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(共38张PPT)
1. Get information about how John Snow defeated cholera;
2. Figure out the stages for John Snow's scientific research;
3. Talk about the significance of John’s work and his qualities and scientific spirits.
Learning Objectives
In this class, you will be able to:
Great secientists we have learnt before
Tu Youyou
Yuan Longping
Einstein
Lead-in
④
Besides coronavirus, what other kinds of epidemics （流行病）have you heard of
bird-flu（禽流感）
malaria（疟疾）
plague（鼠疫）
Ebola(埃博拉)
①
②
③
Who Helped Defeat Malaria
Lead-in
Watch the video and leran about the symptoms (症状) of Cholera and how it spraed.
Lead-in
dehydration (缺水)
severe vomiting(呕吐)
diarrhea(腹泻)
It begins in the stomach and a severe case can lead to death without immediate treatment.
What are the symptoms (症状) of Cholera？
Lead-in
John Snow Defeats “King Cholera”
The text is mainly about ____________ and _______ he defeated king cholera.
John Snow
how
Pre-reading
Discuss the following stages of scientific research in groups. What order would you put them in
Stages of Scientific Research
______ analyse the results ______ ask a question
______ draw a conclusion ______ collect data
______ find a problem ______ find supporting evidence
______ think of a method
Pre-reading
分析实验结果
提出问题
得出结论
收集数据
发现问题
找到有力证据
想到办法
To raise new questions, new possibilities,to regard old problems from a new angle, repures creative imagination and marks real advance in science.
----Albert Einstein ＆Leopold Infeld
提出新的问题，开启新的可能，以全新的视角审视旧有的难题，这需要创造性的想象力，也标志着科学的真正进步。
——阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦 &利奥波德·英费尔德
Cholera used to be one of the most feared diseases in the world, until a British doctor，John Snow，showed how it could be overcome. This illness causes severe diarhoea, dehydration, and even death.
直到英国医生约翰·斯诺证明了霍乱能够被战胜之前，它一直是世界上最可怕的疾病之一。
它可导致严重腹泻、脱水甚至死亡。
过去常常做...
one + of + the +adj.最高级 + n.(pl) （+ 谓单）
until 引导时间状语从句
how 引导宾语从句
overcome - overcame - overcome
adj. 极为恶劣的;十分严重的; 严厉的
n. 腹泻
n. 脱水
同位语
In the early 19th century, when an outbreak of cholera hit Europe, millions of people died from the disease. As a young doctor, John Snow became frustrated because no one knew how to prevent or treat cholera.
十九世纪初，崔乱暴发，肆虐欧洲，数百万人丧命。
由于当时无人知道如何预防或治疗霍乱，年轻的约翰 斯诺医生很沮丧。
…的爆发
19世纪早期
hit - hit -hit
when 引导时间状语从句
死于...
adj. 懊恼的; 沮丧的
because 引导原因状语从句
how + to do 作宾语
In time, he rose to become a famous doctor, and even attended to Queen Victoria when she gave birth. However, he never lost his desire to destroy cholera once and for all.
后来，他成了一位名医，甚至照料分娩的维多利亚女王。
然而，他始终没有放弃彻底根除霍乱的愿望。
迟早；最终；及时
rise - rose - risen
attend to sb. 照顾/照料某人
when 引导时间状语从句
生孩子，分娩
to do 作后置定语
最终地; 彻底地
Read Para. 1 and finish the information cards
John Snow
King Cholera
Identity:
Symptoms:
Consequence:
Occupation:
Nationality:
Desire:
one of ________________ in the world
_______ of people died from it when it hit Europe in the early 19th century
_____
_______ when she give birth)
the most feared diseases
severe diarrhoea, dehydration, and even death
Britain
Millions
A famous _______ (who even attend to _____
doctor
Queen
Victoria
To destroy cholera once and for all.
Detailed-reading
In general, doctors in those days had two contradictory theories to explain how cholera spread. One theory was that bad air caused the disease. The other was that cholera was caused by an infection from germs in food or water.
关于霍乱的蔓延方式，当时医生大体上有两种截然不同的看法。
一种看法是空气污染引发，
另一种看法是食物或饮用水中的细菌感染导致霍乱。
普遍地，通常地
adj. 相互矛盾的; 对立的
to do 作后置定语
how引导宾语从句
that引导表语从句
that引导表语从句
介词短语作后置定语
n. 感染;传染
Snow subscribed to the second theory. It was correct, but he still needed proof. Consequently, when an outbreak of cholera hit London in 1854, Snow began to investigate.
