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(共17张PPT)
Unit 8
Making a Difference
Section A Gramar Focus 4a—4d
Objectives
To express duration using the present perfect tense with since and for.
To learn some new words.
Grammar Focus
4a
Read the sentences. How are for and since used differently
Have you been to our animal shelter before No, I haven’t. But one of my friends has volunteered here for a long time.
Has she ever done volunteer work Yes, she has. She has been a volunteer at a nursing home since last August.
How long have you been a volunteer I have been a volunteer here for a few months.
How long has he worked as a volunteer at the museum He has volunteered here since his summer holidays started.
For is used to talk about a period of time (how long something has happened).
Since is used to talk about a specific point in time (when something started).
现在完成时(ⅲ)
现在完成时表示从过去已经开始并持续到现在的动作或状态，通常与since或for引导的时间状语连用。
1. for和since引导的时间状语的区别：
◇ for + 时间段；
◇ since + 过去的时间点或表示时间点的从句，如“since + 一段时间 + ago”。
Jeff has had his bike for more than 10 years.
杰夫已经拥有这辆自行车超过十年。
He’s owned it since his fourth birthday. 自从四岁生日起，他就拥有了它。
2. 现在完成时表示动作持续发生时, 还可以用以下表示包括现在时间在内的时间状语：up to now、today、so far、this year等。
Up to now, the work has been easy. 到目前为止，工作很容易。
3. 表示动作持续发生时，只能用表示持续动作的动词或状态动词，不能用表示短暂动作或位置转移的动词。
I bought this book in Shanghai. I have had it for three years.
这本书是我在上海买的。我买了它三年了。
4. 延续性动词与非延续性动词的区别
(1) 延续性动词：be、have、know、live、work、study、learn、speak、wear、sleep等，这些词可以和表示一段时间的时间状语连用。
He has worked in Wenzhou for almost 13 years.
他已经在温州工作了近13年。
(2) 非延续性动词：begin、end、die、buy、borrow、come、arrive、join、marry等，这些词可用于现在完成时，说明某个动作的结果还存在，但不与表示一段时间的状语连用。
I have bought a book. 我买了一本书。
I have arrived in Beijing. 我已经到达北京了。
5. 非延续性动词和延续性动词之间的转换
(1) 非延续性动词转换为相应的延续性动词，用于现在完成时。
borrow → keep， buy → have， put on → wear
(2) 非延续性动词转化为“be +形容词/副词/介词/名词”。
begin / start → be on，go out → be out，
close → be closed，open → be open，
get to / arrive / reach → be (in)， die → be dead，
leave → be away，finish → be over，
join → be in / be a member of，become → be，
make friends → be friends，come / go → be +相应的介词短语
4b
Complete the sentences with the correct forms of the verbs in brackets and for or since.
1. This college student enjoys volunteering for the army. She (teach) English to the soldiers three years.
2. I (be) a member of the Red Cross for six years. I have made a lot of friends I joined the organization.
3. Mr Wu has taught in a primary school as a volunteer two years now. he started working there, he (help) many students.
4. The organization (train) over 6,000 volunteers it began to offer classes three years ago.
for
has been
since
have been
Since
since
has trained
for
has helped
Let’s practice
4c
Complete the passage with the correct forms of the verbs in brackets.
I love being a volunteer! I (work) with a sports organization for almost three years now. Since I started, I (help) out at over ten different sports events. I (make) many new friends and I .
even (meet) many famous athletes. For example, I (meet) two national football players from Argentina last month. They were at a stadium for a charity match. The stadium (be) so big that they (get) lost. I gave them directions and they (smile) and (thank) me warmly. I am proud to be a volunteer.?
have worked
have made
have helped
met
have
was
smiled
got
thanked
met
4d
Work in groups. Interview your groupmates using the questions below. Share the answers with the class.
How long have you ● known your best friend/ …
● had your favourite toy/…
● lived in your neighbourhood/…
Language points
1. Linda likes serving in the army.
琳达喜欢在军队服役。
单词 词性&词义 复数形式 短语
army n. 军队 armies join the army 参军
After leaving school, Mike went into the army.
迈克从学校毕业后参军了。
2. Mr Wu has taught in a primary school as a volunteer
two years now.
吴老师 在一所小学做志愿者教师两年了。
3. Since I started, I (help) out at over ten different sports events. 自从我开始当志愿者以来，我 过超过十场不同的体育赛事。
短语 释义 用法
help out 分担工作；帮忙做 后跟名词作宾语时，名词放在out前后均可；后跟代词作宾语时，代词只能放在help与out中间
Can you help out my problem
你能帮助我解决问题吗？
When I bought the house, my sister helped me out with a loan.
我买这所房子时，我姐姐借给了我一笔钱解了急。
4. They were at a stadium for a charity match.
他们当时在体育场参加一场慈善比赛。
单词 词性&词义 常见搭配
charity n. 慈善机构（或组织）；慈善事业 指帮助有困难的人、动物或社区的行为或活动，强调 “无偿帮助、奉献爱心” 的含义 do charity 做慈善（强调行为）
charity shop 慈善商店
charity event 慈善活动
raise money for charity 为慈善筹款
This charity gives books to kids in villages.
这个慈善机构给乡村孩子送书。
Many people do charity to help poor children.
很多人做慈善来帮助贫困儿童。
5. I gave them directions and they (smile) and
(thank) me warmly.
我给他们指了路，他们 并热情地 我。
单词 词性&词义 常见搭配
warmly adv.热情地；温暖地 强调方式上的温暖、热情 warmly welcome 热情欢迎
warmly greet 热情问候
smile warmly 热情地微笑
The children warmly welcomed the new teacher.
孩子们热情地欢迎了新老师。
The sun shone warmly on the garden.
阳光温暖地照耀着花园。
Exercises
单项选择。
（ ）1. The movie Ne Zha 2 with the public since it came out.
A. has been popular B. is popular
C. was popular D. will be popular
（ ）2. Many international students to visit our school since last year.
A. are coming B. have come
C. came D. will come
（ ）3. Her grandfather a car in 2007. He the car for 10 years.
A. bought; has bought B. bought; has had
C. buys; has had D. buys; has bought
A
B
B
（ ）4. I will on my father's farm this summer.
A. take out B. help with
C. help out D. look out
（ ）5. When we in Nanchang, we were welcomed by our friends at the airport.
A. reached; warmly B. arrived; warmly
C. reached; warm D. arrived; warm
C
B
Homework
1. Review the Grammar Focus and write it down.
2. Preview the passage in 1b and 3a.

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