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专题十
构词法
新课标词汇表中未收录可根据构词法推断出的部分名词、形容词、
副词等。分析广州市中考试题可以发现：语法选择的备选项中，有一
些可以通过构词法判断词性；语篇阅读中，有很多“生词”是可以通
过构词法推断其含义。因此，掌握构词法有助于扩大词汇量，帮助大
家在阅读中更加得心应手。
考点
派生法
派生法即由一个词根加上前缀或后缀构成一个与原单词意义相近
或截然相反的新词。词根决定词的根本意义，前缀改变词义，后缀改
变词性。
前缀 用法及意义 示例
un- 用于形容词、副词前，表
否定 happy→unhappy 不高兴的
lucky→unlucky 不幸的
able→unable 不能的
usual→①__________不寻常的
fortunately→unfortunately 不幸地
(一)前缀
unusual
1.表示否定意义的前缀
前缀 用法及意义 示例
dis 用于动词、名词前，表否定或相反动作 like→dislike不喜欢　 　　 　
agree→disagree不同意
appear→disappear消失
advantage→disadvantage缺点
im /in /il
/ir 用于形容词前，表否定 possible→impossible不可能的
polite→②________不礼貌的
correct→incorrect不正确的 　
legal→illegal非法的
regular→irregular不规则的
impolite
前缀 用法及意义 示例
mis- 用于动词前，表示“错误
地” understand→③_______________
误解
use→misuse 滥用；误用
non- 用于名词、形容词前，表
示“不” smoker→non-smoker 不吸烟者
stop→non-stop 不间断的
misunderstand
前缀 意义 示例
re- 重复，再 view→④________复习
cycle→recycle回收利用
pre- 在……之前 view→preview预习
school→preschool学前的
self- 自己；本身 service→self service自助的
confidence→self confidence自信
2.其他常用前缀
侧重考查词义理解，需能根据词根和前缀推测生词含义，这在阅
读理解猜词题中常考。
review
前缀 意义 示例
under- 在……下；不足 ground→underground地下的
stand→⑤__________理解；明白
over- 过于；在……上 sleep→oversleep睡过头
weight→overweight超重的
mid- 中间的；中途的 night→midnight午夜
day→midday正午
understand
后缀 意义 示例
-er/-or/
-ess/-tress 从事……的人，……的机器 teach→teacher教师
work→worker工人
visit→visitor参观者
invent→inventor发明家
record→recorder收音机
act→actress女演员
(二)后缀
1.名词后缀
后缀 意义 示例
-ist ……专家，……主义者 art→artist 艺术家
science→⑥________科学家
piano→pianist 钢琴家
tour→tourist 游客
-an/-ian 来自……的人；专长
于……的人 America→American 美国人
music→musician 音乐家
-ee 表示动作的接受者(与
-er 相对) employ→employee 雇员
interview→interviewee 被面试者
scientist
后缀 意义 示例
-ion/-sion/
-tion/-ation 表示行为、过程或结果 invite→invitation 邀请
introduce→introduction 介绍
pollute→pollution 污染
decide→⑦________决定
inform→information 信息
-ment 表示行为、过程或结果 develop→development 发展
agree→agreement 同意；协议
achieve→achievement 成就
move→movement 移动；运动
decision
后缀 意义 示例
-ness 表示性质或状态 happy→happiness 幸福
kind→kindness 善良
ill→illness 疾病
weak→⑧________虚弱；弱点
-th 表示行为、性质或状态 grow→growth 生长，增长
long→length 长度
wide→width 宽度
true→truth 真相，事实
weakness
后缀 意义 示例
-(i)ty/-y 表示性质、状态或程度 able→ability 能力
possible→possibility 可能性
safe→safety 安全
discover→discovery 发现
-ence/-ance 表示行为、状态或性质 silent→silence 沉默
perform→performance 表演，表现
different→difference 差异
important→⑨___________重要性
importance
后缀 意义 示例
-ship 表示关系、身份或状态 friend→friendship 友谊
relation→relationship 关系
leader→leadership 领导力
-hood 表示状态、性质或时期 child→childhood 童年
neighbor→neighborhood 邻里
-age 表示行为、结果、状态
或总称 pass→⑩________段落
use→usage 用法
marry→marriage 婚姻
pack→package 包裹
passage
后缀 意义 示例
-dom 表示状态、性质或领域 king→kingdom 王国
free→freedom 自由
wise→wisdom 智慧
后缀 意义 示例
-ful 充满……的，有……性
质的 help→helpful 有帮助的
care→careful 仔细的
use→useful 有用的
beauty→ __________美丽的
