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(共51张PPT)
Unit 1
Science and Scientists
Reading and Thinking
人教版2019选择性必修第二册
Learning Objectives
Understand the main plot of John Snow’s fight against cholera.
Grasp the 7 stages of scientific research.
Admire John Snow’s qualities (devotion, critical thinking, creativity) and develop respect for scientists.
Lead-in：
Are you familiar with these situations
Mask up
Get vaccinated
Self-isolation
Positive measures are taken by humans to fight against COVID-19.
coronavirus[k r n vair s]
It was discovered in the human body in 2019. The virus is
generally characterised by fever, dry cough and
gradually dyspnea(逐渐出现呼吸困难).
The virus was confirmed to be with the phenomenon of
human transmission and have latent infection.
The disease had no specific treatment at that time, so it
broke out in 2020 and swept the globe.
COVID-19
Besides coronavirus, what other kinds of epidemics (流行病) do you know
bird-flu
plague[pleiɡ]
Ebola [i b l ]
malaria [m leri ]
Who Helped Defeat Malaria
There are some great scientific achievements that have changed the world. Name some famous scientists you know and tell something about them.
Tu Youyou
She is the first Chinese Nobel laureate (荣誉获得者) in physiology or medicine and the first female citizen of the People’s Republic of China to receive a Nobel Prize in any category (范畴), as well as the first Chinese person to receive the Lasker Award.
Lead-in：
Stephen Hawking (1942-2018)
British scientist
worked on astronomy and studied black holes in space
Zhong Nanshan
who has been committed to the study, prevention and treatment of major respiratory (呼吸道的) diseases and significantly contributed to the COVID-19 fight, was recommended for the Medal of the Republic nomination.
What are the symptoms (症状) of Cholera？
Lead-in：
It begins in the stomach and a severe case can lead to death without immediate treatment.
dehydration (缺水)
severe vomiting (呕吐)
diarrhea (腹泻)
Many years ago, the cholera in the world killed millions of people. People were very afraid of it, but they didn’t know what to do. Luckily, a young doctor decided to find out how to prevent and treat the disease. Finally, the doctor won the battle.
John Snow
How did he win the battle
Pre-reading：
What will be talked about from the title
John Snow Defeats“King Cholera”
Who
How
What
The text is mainly about ___________ and _____ he defeated ____________.
John Snow
how
king cholera
scientific research

Pre-reading：
What order would you put them in
Stages of Scientific Research
______ analyse the results ______ ask a question
______ draw a conclusion ______ collect data
______ find a problem ______ find supporting evidence
______ think of a method
While-reading：
Read the whole text quickly and match the main ideas.
Para. 1
Para. 2
Para. 4
Para. 5
John Snow desired to destroy cholera.
John Snow decided to prove the second theory.
Snow began his study by marking on the map.
Truth of the infection of cholera.
Snow's contributions.
Para. 3
draw a conclusion
find a problem
ask a question
collect data
find supporting evidence
What causes cholera
Which theory is correct
Mark information on a map to find out where people died or did not die.
Find other evidence to confirm the conclusion.
The water is to blame. The source of all drinking water should be examined so that it is safe.
It was believed that cholera was caused by bad ____ or germs in ____________.
Snow _______________ the places where the people who _____ had lived.
Many deaths occurred near the ___________ in Broad Street.
Some people _______ drunk the water from the pump, and lived.
A woman and her daughter died in another part of London after ________
___________________.
The pump water carried _____________.
The _______ of the pump was removed.
air
food or water
marked on a map
died
water pump
hadn’t
drinking
cholera germs
handle
A.
C.
B.
D.
E.
water from the pump
No death happened here.
multiple deaths
happened here.
Clue: free beer from public house
Public house
The water from the pump was to blame.
Result:
The water came from the river which had been polluted by the dirty water from London.
While-reading：
P1
John
Snow
Who
What
A _________doctor who even attend _______________
when she gave birth.
He had desire to ________________once and for all.
famous
Queen Victoria
destroy cholera
Though being famous, he was still devoted to defeating “King Cholera”
Research background
Find the problem
Cholera
John
Snow
It's one of ______________________ in the world, because it causes _______________________________.
_____________________ (when), an outbreak of cholera hit ________ milions of people ____________________.
He rose to become _______________ , and even __________ Queen Victoria when she gave birth.
John Snow became ___________ because no one knew _____________________________.
However, he had a desire to ______________ once and for all.
the most feared diseases
severe diarrhoea and dehydration
In the early 19th century
Europe
died from the disease
frustrated
how to prevent or treat cholera
a famous doctor
attended to
destroy cholera
Para.1
Research background
While-reading：
P2
two theories
The first theory
The second theory
Cholera was caused by _________________.
Cholera was caused by _____________________
__________________________________________.
bad air
an infection from the
germs in food or water.
He needed proof .
Snow subscribed to the ________ theory.
second
Two contradictory theories
Ask a question
Two contradictory theories
Theory one:
caused by ________
Theory two:
caused by _______
Symptoms
Symptoms
cough
sneeze
runny nose
lung
diarrhoea
dehydration

bad air
germs
Snow subscribed to the second theory.
