资源简介

(共70张PPT)
Grammar and usage
Section Ⅲ
(语法项目——关系代词引导的定语从句)
语法专题突破
新知深化学习
课时检测
Contents 目录
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02
03
01
语法专题突破
语境中体悟
Lucy is my friend who/that① has a hearing problem.When she first came to my school， she seemed lonely， but we soon became friends.At first it was difficult to communicate with her.So I learnt a new language which/that② allows me to “speak” with my hands.
Lucy is a smart girl whose③ ideas are always inspiring.I sometimes have problems which/that④ I can't solve.When this happens， I always ask Lucy for help.Lucy is a good listener who/whom/that⑤ I enjoy sharing moments of my life with.
[语法入门]
①处who/that引导定语从句，修饰先行词my friend，指人，在从句中作主语；
②处which/that引导定语从句，修饰先行词 a new language，指物，在从句中作主语；
③处whose引导定语从句，修饰先行词a smart girl，指人，在从句中作定语；
④处which/that 引导定语从句，修饰先行词problems，指物，在从句中作宾语，可以省略；
⑤处who/whom/that 引导定语从句，修饰先行词Lucy，指人，在从句中作宾语，可以省略。
学案中理清
复合句中对名词、代词、名词性短语或句子进行修饰、限定的从句叫定语从句。被定语从句修饰的名词、代词等被称为先行词。
定语从句分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。
1．限制性定语从句：所修饰的词表示一个特定的人或东西。如果去掉它，被修饰的词就失去意义，句子就不能成立或不完整。
2．非限制性定语从句：由一个逗号将从句与先行词隔开，对所修饰的词作进一步的说明。如果去掉它，句子的意思仍然完整。
定语从句的关系词有关系代词和关系副词。关系代词有that， which， who， whom， whose， as；关系副词有when， where， why。关系词通常有下列作用：引导定语从句；代替先行词；在定语从句中充当一个成分。
本单元主要介绍的是关系代词引导的定语从句。
(一)关系代词引导的定语从句
关系代词 先行词 句法功能
who 人 主语、宾语(限制性定语从句中可省略)、表语
whom 人 宾语(限制性定语从句中可省略)
whose (＝of whom/of which) 人或物 定语
续表
that 人或物 主语、宾语(限制性定语从句中可省略)、表语
which 物 主语、宾语(限制性定语从句中可省略)
as 人或物 主语、宾语
[对点练]
(1)用适当的关系词填空
①(2024·新高考Ⅱ卷)Chinese cultural elements commemorating (纪念) Tang Xianzu， ____ is known as “the Shakespeare of Asia，” add an international character to Stratford-upon-Avon， William Shakespeare's hometown.
②(2023·全国乙卷)But for all its ancient buildings， Beijing is also a place __________ welcomes the fast-paced development of modern life ...
who
that/which
③Kim Cobb， a professor at the Georgia Institute of Technology in Atlanta， is one of a small but growing minority of academics ________ are cutting back on their air travel because of climate change.
④Those ____ have six or more close friends are described as “very happy”．
⑤His father works in a company _______ name always appears in the local newspapers.
who/that
who
whose
(2)把下列句子合并为含有定语从句的主从复合句
⑥I have a friend. He likes listening to classical music.
→________________________________________________
⑦Yesterday Emily was wearing the new dress. I gave it to her.
→ ________________________________________________________
⑧The student's article was published. I know the student.
→ _________________________________________
I have a friend who likes listening to classical music.
Yesterday Emily was wearing the new dress (that/which) I gave her.
I know the student whose article was published.
(二)关系代词that与which的用法
1．限制性定语从句中只用that的情况：
(1)先行词是不定代词或者先行词被不定代词所修饰时，关系代词通常只用that。
Do you have anything that you want to say for yourself？
你有什么要为自己说的吗？
(2)先行词被序数词、形容词最高级， the only， the very， the last等修饰时，关系代词通常只用that，不用which。
This is one of the most exciting football games that I have ever seen.
这是我见过的最激动人心的足球比赛之一。
This is the only thing that we can do now.
这是我们现在唯一能做的事情。
(3)先行词既有人又有物时，关系代词只用that，不用which。
The scientist and his achievements that you told me about are admired by us all.
我们所有人都很钦佩你告诉我的那位科学家和他所取得的成就。
(4)在which或who的特殊疑问句中含有定语从句时用that。
Which is the bike that you lost？哪辆是你丢的自行车？
Who is the boy that won the gold medal？
赢得金牌的那个男孩是谁？
(5)有两个定语从句时，其中一个关系代词宜用which，另外一个宜用that。
They built up a small factory which produced things that are of good quality.他们建了一家小工厂，这家工厂生产的东西质量很好。
(6)当先行词在主句中作表语，而关系代词也作表语时，用that不用which引导。
Shanghai is no longer the city that it used to be.