-y 充满……的；有……特
征的 sun→sunny 晴朗的
rain→rainy 下雨的
health→healthy 健康的
luck→lucky 幸运的
2.形容词后缀
beautiful
后缀 意义 示例
-ous 充满……的；有……特
性的 danger→dangerous 危险的
fame→famous 著名的
-less 没有……的(与 -ful 相
对) care→careless 粗心的
use→useless 无用的
hope→hopeless 绝望的
home→homeless 无家可归的
-ing 令人……的( 描述事物
或人的性质、特征) excite→exciting 令人兴奋的
interest→interesting 有趣的
bore→boring 令人厌烦的
surprise→ _________令人惊讶的
surprising
后缀 意义 示例
-ed 感到……的( 描述人的
感受、情绪) excite→excited 感到兴奋的
interest→interested 感兴趣的
bore→bored 感到厌烦的
surprise→surprised 感到惊讶的
-able/-ible 能……的，值得……的 comfort→comfortable 舒适的
enjoy→ _________令人愉快的
believe→believable 可信的
fashion→fashionable 时尚的
flex→flexible 灵活的
enjoyable
后缀 意义 示例
-al 与……有关的 nation→national 国家的
nature→natural 自然的
music→musical 音乐的
person→personal 个人的
-ic 与……有关的 science→scientific 科学的
history→historic 历史性的
-ive 有……倾向的 create→creative 有创造力的
expense→ __________昂贵的
expensive
后缀 意义 示例
-ish 有……性质的，像……
的 child→childish 幼稚的
fool→foolish 愚蠢的
self→selfish 自私的
-ly 具有……品质的 friend→friendly 友好的
day→daily 每日的
-ern ……方向的 south→southern 南方的
north→northern 北方的
east→eastern 东方的
west→western 西方的
后缀 意义 示例
-en 使变得……，变成…… wide→widen 使变宽
short→shorten 使缩短；缩短
dark→darken 使变暗
weak→ ________削弱
-ize/-ise 使成为；……化 real→realize 实现；认识到
modern→modernize 使现代化
3.副词后缀
大部分副词可由其相应的形容词加上后缀-ly 构成，但也有特殊的
变化形式。(详见专题三 考点 2)
4.动词后缀
weaken
转化 意义 示例
名词→动词 表示方位、工具、结果、给
予、提供、用……来做、当
作等意义 water n.水 v.浇水
milk n.牛奶 v.挤奶
book n.书 v.预订
hand n.手 v.递交
face n.脸 v.面对
head n.头 v.朝向
fish n.鱼 v.钓鱼
plant n.植物 v.种植
考点
转化法
一个单词由一种词性转化为另一种词性，但词形不发生改变，词
性转化后的意义往往与之前的意义联系密切。
转化 意义 示例
形容词→动词 表示状态的变化，多意为
“(使)变得” empty adj.空的 v.倒空　　　　
clean adj.干净的 v.打扫
dry adj.干的 v.使变干　
warm adj.温暖的 v.使变暖
free adj.自由的 v.释放　
slow adj.慢的 v.放慢
cool adj.凉爽的 v.使冷却　
right adj.正确的 v.纠正
构成方法 例词
名词＋名词＝名词 school＋bag＝schoolbag 书包
class＋room＝classroom 教室
名词＋动名词＝名词 hand＋writing＝handwriting 笔迹
sight＋seeing＝sightseeing 观光，游览
考点
合成法
由两个或两个以上的独立单词合成一个新词，有的用连字符“-”
连接，有的直接连写，还有的由分开的两个单词构成。合成词是拓展
词汇量的关键，广州中考英语阅读理解中有不少合成词。
构成方法 例词
动词＋副词＝名词 get＋together＝get-together 聚会
break＋down＝breakdown 故障；崩溃
形容词＋名词＝名词 black＋board＝blackboard 黑板
short＋coming＝shortcoming 缺点
名词＋形容词＝形容词 world＋wide＝worldwide 世界范围的
snow＋white＝snow-white 雪白的
形容词＋名词＋-ed＝形容词 warm＋heart＋ed＝warm-hearted 热心的
kind＋nature＋d＝kind-natured 天性善良的
构成方法 例词
副词＋过去分词＝形容词 well＋known＝well-known 著名的
widely＋used＝widely-used 广泛使用的
副词＋动词＝动词 up＋set＝upset 使难过
out＋look＝outlook 展望
限定词＋副词＝副词 every＋where＝everywhere 到处
some＋how＝somehow 不知怎么地
【语法点针对训练】
语法选择
Modern life offers us great convenience.With the rapid __1__ of
technology, many things have become much easier than before.For
example, instead of writing letters, we can send messages instantly.This is
__2__ a faster way to communicate.However, this convenience sometimes
brings __3__ effects on our health and lifestyle.