While-reading：
P3
A map of Broad Street-”Cholera Map”
Think of a method & collect data
water pump
beer pub
Many deaths happened here.
No deaths happened here.
Snow suspected that the water pump was to blame.
It was believed that cholera was caused by bad ____ or germs in____________.
A
Snow ____________ the places where the people who _______ had lived.
B
Many deaths occurred near the _____________
in Broad Street.
Some people _________
drunk the water from the pump, and lived.
A woman and her daughter died in another part of London after
____________________.
The pump water carried ______________
The ________ of the pump was removed.
theories
process
air
food or water
died
investigated
water pump
hadn’t
drinking the pump water
cholera germs
handle
Solution
Conclusion
Find supporting evidence
C
D
E
conclusion evidence process solution theories
While-reading：
P4
What caused the outbreak of cholera in London in 1854
Para. 4:
The truth was that the water from the Broad Street pump had been infected by waste. … Some companies sold water from the River Thames that was polluted by raw waste.
Water companies sold water from the River Thames that was polluted by raw waste, causing people who drank this water to get cholera.
While-reading：
P5
What contributions did John Snow make
Water companies began to sell clean water.
The threat of cholera around the world decreased.
He helped people know how to prevent cholera.
Snow transformed the way scientists study diseases.
The Father of Modern Epidemiology
Was cholera defeated completely
How to prevent the cholera
To prevent cholera from spreading, we'd better
drink pure or boiled water and eat clean food.
While-reading：
Post-reading：
what can we human do to prevent or fight these diseases
1. Drink boiled water or cook food thoroughly
2. Wash hands and keep clean
Strengthen publicity and improve awareness of haelthy
Invest more on medical affairs
individual
society
government
Keep a banlance between economical development and environmental protection
more
In our daily life, in order not to
get infected with the infectious
disease, such as cholera, AIDS, SARS,
COVID-19 ,what should we do？
Heat the food left overnight
Cook raw food
Wash hands often
Keep away from flies
choose fresh sea food
Keep the kitchen clean
deal with rubbish properly.
Drink boiled water
Critical Thinking
Don't forget to wear a mask when you go out.
Fill in the blanks according to the text.
In the early 19th century, an outbreak of cholera hit Europe, _______ (cause) millions of deaths. Seeing this, John Snow became frustrated because no one knew how _________ (prevent) or treat cholera. At that time, doctors had two theories to explain how cholera spread. One was that bad air caused the disease and another was that cholera was caused by germs in food or water. John discovered that in two particular street _____ cholera outbreak was ____ severe that over 500 people died in ten days. Through his serious ____________ (investigate), he found it was the pump water in Broad Street _______ resulted in the disease. Therefore, he had the handle of the pump ________ (remove) .
causing
to prevent
the
so
investigation
that
removed
It turned out that the water from the pump _______________ (infect) by waste. Through Snow's tireless efforts, water companies began to sell clean water, and the threat of cholera around the world saw ____ substantial decrease. Snow transformed the way ________________ scientists study diseases. For this reason, he is considered the father of modern epidemiology.
Fill in the blanks according to the text.
had been infected
that / in which
a
As a doctor, he helped us to ____________________.
As a scientist, he found out _________________________.
Evaluation of John Snow
what caused cholera
prevent cholera
What qualities do you think John Snow has
hard work
devotion
determination
passion
creativity
selflessness
critical thinking
Common characteristics
What qualities do you need to be a scientist
Human progress on epidemic research
Language Points
1 one of the most feared diseases
2 become frustrated
3 attend to sb
4 lose desire to do sth
5 once and for all
6 in general
7 two contradictory theories
最可怕的疾病之一
变得沮丧
照顾某人
失去做某事的欲望
一劳永逸
一般说来
两种截然不同的看法
Important phrases (P2-P3)
8 an infection from germs in food or water
9 subscribe to the second theory
10 in two particular streets
11 be determined to find out why
12 begin by marking the exact places
13 multiple deaths near the water pump
食物或水中细菌的感染
赞同第二种看法
在两条特别的街道上
下决心找出原因
从标记确切的位置开始
水泵附近多人死亡
Important phrases (P2)
14 suspect that the water pump is to blame
15 what’s more / moreover
16 have it delivered to her house
17 as a result of the evidence
18 have the handle removed
19 raw waste
怀疑是水泵造成的
而且
让人把它送到她家
由于这个证据
拆掉把手
未经处理的废弃物
Important phrases (P2-P3)
Cholera used to be one of the most feared diseases in the world, until a
British doctor, John Snow, showed how it could be overcome.
until 引导 ____________ 从句， how 引导 _______ 从句。
时间状语
宾语
I didn’t go downstairs until the window had to be shut.
