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强化练10　新科学发明与创新类说明文
(每小题2.5分，满分30分)
A
(2022·新课标Ⅱ)
Over the last seven years，most states have banned texting by drivers，and public service campaigns have tried a wide range of methods to persuade people to put down their phones when they are behind the wheel.
Yet the problem，by just about any measure，appears to be getting worse.Americans are still texting while driving，as well as using social networks and taking photos.Road accidents，which had fallen for years，are now rising sharply.
That is partly because people are driving more，but Mark Rosekind，the chief of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration，said distracted(分心)driving was “only increasing，unfortunately”．
“Big change requires big ideas，”he said in a speech last month，referring broadly to the need to improve road safety.So to try to change a ①distinctly modern behavior，②lawmakers and public health experts are reaching back to an old approach：They want to treat distracted driving like drunk driving.
An idea from lawmakers in New York is to give police officers a new device called the Textalyzer.It would work like this：An officer arriving at the scene of a crash could ask for the phones of the drivers and use the Textalyzer to check in the operating system for recent activity.The technology could determine whether a driver had just texted，emailed or done anything else that is not allowed under New York’s ③hands-free driving laws.
“We need something on the books that can change people’s behavior，” said Félix W．Ortiz，who pushed for the state’s 2001 ban on ④hand-held devices by drivers.“If the Textalyzer bill becomes law，” he said，“people are going to be more afraid to put their hands on the cell phone.”
语篇解读　本文是一篇说明文。文章讲述了为解决司机在开车时使用手机“分神”从而引发交通事故的问题，纽约的立法者提出使用Textalyzer 短信监控器 来监控司机在开车的时候是否使用了手机，并呼吁制定相关法案。
1．Which of the following best describes the ban on drivers’ texting in the US
A．Ineffective. B．Unnecessary.
C．Inconsistent. D．Unfair.
答案　A
解析　推理判断题。根据第一段内容以及第二段中“Yet the problem，by just about any measure，appears to be getting worse.”可推知，美国对司机颁发的开车时禁发短信的禁令是无效的。ineffective无效的。故选A。
2．What can the Textalyzer help a police officer find out
A．Where a driver came from.
B．Whether a driver used their phone.
C．How fast a driver was going.
D．When a driver arrived at the scene.
答案　B
解析　细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中“The technology could determine...hands-free driving laws.”可知，Textalyzer能够帮助警察查明司机是否使用了手机。故选B。
3．What does the underlined word “something” in the last paragraph refer to
A．Advice. B．Data.
C．Tests. D．Laws.
答案　D
解析　代词指代题。根据画线词所在句“We need something on the books that can change people’s behavior”可知，something是能够改变人们的行为的事情。根据下文的“If the Textalyzer bill becomes law...people...put their hands on the cell phone.”可知，人们的行为会改变的条件是当Textalyzer法案成为法律，受到法律的约束，司机们才不会在开车的时候使用手机。故something指代的是“法律”。故选D。
4．What is a suitable title for the text
A．To Drive or Not to Drive Think Before You Start
B．Texting and Driving Watch Out for the Textalyzer
C．New York Banning Hand-Held Devices by Drivers
D．The Next Generation Cell Phone：The Textalyzer
答案　B
解析　标题归纳题。纵观全文可知，虽然大多数州已经尝试了各种各样的方法来说服人们在开车时放下手机，可是问题却越来越严重。为了解决该问题，纽约立法者提出利用Textalyzer来监控司机在开车的时候是否使用了手机。相关人士呼吁该项技术能够成为真正的法案，由此才能真正改变人们的行为。故B选项适合作文章的标题。故选B。
语境猜词 ①distinctly(派)＝distinct＋ly adv.明显地 ②lawmaker(合)＝law＋maker n．立法者 ③hands-free(合)＝hands＋free adj.免提的 ④hand-held(合)＝hand＋held adj.手提式的，便携式的
B
(2025·广东茂名一模)
A Queensland University of Technology (QUT) research team has taken inspiration from the brains of insects and animals for more ①energy-efficient robotic navigation.