斯诺赞同第二种看法。
这一看法是正确的，但他仍需要证据。
因此，1854年伦敦暴发霍乱时，斯诺便开始调查。
同意，赞成
n.证据; 证明
when 引导时间状语从句
v.调查
He discovered that in two particular streets the cholera outbreak was so severe that more than 500 people died in ten days. He was determined to nd out why.
他发现霍乱疫情在两条街道上尤为严重，十天内就有500多人死亡。
他决心查明原因。
that引导宾语从句
so...that... 引导结果状语从句
决心做...
查明白，弄清楚
2. Which theory is correct
Theory one:
caused by ________
Theory two:
caused by _______

bad air
germs
John Snow subscribed to the ________ theory.
second
Para 2: Ask a question
More proof is needed
Detailed-reading
Snow began by marking on a map the exact places where all those who died had lived. There were multiple deaths near the water pump in Broad Street(especially house numbers 16,37,38,and 40).
斯诺首先在地图上标出所有死者住所的确切位置。
宽街水泵附近有多例死亡(尤其是 16 号、37 号、38号及40号住宅)。
方式状语
adj. 确切的，精确的
where引导定语从句，在句中作状语，修饰places
who引导定语从句，作主语，修饰those
adj. 数量多的; 多种多样的
水泵
However, some households (such as 20 and 21 Broad Street, and 8 and 9 Cambridge Street) had had no deaths. These people worked in the pub at 7 Cambridge Street.
但是有些住户(如宽街20号和21号以及剑桥街8号和9号)却无人死亡。
这些幸存者在剑桥街7号的酒吧工作。
n．一家人；家庭；同住一所(套)房子的人
adj. 家用的；家喻户晓的
They had been given free beer, and so had not drunk the water from the pump. Snow suspected that the water pump was to blame. What is more, in another part of London, a woman and her daughter had died of cholera after moving away from Broad Street.
酒吧为他们提供免费啤酒，因此没有喝水泵抽上来的水。
斯诺怀疑水泵就是罪魁祸首。
此外，在伦敦的另一个区域，一名妇女和她的女儿从宽街搬来后死于霍乱。
过去完成时的被动
drink - drank - drunk
v.怀疑; 疑有; 不信任; 认为
n. 犯罪嫌疑人; 可疑对象
that引导宾语从句
该(为…)受责备；应该(为…)负责
另外
死于
V-ing作宾语
离开，搬走
It seemed that the woman liked the water from the pump so much that she had it delivered to her house every day. As a result of this evidence, John Snow was able to announce that the pump water carried cholera germs.
该妇女似乎非常喜欢从水泵抽上来的水，每天都让人从那里打水运到家里来。
有了这个证据，约翰·斯诺就能够宣布水泵抽上来的水携带霍乱病菌。
that引导表语从句
so... that... 引导结果状语从句
have +宾语 + 宾补(done) 让...被做
由于
n.证明；证据，证词；迹象，痕迹
v.宣布，公布；声称，郑重地说
that引导宾语从句
Accordingly, he had the handle of the pump removed so that it could not be used. Through this intervention, the disease was stopped in its tracks.
于是，他让人拆掉了水泵的把手，这样水泵就用不成了。
这一干预举措遏制了疾病的蔓延。
adv. 因此
n. 把手; 柄
v. 处理; 搬动; 操纵(车辆、工具等)
have +宾语 + 宾补(done) 让...被做
so that 引导结果状语从句
n. 介入; 出面; 干涉
立即，突然中断
What method did he use
How did he finally find out why
marking on a map
Analyze the map
and circle the key areas with your group members.
1.Which houses had more than 4 deaths in Broad Street
2.Which houses had no death in Broad Street
They drunk the water from the pump.
They drunk free beer from the Public house.
pub
multiple deaths
happened near
the water pump.
16, 37, 38 and 40
14, 20, 21, 25, 27, 28 and 34
Para 3: Think of a method
Detailed-reading
The truth was that the water from the Broad Street pump had been infected by waste. Moreover, Snow was later able to show a link between other cases of cholera and the different water companies in London.