上海不再是过去的那座城市了。
(7)主句是there be句型且关系词在从句中作主语时，用that不用which引导。
There is a seat in the corner that is still available.
在那个角落还有一个座位可坐。
2．只用which的情况：
(1)引导非限制性定语从句时。
Helen was much kinder to her youngest son than to the others， which， of course， made the others envy him.
海伦对她最小的儿子比对其他的儿子好得多，这当然让其他的儿子嫉妒他。
(2)关系代词充当介词的宾语，且介词位于关系代词之前时。
This is the house in which Lu Xun once lived.
这是鲁迅曾住过的房子。
(3)先行词为that， those时。
What's that which was put in the car？
放在车子里的那个东西是什么？
　[对点练]　(用适当的关系词填空)
①(2025·浙江1月高考)Tanya is also looking beyond special-occasion dresses to less formal clothing， ______ she plans to package as capsule wardrobes and offer to travellers， such as those headed to weddings abroad， with a longer-term rental period.
which
②(2024·全国甲卷)Yellowstone was the largest United States national park — 2.2 million acres — until Wrangell-Saint Elias in southern Alaska， ______ became a national monument in 1978， took the honors as a national park in 1980 with 12.3 million acres.
③The GPNP is intended to provide stronger protection for all the species ____ live within the Giant Panda Range and significantly improve the health of the ecosystem in the area.
which
that
④The man is talking about the teachers and things ____ encouraged him greatly in school.
⑤Those days in ______ you could travel without a passport have gone.
⑥This is the book that you bought ______ you have lost.
⑦When it comes to Jinan， the first _____ comes to mind is the spring water.
that
which
which
that
⑧Green tea is rich in anti-oxidants ______ get your blood moving and improve your energy level.
⑨These messages are the very ones _____ I have been looking for.
⑩Many trees line the street as well， including some pine trees ______ were first planted during the Ming Dynasty.
which
that
that
应用中融通
Ⅰ.用恰当的关系代词完成下列短文
(一)
Although I have become a senior high school student， I still remember some people and things ① ____ were related to Miss Brown ② ________ is my teacher teaching me English in my junior high school. She once told me to read a grammar book ③ __________ is for beginners. I did as she told me， so my English was improved a lot. I believe that she is the person ④ _______________ I should give my thanks to. And she is also the most respectable teacher without ⑤ ______ help I would not have made such great progress.
that
who/that
which/that
whom/who/that
whose
(二)
I would like to have a penfriend ① ________ is a girl from senior high school in UK. It would be better if the penfriend has some hobbies ②___________ I also have. In my mind， the penfriend is someone ③______ interests are in travelling， swimming and playing table tennis.With such a penfriend， I hope I can share with her the things ④___________ I experienced in travelling， taking care of pets and studying in school. When we meet difficulties， we can help each other and give each other some tips ⑤___________ can help settle the difficulties. I also hope the penfriend will help me improve my spoken English ⑥__________ I find difficult. Of course， I can teach her to learn Chinese if she is ready to.
who/that
that/which
whose
which/that
that/which
that/which
Ⅱ.用定语从句连接两个句子(使用关系代词)
1．Last week Mary wore the dress.Her sister gave it to her.
→______________________________________________________
2．They live in a room.Its window faces south.
→_________________________________________
Last week Mary wore the dress that/which her sister gave to her.
They live in a room whose window faces south.
3．The old man wants to visit the village.He grew up in it.
→______________________________________________________
4．Our teacher likes reading the newspaper every day.It contains important information.
→___________________________________________________________________________________
The old man wants to visit the village which/that he grew up in.
Our teacher likes reading the newspaper which/that contains important information every day.
02
新知深化学习
1．A real friend is someone whose support we can count on.
真正的朋友是我们可以依靠其支持的人。
★count on依赖，依靠，指望
|用|法|感|知|
You can count on me to help in case of difficulty.
如果你遇到困难，我会帮你的。
(“动作描写”佳句)She shrugged， “You can count me in， I guess.”“我想你可以把我算进去。”她耸耸肩说道。
You can count on it that everything will be ready in time.
你放心，一切都会按时准备好。
[归纳点拨]
count down (to sth.)　　 倒计时
count sb.in 把某人算入；包括某人
count on sb.to do sth. 指望某人做某事
count on it that ... 相信……，指望……
|应|用|融|会|
(单句语法填空/完成句子)
①You should not count on him ______ (tell) the truth.