The research，led by Dr Hussaini，along with Professor Milford and Dr Fischer from the QUT Centre for Robotics，was published in IEEE Transactions on Robotics.They came up with a novel place recognition algorithm(算法) using Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs)．
“SNNs are artificial neural networks that imitate how biological brains process information using brief，separate signals，much like how neurons(神经元) in animal brains communicate，” Dr Hussaini said.“These networks are particularly ②well-suited for neuromorphic hardware—specialized computer hardware that copies biological neural system—enabling faster processing and significantly reduced energy consumption.”
Modern robots still struggle to navigate and operate in complex，unknown environments.They also often rely on AI-based navigation systems that need a lot of computing power and energy for training.
Dr Fischer said，“Animals are really good at getting around in large，dynamic environments.They do it efficiently and reliably.” He thinks this research is a step closer to making navigation systems inspired by biology.These systems might one day be better than today’s conventional approaches.
The system developed by the QUT team uses small neural network parts to recognize specific places from images.These parts were put together to make a group of spiking networks to create a navigation system that can learn to move around in large environments.
“Using a series of images instead of single pictures enabled an improvement of 41 percent in place recognition ③accuracy，allowing the system to adapt to appearance changes over time and across different seasons and weather conditions，” Professor Milford said.
“This research can help make more efficient and reliable navigation systems for autonomous robots in energy-limited environments.It’s especially good for things like space exploration and disaster recovery，where using energy well and being quick to respond are critical，” Dr Hussaini said.
语篇解读　本文是一篇说明文，介绍了昆士兰科技大学 QUT 研究团队受昆虫和动物大脑启发，开发了一种新型的脉冲神经网络 SNNs 算法，用于更节能的机器人导航系统。
5．What does the QUT research focus on
A．Testing artificial intelligence systems.
B．Imitating AI-based navigation systems.
C．Managing existing robotic navigation systems.
D．Creating bio-inspired robotic navigation systems.
答案　D
解析　细节理解题。根据第一段“A Queensland University of Technology (QUT) research team has taken inspiration from the brains of insects and animals for more energy-efficient robotic navigation.”以及第五段中的“He thinks this research is a step closer to making navigation systems inspired by biology.”可知，QUT研究的核心是开发受生物启发的导航系统。故选D。
6．What is a key advantage of SNNs
A．Requiring low energy.
B．Conducting object detection.
C．Producing suitable hardware.
D．Processing separate information.
答案　A
解析　细节理解题。根据第三段中的“These networks are particularly well-suited for neuromorphic hardware—specialized computer hardware that copies biological neural system—enabling faster processing and significantly reduced energy consumption.”可知，SNNs的关键优势是低能耗。故选A。
7．What can be inferred about neural network parts
A．They analyze environmental sounds.
B．They assess conventional approaches.
C．They enable accurate place recognition.
D．They measure different weather conditions.
答案　C
解析　推理判断题。根据第六段内容和倒数第二段中的“Using a series of images instead of single pictures enabled an improvement of 41 percent in place recognition accuracy，allowing the system to adapt to appearance changes over time and across different seasons and weather conditions”可知，神经网络组件从图像中识别特定地点，使位置识别准确率提高了41%，使系统能够适应随时间、季节和天气条件变化而产生的外观变化，可推理出神经网络组件能够实现准确的地点识别。故选C。
8．What’s the last paragraph mainly about
A．The significance of the research.
B．The advantage of the system.
C．The efficiency of the navigation.
D．The performance of the application.
答案　A
解析　段落大意题。根据最后一段中的“This research can help make more efficient and reliable navigation systems for autonomous robots in energy-limited environments.It’s especially good for things like space exploration and disaster recovery，where using energy well and being quick to respond are critical”可知，研究有助于开发出更高效、可靠的导航系统，特别适合于太空探索和灾难救援等领域；因此，最后一段主要讲的是研究的意义。故选A。
语境猜词 ①energy-efficient(合)＝energy＋efficient adj.节能的；高能效的 ②well-suited(合)＝well＋suited adj.非常适合的；适当的 ③accuracy(派)＝accura(te)＋cy n．准确性，精确性
C
(2025·河北部分重点高中一模)
As the planet warms up and oceans rise，extreme weather events are becoming the norm.Getting notified in time to prepare for a disastrous hurricane or heat wave could be the disparity between life and death.AI can help.Two studies published in the journal Nature described the benefit of two AI models that could improve weather forecasting.