Many people find it almost __4__ to live without their smartphones.
They spend hours looking at screens, which can be __5__ to their eyes.
This behavior can also cause physical __6__, as they spend less time doing
outdoor activities.Another __7__ is that fast food is available everywhere.
While it saves time, it is often a(n) __8__ choice for our bodies.Eating it
too often can lead to weight problems.It is easy to __9__ the long-term
risks.
Therefore, it is necessary for us to __10__ our daily habits.It's not
about giving up technology completely.Instead, it's about making a better
__11__.For instance, we can set a time limit for using our phones.Making
small but __12__ changes is a good start.It is also __13__ to choose fresh
food over fast food whenever we can.We need to understand that the
__14__ use of technology is what truly hurts us.Finding a balance is not
always easy, but it is __15__ the most important task for a better life.
(
)1.A.develop
B.developing
C.development
D.developer
B.certainly
B.Harms
B.impossible
B.harms
B.weakly
D.uncertain
D.harmless
D.possibility
D.harmless
D.weakness
(
(
(
(
(
(
)2.A.certain
)3.A.harm
)4.A.possible
)5.A.harm
)6.A.weak
)7.A.advantage
C.certainty
C.harmful
C.possibly
C.harmful
C.weaken
B.disadvantage
C.agreement
D.disagreement
B.unhealthy
D.healthily
(
(
)8.A.healthy
)9.A.estimate
C.health
B.underestimate
C.overestimate
D.estimation
(
)10.A.view
B.review
C.interview
D.preview
C
B
C
B
C
D
B
B
B
B
D
B
D
B
B
B.chose
D.choice
(
(
)11.A.choose
)12.A.thought
C.chosen
B.thoughtful
C.thoughtless
D.thoughtfully
B.helper
B.incorrect
D.helpful
D.correction
(
(
(
)13.A.help
)14.A.correct
)15.A.probable
C.helpless
C.correctly
B.probably
C.improbable
D.probability
【中考题型训练】
语法选择
(2025 广州六中二模改编)“Drink eight cups of water.” All of us
__1__ the advice for many many times.But if you fall short, don't worry.
That advice is probably quite wrong, anyway.That's according to __2__
new study.It found that for most healthy adults, __3__ eight cups of water
a day is unnecessary.But nor is it dangerous.If you do drink eight cups of
water, you are probably just going to be spending more time in the
bathroom.
In fact, this misunderstanding has something to do with the suggestion
before.Early in 1945, the U.S.National Research Council advised adults
__4__ about 1.9 liters of water daily.The suggestion is about a person's
total daily intake of water from fruit, vegetables and soup.But it has been
__5__ misunderstood.Many people believe that they should drink eight
glasses of water every day.
So, have you ever wondered __6__ water you need to drink daily
The study found that it's different from one person to __7__.It depends on
__8__ age, size, physical activity and the weather in the city where you
live.
Our needs for water are the highest between the ages of 20 and 50.
After that, the needs slowly go down __9__ our metabolism(新陈代谢)
slows down after the age of 50, and our needs for water go down, too.
Also, since men usually have __10__ bodies than women, they need
more water.People whose jobs need more physical activities need more
water than those who work in the office.And people who live in hot places
are in need of more water than those who live in the place __11__ cold
weather.
In conclusion, most of you don't really have to worry about not having
enough water yet.__12__ you also don't have to work out the exact amount
of water you need by measuring.Just drink whenever you are thirsty.Water
is the best choice.Coffee and tea __13__ fine as well.But drinks with sugar
must __14__, which can cause lots of __15__ problems.Hopefully,
everyone can stay fit and have unlimited happiness.
(
)1.A.hears
B.are hearing
C.were heard
D.have heard
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
)2.A.a
)3.A.had
)4.A.drank
)5.A.wide
)6.A.whose
)7.A.other
)8.A.you
)9.A.because
)10.A.large
B.an
B.have
B.drinks
B.widely
B.which
B.others
B.your
B.unless
B.larger
C.the
C.having
C.drinking
C.widen
C.how much
C.another
C.yours
C.though
C.largest
D./
D.to have
D.to drink
D.widened
D.how many
D.the other
D.yourself
D.until
D.largely
D
A
C
D
B
C
C
B
A
B
B
C
B
D
A
(
(
(
)11.A.on
)12.A.Or
)13.A.is
B.with
B.But
B.are
C.about
C.And
C.was
D.from
D.So
D.were
(
)14.A.cut down
B.cutting down
C.are cut down
D.be cut down
(
)15.A.health
B.healthy
C.healthily
D.healthiest

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