I stayed awake on purpose until half past eleven in order to have a good look at the moon by myself.
until 表示“直到……为止”，主句的谓语动词为延续性动词，主句为肯定句；
not … until 表示“直到……才”，主句的谓语动词为短暂性动词，主句为否定句。
在英国医生约翰·斯诺向人们展示如何战胜霍乱之前，霍乱曾是世界上最令人恐惧的疾病之一。 (Para. 1, Line 1)
Important sentences (P2 ~ P3)
He didn’t go to bed until he completed his homework.
(对画线部分进行强调)
not until 用于强调句型中
要强调until后面的部分：
①需要把until部分提前 ②还要把not一起提前
→ It wasn’t until he completed his homework that he went to bed.
It wasn’t until …… that ＋ 句子的其余部分
Important sentences (P2 ~ P3)
It wasn’t until he finished his homework that he went to bed. (改为一般疑问句)
Was it not until he finished his homework that he went to bed
not until 用于一般疑问句型中
强调句的一般疑问句形式：
Is / Was it ＋ 被强调部分＋ that ＋句子的其余部分
Important sentences (P2 ~ P3)
1. The students didn’t stop talking until the teacher came in.
2. The sports meet will not be held until next week.
→ ______ ______ next week _____ the sports meet be held.
Not until
will
not until 用于倒装结构
→ Not until the teacher came in did the students stop talking.
Important sentences (P2 ~ P3)
1. 直到比赛开始他才来到。
He ____________________ the game had begun.
2. 如果很多人都说一部电影不好，我不会去看，或者我会一直等
到DVD版出来才看。
If a lot of people say a film is not good, I won’t bother to see it, or
I will _________________________________.
3. 直到约翰进入大学之后，他才意识到时间的重要性。(倒装)
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
wait until it comes out on DVD
didn’t arrive until
Not until John went to college did he realize the importance of time.
即学即练
Important sentences (P2 ~ P3)
2. He discovered that in two particular streets the cholera outbreak
was so severe that more than 500 people died in ten days.
他发现霍乱疫情在两条街道上尤为严重，十天内就有500多人死亡。
(Para. 2, Line 5)
so … that … 意为“如此……以至于……”，用来引导结果状语从句。
3. It seemed that the woman liked the water from the pump so much
that she had it delivered to her house every day.
该妇女似乎非常喜欢从水泵抽上来的水，每天都让人从那里打水
运到家里来。 (Para. 3, Line 14)
Important sentences (P2 ~ P3)
1. It rained so heavily that we had to stay at home.
2. The question is so difficult that we can not work it out.
3. It is so busy a day that we don’t go swimming.
Observe and Find
主语 + 实义动词 + so + 副词 + that 从句
主语 + 系动词（be, become, feel 等）+ so + 形容词 + that 从句
主语 + 系动词 + so + 形容词 + a / an + 单数可数名词 + that 从句
Important sentences (P2 ~ P3)
4. I have made so many mistakes that I must stay at home to reflect on them.
5. What a pity! We have got so little money that we can not eat at restaurants.
6. The shirt cost so much that I did not want to take it.
主语 + 谓语 + so + many / few + 可数名词复数 + that 从句
主语 + 谓语 + so + much / little + 不可数名词 + that 从句
主语 + 谓语 + so + many (much, few, little) + that 从句
Observe and Find
Important sentences (P2 ~ P3)
so ... that 用于倒装结构
→ The speaker was so nervous that his legs were trembling.
即学即练
这个演讲者如此紧张，以至于双腿发抖。（翻译）
→ So nervous was the speaker that his legs were trembling.
Important sentences (P2 ~ P3)
4. Accordingly, he had the handle of the pump removed so
that it could not be used.
于是，他让人拆掉了水泵的把手，这样水泵就用不成了。
(Para. 3, Line 16)
so that 是从属连词，在此用来引导 _____________ 从句。意义为“_______________”， 可用 _____________ 从句来替换。这种从句的谓语动词一般要和情态动词________________________ 等连用。
目的状语
为了；以便
in order that
can / could / may / might
Important sentences (P2 ~ P3)
so that 引导结果状语从句时， 意义为“结果是……”，“以至于……”，一般不与情态动词连用，有时可用逗号与主句隔开，有时则不用。这种从句可用 so … that … 从句来转换。
= It rained so hard that we had to stay at home yesterday.
Compare and Find
It rained hard yesterday so that we had to stay at home.
Important sentences (P2 ~ P3)
5. The people who drank this water were much more likely to get
cholera than those who drank pure or boiled water.
与饮用纯净水或开水的人相比，饮用被污染的水的人更容易染
上霍乱。(Para. 4, Line 4)
more than 结构可以由 far, much, a little, slightly, hardly, nothing, no 等词修饰，一般置于 more than 结构前。
Observe and Find
(1) This little man was hardly more than 1.5 meters tall.
(2) She could have thought of nothing more likely to please her brother
than this praise of Maggie.
Important sentences (P2 ~ P3)
Homework：
Draw a mind map about how John Snow defeated the “King Cholera”.
2. Complete the exercises on P4.
Thank You !
Reading and Thinking
新人教选择性必修二

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