The first AI-based system is called Pangu-Weather，which was developed by the Huawei Cloud team.It was capable of predicting global weather a week in advance.A majority of countries use numerical(数值)weather prediction models.These models use math formulas to create computer models of the atmosphere and oceans for predicting future weather with data from them.What makes Pangu-Weather different is that the Pangu-Weather model is deeply trained with the help of 39-year global weather data，preparing it to forecast temperature，pressure，and wind speed.When compared to the numerical weather prediction method，Pangu-Weather was 10,000 times faster and no less accurate.Pangu-Weather also contains a 3D model，unlike past AI forecasting systems，which allows it to record ①atmospheric states at different pressure levels to further increase its accuracy.
Pangu-Weather can predict weather patterns 5－7 days in advance.However，it can’t forecast precipitation(降水)．As precipitation prediction is vital for extreme weather forecasting，a second Nature model，NowcastNet，fills this gap.It can accurately predict rainfall 6 hours ahead，helping meteorologists(气象学家)study weather patterns in real time more effectively.
NowcastNet focuses on detailed，realistic descriptions of extreme rainfall patterns in local regions.It uses radar observations from the US and China，as well as deep learning methods，to predict precipitation rates over a 1.6-million-square-mile region of the eastern and central US up to 3 hours in advance.62 meteorologists from China tested NowcastNet and ranked it first，out of four other leading weather forecasting methods，in reliably predicting heavy rain，which it did 71 percent of the time.
While ②generative AI models have good prospects in weather forecasting，experts point out that replacing existing systems has many challenges.However，in 5－10 years，these models may surprise us.
语篇解读　本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了两款能够提高天气预报准确性的AI模型：Pangu-Weather和NowcastNet。
9．What does the underlined word “disparity” in paragraph 1 probably mean
A．Difference. B．Decision.
C．Settlement. D．Struggle.
答案　A
解析　词义猜测题。根据第一段中的“Getting notified in time to prepare for a disastrous hurricane or heat wave could be the disparity between life and death.”可推知，此处是指提前为灾难性的飓风或热浪做好准备，可能是生死之差。画线词与A选项“Difference(差别)”为同义词。故选A。
10．What is the advantage of Pangu-Weather compared with the numerical weather prediction method
A．It can predict precipitation more accurately.
B．It can provide a 3D view of the weather.
C．It is much faster and equally accurate.
D．It can record more detailed atmospheric states.
答案　C
解析　细节理解题。根据第二段中的“When compared to the numerical weather prediction method，Pangu-Weather was 10,000 times faster and no less accurate.”可知，Pangu-Weather与数值天气预报方法相比，它的优势是更快且同样准确。故选C。
11．What can we learn about NowcastNet from the text
A．It is mainly used to predict global weather patterns.
B．It was developed by 62 meteorologists from China.
C．It uses radar observations and deep learning to predict precipitation in the US.
D．It ranks first among all weather forecasting methods in predicting heavy rain.
答案　C
解析　细节理解题。根据第四段中的“It uses radar observations from the US and China，as well as deep learning methods，to predict precipitation rates over a 1.6-million-square-mile region of the eastern and central US up to 3 hours in advance.”可知，NowcastNet利用雷达观测和深度学习来预测美国的降水量。故选C。
12．What is the text mainly about
A．The impacts of climate change on extreme weather events.
B．The challenges in using generative AI in weather forecasting.
C．The explanation of the traditional numerical weather-prediction method.
D．The introduction of two AI-based weather-forecasting models and their features.
答案　D
解析　主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是第一段中的“AI can help.Two studies published in the journal Nature described the benefit of two AI models that could improve weather forecasting.”可知，本文主要介绍了两款基于人工智能的天气预报模型及其特点以及它们的未来发展前景。D选项能够概括文章主要内容，符合题意。故选D。
语境猜词 ①atmospheric(派)＝atmospher(e)＋ic adj.大气层的；大气的 ②generative(派)＝generate＋ive adj.生成式的强化练10　新科学发明与创新类说明文
(每小题2.5分，满分30分)
A
(2022·新课标Ⅱ)
Over the last seven years，most states have banned texting by drivers，and public service campaigns have tried a wide range of methods to persuade people to put down their phones when they are behind the wheel.