事情的真相是宽街水泵抽上来的水被废弃物污染了。
此外，斯诺之后还证明了另外几起霍乱病例与伦敦多家饮用水公司有关。
that引导表语从句
过去完成时的被动
被…感染
adv.此外，而且
…和…之间的连接(联系)
Some companies sold water from the River Thames that was polluted by raw waste. The people who drank this water were much more likely to get cholera than those who drank pure or boiled water.
有些公司出售的水取自被未处理的废弃物污染的泰晤士河。
与饮用纯浄水或开水的人相比，饮用被污染的水的人更容易染上霍乱。
that引导定语从句，作主语，修饰water
adj. 未煮的; 生的; 未经处理的; 原始的
原废水
who引导定语从句，作主语
who引导定语从句，作主语，修饰those
be likely to do 可能做...
白开水
Through Snow's tireless efforts, water companies began to sell clean water, and the threat of cholera around the world saw a substantial decrease.
经过斯诺的不懈努力，饮用水公司开始出售洁净水，世界各地霍乱的威胁大幅降低。
adj.不知疲倦的
n.威胁，恐吓
adj.大量的，价值巨大的；重要的，真实的
v. 减少; 减小; 降低
n. 减少; 降低: 减少量
有些动词，如 see，find，witness 等，可以用地点或时间名词等无生命名词作主语，表示某地或某时经历、发生、见证或目睹某事。
However, cholera is still a problem. Each year, millions of people around the world get cholera and many die from it. Fortunately, we now know how to prevent cholera, thanks to the work of John Snow.
然而，霍乱仍是问题。
每年全球有数百万人感染霍乱，其中许多人因此丧生。
幸运的是，由于约翰 斯诺的努力，我们现在知道了如何预防霍乱。
死于
adv. 幸运地
how + to do作宾语
thanks to+n./ving/人称代词宾格，作原因状语
Moreover, in his use of maps and statistics, Snow transformed the way scientists study diseases. For this reason, Snow is considered the father of modern epidemiology.
此外，通过使用地图和数据，斯诺改变了科学家研究疾病的方式。
因此，斯诺被誉为现代流行病学之父。
n. (复数)统计数字; 统计资料
v. 使改观, 使转化
定语从句，省略that / in which，在句中作状语，修饰先行词the way
名词短语作主语补足语
因为这个原因
现代流行病学
The cause of a mother and her daughter’s death. (pump water)
conclusion
The pump water carried cholera germs.
solution
Removed the handle of the pump.
What’s the evidence
for Snow’s suspecting
What’s the conclusion
Para 4& 5: Find supporting evidence & Draw a conclusion
Detailed-reading
Water companies began to sell clean water.
The threat of cholera around the world decreased.
He helped people know how to prevent cholera.
Snow transformed the way scientists study diseases.
What contributions did John Snow make
The Father of Modern Epidemiology
Read Para.5 and answer the questions.
Detailed-reading
Read the text quickly; match the main ideas.
Para1:
Para2:
Para3:
Para4:
Para5:
John Snow decided to prove the second theory.
John Snow desired to destroy cholera.
John Snow’s contributions.
John Snow began his study by marking on the map.
Truth of the infection of cholera.
Fast-reading
Human progress on epidemic research
A: It was believed that cholera was caused by bad ____ or germs in _______________.
B:Snow___________________the places where the people who _____ had lived
C: Many deaths occurred near the ___________ in Broad Street.
Some people __________ drunk the water from the pump, and lived.
A woman and her daughter died in another part of London after ___________
_____________.
D: The pump water carried
____________.
conclusion
evidence
E: The _______ of the pump was removed.
process
solution
handle
theories
air
food or water
marked on the
died
water pump
hadn’t
drinking water
cholera germs
Check the answers on Page 3.
conclusion evidence process solution theories
map
from the pump
Post-reading
Para.1
brave
expert
professional
determined
caring, socially responsible
What scientific spirits can we learn from John Snow, according to the passage
Post-reading
rigorous
(严谨的)
creative, innovative
tireless, diligent
Post-reading
Despite the danger of infection, they devotethemselves to scientific research.
In order to keep away from diseases, what should we do in our daily life
avoid gathering
wash our hands
do sports
eat clean food
Deep-thinking
To raise new questions, new possibilities, to regard old problems from a new angle requires creative imagination and marks real advance in science.
----Albert Einstein& Leopold Infeld
提出新的问题，发现新的可能，从新的角度审视已存在的问题，这些需要创造性的想象力，并标志着科学的真正进步。
—阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦 &利奥波德·英费尔德
Quote：
Post-reading

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