict，you can prepare for them. 1
Keep yourself alert and awake.Landslides can occur quite suddenly，so you need to be ready to take action at a moment's notice.Many landslide-related deaths occur while people are asleep. 2
3 Your local community should have a designated(指定的) public shelter.Go to the shelter if your home is unsafe or the authorities have called for an evacuation.
Consult local officials about past landslides.Landslides tend to happen in the same area where they have occurred before. 4 If you are in an at-risk area，consider getting a site analysis of your property.This will help you determine necessary corrective measures.
Make an emergency kit. 5 Make your kit in advance so it is ready when needed.Your kit should contain enough food and water for at least 72 hours，as well as supplies like medications，flashlights，batteries，cellphones，copies of personal documents，and cash.
A.Notice unusual sounds.
B.Go to a public shelter.
C.Here are some tips which can help you.
D.Talk to local officials about landslides in your area.
E.In the event of a landslide or other emergencies，choose a place.
F.If you are with other people，work together to keep one another awake.
G.An emergency kit contains the essentials that your household will need during an emergency.
[解题导语]　本文是一篇说明文。作者就如何应对滑坡给出了一些具体可行的建议。
1.C　设空处上句提到，虽然滑坡很难预测，但是你可以为滑坡做一些准备工作。下文给出了四条具体的建议。C项“这里有一些建议可以帮助你”承上启下，符合语境。故选C。
2.F　本段主旨句为“使你自己保持警觉和清醒”，空前讲到许多与滑坡有关的死亡发生在人们睡着的时候。F项“如果你和其他人在一起，一起努力让彼此保持清醒”提出要保持清醒，承接上文且与本段主旨句意思一致，符合语境。故选F。
3.B　设空处为主旨句，本段主要讲了当滑坡发生的时候，可以到指定的公共避难所避难。分析选项可知，B项“去公共避难所”能够概括本段主要内容。故选B。
4.D　本段主旨句为“咨询当地官员过去发生的滑坡”，分析选项可知，D项“和当地官员谈谈你所在地区的滑坡”与本段主旨句意思一致，符合语境。故选D。
5.G　根据本段主旨句“Make an emergency kit.”可知，本段给出的建议是准备一个应急包。分析选项可知，G项“应急包包含你们一家人在紧急情况下需要的必需品”与本段主旨相关，符合语境。故选G。
Ⅴ.语法填空(每小题1.5分，共15分)
Global climate change is not a future problem.Effects that scientists had long predicted would result 1. global climate change are now occurring.Some changes (such as droughts，wildfires，and extreme rainfall) are happening faster than scientists previously 2. (assess) .In fact，modern humans have never seen such changes in global climate before，some of 3. are so serious that they are unable to recover over the next hundreds to thousands of years.
Scientists are 4. (high) confident that global temperatures will rise continuously for decades，mainly due to greenhouse gases 5. (produce) by human activities.It 6. (report) that human emissions of heat-trapping gases have warmed the climate by nearly 1.1 ℃ since the pre-industrial period.To make matters 7. (bad)，half of the world's population are likely to be exposed to extreme weather events by 2030.
The 8. (severe) of effects caused by climate change will depend on 9. path of future human activities.More greenhouse gas emissions will lead to more climate extremes and widespread damaging effects across our planet.10. we reduce emissions，we may not avoid some of their worst effects.
[解题导语]　本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了越来越多的温室气体排放导致了更多的极端气候，作者呼吁我们减少排放，避免一些最坏的影响。
1.from　 考查介词。固定短语result from...意为“由于……而发生”。故填from。
2.assessed　考查动词的时态。本句是than引导的比较状语从句，assess作从句谓语，根据previously可知，此处应用一般过去时。故填assessed。
3.which　考查定语从句。前面已有主句，设空处引导非限制性定语从句，先行词是changes，指物，关系词在从句中作介词of 的宾语，应用which 引导。故填 which。
4.highly　考查副词。此处应用副词修饰形容词confident。故填 highly。
5.produced　考查非谓语动词。从句已有谓语动词 will rise，所以produce应用非谓语形式，根据空后的by可知，此处表被动，应用过去分词形式。故填 produced。
6.is reported　考查固定句型。此处是固定句型 It is reported that...，意为“据报道……”，描述客观事实，用一般现在时。故填is reported。
7.worse　考查形容词比较级。此处是固定搭配To make matters worse，意为“更糟糕的是”。故填worse。
8.severity　考查名词。空前是定冠词The，空后是介词 of，设空处应用名词作主语，severe的名词形式是 severity。故填 severity。
9.the　考查冠词。此处用the 来特指未来人类活动的路径。故填 the。
10.Unless　考查连词。本句由两个分句构成，所以设空处应填连词，根据句意，此处表达“除非”之意，应用unless引导条件状语从句；设空处位于句首，首字母应大写。故填Unless。

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