Yet the problem，by just about any measure，appears to be getting worse.Americans are still texting while driving，as well as using social networks and taking photos.Road accidents，which had fallen for years，are now rising sharply.
That is partly because people are driving more，but Mark Rosekind，the chief of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration，said distracted(分心)driving was “only increasing，unfortunately”．
“Big change requires big ideas，”he said in a speech last month，referring broadly to the need to improve road safety.So to try to change a ①distinctly modern behavior，②lawmakers and public health experts are reaching back to an old approach：They want to treat distracted driving like drunk driving.
An idea from lawmakers in New York is to give police officers a new device called the Textalyzer.It would work like this：An officer arriving at the scene of a crash could ask for the phones of the drivers and use the Textalyzer to check in the operating system for recent activity.The technology could determine whether a driver had just texted，emailed or done anything else that is not allowed under New York’s ③hands-free driving laws.
“We need something on the books that can change people’s behavior，” said Félix W．Ortiz，who pushed for the state’s 2001 ban on ④hand-held devices by drivers.“If the Textalyzer bill becomes law，” he said，“people are going to be more afraid to put their hands on the cell phone.”
语篇解读　本文是一篇说明文。文章讲述了为解决司机在开车时使用手机“分神”从而引发交通事故的问题，纽约的立法者提出使用Textalyzer 短信监控器 来监控司机在开车的时候是否使用了手机，并呼吁制定相关法案。
1．Which of the following best describes the ban on drivers’ texting in the US
A．Ineffective. B．Unnecessary.
C．Inconsistent. D．Unfair.
2．What can the Textalyzer help a police officer find out
A．Where a driver came from.
B．Whether a driver used their phone.
C．How fast a driver was going.
D．When a driver arrived at the scene.
3．What does the underlined word “something” in the last paragraph refer to
A．Advice. B．Data.
C．Tests. D．Laws.
4．What is a suitable title for the text
A．To Drive or Not to Drive Think Before You Start
B．Texting and Driving Watch Out for the Textalyzer
C．New York Banning Hand-Held Devices by Drivers
D．The Next Generation Cell Phone：The Textalyzer
语境猜词 ①distinctly(派)＝distinct＋ly adv.明显地 ②lawmaker(合)＝law＋maker n．立法者 ③hands-free(合)＝hands＋free adj.免提的 ④hand-held(合)＝hand＋held adj.手提式的，便携式的
B
(2025·广东茂名一模)
A Queensland University of Technology (QUT) research team has taken inspiration from the brains of insects and animals for more ①energy-efficient robotic navigation.
The research，led by Dr Hussaini，along with Professor Milford and Dr Fischer from the QUT Centre for Robotics，was published in IEEE Transactions on Robotics.They came up with a novel place recognition algorithm(算法) using Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs)．
“SNNs are artificial neural networks that imitate how biological brains process information using brief，separate signals，much like how neurons(神经元) in animal brains communicate，” Dr Hussaini said.“These networks are particularly ②well-suited for neuromorphic hardware—specialized computer hardware that copies biological neural system—enabling faster processing and significantly reduced energy consumption.”
Modern robots still struggle to navigate and operate in complex，unknown environments.They also often rely on AI-based navigation systems that need a lot of computing power and energy for training.
Dr Fischer said，“Animals are really good at getting around in large，dynamic environments.They do it efficiently and reliably.” He thinks this research is a step closer to making navigation systems inspired by biology.These systems might one day be better than today’s conventional approaches.
The system developed by the QUT team uses small neural network parts to recognize specific places from images.These parts were put together to make a group of spiking networks to create a navigation system that can learn to move around in large environments.
“Using a series of images instead of single pictures enabled an improvement of 41 percent in place recognition ③accuracy，allowing the system to adapt to appearance changes over time and across different seasons and weather conditions，” Professor Milford said.
“This research can help make more efficient and reliable navigation systems for autonomous robots in energy-limited environments.It’s especially good for things like space exploration and disaster recovery，where using energy well and being quick to respond are critical，” Dr Hussaini said.
语篇解读　本文是一篇说明文，介绍了昆士兰科技大学 QUT 研究团队受昆虫和动物大脑启发，开发了一种新型的脉冲神经网络 SNNs 算法，用于更节能的机器人导航系统。
5．What does the QUT research focus on
A．Testing artificial intelligence systems.
B．Imitating AI-based navigation systems.
C．Managing existing robotic navigation systems.
D．Creating bio-inspired robotic navigation systems.
6．What is a key advantage of SNNs
A．Requiring low energy.
B．Conducting object detection.
C．Producing suitable hardware.
D．Processing separate information.
7．What can be inferred about neural network parts
A．They analyze environmental sounds.
B．They assess conventional approaches.
C．They enable accurate place recognition.
D．They measure different weather conditions.
8．What’s the last paragraph mainly about
A．The significance of the research.
B．The advantage of the system.
C．The efficiency of the navigation.
D．The performance of the application.
语境猜词 ①energy-efficient(合)＝energy＋efficient adj.节能的；高能效的 ②well-suited(合)＝well＋suited adj.非常适合的；适当的 ③accuracy(派)＝accura(te)＋cy n．准确性，精确性
C
(2025·河北部分重点高中一模)
As the planet warms up and oceans rise，extreme weather events are becoming the norm.Getting notified in time to prepare for a disastrous hurricane or heat wave could be the disparity between life and death.AI can help.Two studies published in the journal Nature described the benefit of two AI models that could improve weather forecasting.
The first AI-based system is called Pangu-Weather，which was developed by the Huawei Cloud team.It was capable of predicting global weather a week in advance.A majority of countries use numerical(数值)weather prediction models.These models use math formulas to create computer models of the atmosphere and oceans for predicting future weather with data from them.What makes Pangu-Weather different is that the Pangu-Weather model is deeply trained with the help of 39-year global weather data，preparing it to forecast temperature，pressure，and wind speed.When compared to the numerical weather prediction method，Pangu-Weather was 10,000 times faster and no less accurate.Pangu-Weather also contains a 3D model，unlike past AI forecasting systems，which allows it to record ①atmospheric states at different pressure levels to further increase its accuracy.
Pangu-Weather can predict weather patterns 5－7 days in advance.However，it can’t forecast precipitation(降水)．As precipitation prediction is vital for extreme weather forecasting，a second Nature model，NowcastNet，fills this gap.It can accurately predict rainfall 6 hours ahead，helping meteorologists(气象学家)study weather patterns in real time more effectively.
NowcastNet focuses on detailed，realistic descriptions of extreme rainfall patterns in local regions.It uses radar observations from the US and China，as well as deep learning methods，to predict precipitation rates over a 1.6-million-square-mile region of the eastern and central US up to 3 hours in advance.62 meteorologists from China tested NowcastNet and ranked it first，out of four other leading weather forecasting methods，in reliably predicting heavy rain，which it did 71 percent of the time.
While ②generative AI models have good prospects in weather forecasting，experts point out that replacing existing systems has many challenges.However，in 5－10 years，these models may surprise us.
语篇解读　本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了两款能够提高天气预报准确性的AI模型：Pangu-Weather和NowcastNet。
9．What does the underlined word “disparity” in paragraph 1 probably mean
A．Difference. B．Decision.
C．Settlement. D．Struggle.
10．What is the advantage of Pangu-Weather compared with the numerical weather prediction method
A．It can predict precipitation more accurately.
B．It can provide a 3D view of the weather.
C．It is much faster and equally accurate.
D．It can record more detailed atmospheric states.
11．What can we learn about NowcastNet from the text
A．It is mainly used to predict global weather patterns.
B．It was developed by 62 meteorologists from China.
C．It uses radar observations and deep learning to predict precipitation in the US.
D．It ranks first among all weather forecasting methods in predicting heavy rain.
12．What is the text mainly about
A．The impacts of climate change on extreme weather events.
B．The challenges in using generative AI in weather forecasting.
C．The explanation of the traditional numerical weather-prediction method.
D．The introduction of two AI-based weather-forecasting models and their features.
语境猜词 ①atmospheric(派)＝atmospher(e)＋ic adj.大气层的；大气的 ②generative(派)＝generate＋ive adj.生成式的

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