②I heard you're organizing a trip to the game next week. Count me ___!
③You can _______________ I can finish the work on time.
你相信我好了，我会准时完成工作的。
to tell
in
count on it that
2．Texting and messaging cannot take the place of face-to-face chatting.
发短信和发信息不能代替面对面的聊天。
★take the place of代替……
|用|法|感|知|
You can use milk in place of cream according to this recipe.
根据这个食谱你可以用牛奶来代替奶油。
(“通知”类写作佳句)The competition will take place next Friday afternoon in the school hall.比赛将于下周五下午在学校大厅举行。
To find them easily， you'd better put your books in place.
为了方便找到它们，你最好把书放好。
归纳点拨 (1)take one's place　 代替某人
take place 发生；举行
(2)in place of 代替
in place 在适当的位置
out of place 不在适当的位置；不合适的
名师指津 take place是不及物动词短语，其后不接宾语，也不能用于被动语态。
|应|用|融|会|
(1)完成句子
①She likes everything to be ________ before she starts work.　
她喜欢在开始工作前将一切准备就绪。
②The large table is ____________ in such a small room.　
这张大桌子放在这么小的房间里不合适。
③The explosions _________ in the shopping centre as crowds of people were shopping.
爆炸发生在购物中心，当时大批人群正在购物。
in place
out of place
took place
(2)一句多译
经理将要出差，我将代替他参加会议。
④The manager will be away on business and I'll ____________ ___________________.
⑤The manager will be away on business and I'll ______________
__________________________.
⑥The manager will be away on business and I'll _______________________________.
take his place
to attend the meeting
take the place
of him to attend the meeting
attend the meeting in place of him
03
课时检测
Ⅰ.阅读理解
It is said that most people have not more than 30 friends at any given time， and 400 over the whole of their lives.However， on social networking sites， most users have about 150 friends.If these numbers are correct， then friendship means different things in different situations.
Also， there are no rules about friendship.There are no instructions about how to make friends， how to keep friendships going， and how to finish friendships if we want to move on.People have very different opinions about this: some people would die for their friends and they value them more than family.Others say that friends are temporary， only there to help each other until they are no longer needed.If people with such different views become friends， this can lead to problems.
Because of these different definitions of friendship， it is easy to be unhappy about our friendships.We may want them to be deeper or closer， or we may want to have more friends in our lives.Sometimes we simply do not have the time to develop our friendships， or we fear we have left it too late in life to start.If we move to another country or city， we have to find ways to make new friends again.
This dissatisfaction shows us how important friendships are for most of us.We should not think that it could be too late to build friendships.We also need to understand that the need to be around other people is one that is shared by many.Therefore， we should not be too frightened about starting to talk to people who in the future may become our friends: it is likely that they too would like to get closer to us.Remember what people say: strangers are friends we have not met yet.
语篇解读：本文是一篇议论文。文章讨论了不同的人对友谊有不同的理解，友谊对我们大多数人来说是很重要的，所以对于友谊要持积极的态度。
1．In paragraph 1， why are the numbers used？
A．To show the ways of making friends.
B．To introduce the topic.
C．To explain the reason.
D．To persuade readers to make more friends.
√
解析：推理判断题。根据第一段最后一句可知，本段中的数字是用来介绍本文主题的。
2．What is the main idea of paragraph 2？
A．There is a rule about making friends.
B．People with different views can become friends.
C．Friendships mean different things to different people.
D．Some people would die for their friends if they need to.
√
解析：段落大意题。根据第二段第三、四句可知，本段主要讲述了不同的人对友谊有不同的理解。
3．What can we learn from the passage？
A．Most of us need to have friends.
B．Few of us build friendships late in life.
C．Few of us are dissatisfied with our friends.
D．Most of us are frightened to talk to people.
√
解析：推理判断题。根据最后一段第三句可知，我们大多数人都需要有朋友。
4．What is the author's attitude towards talking to a stranger？
A．Uninterested.　　　 B．Cautious.
C．Doubtful. D．Positive.
解析：观点态度题。根据最后一段倒数第二句可知，作者对与陌生人交谈持积极的态度。
√
Ⅱ.完形填空
Renée and her roommate were living thousands of miles away from their hometown.They often travel back home to ____ their friends and family.
One day at the airport， her roommate couldn't ____ her passport (护照)．She looked for it everywhere.And then she became ____ .
“I felt ____ because my roommate is easily with a bad mood (情绪)，” Renée said.
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6
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8
Renée tried to ask her roommate where she had last ____ it.And then her mood took a turn for the worse.
“That's when she shouted at me，” Renée said.“I don't even ____ what she said， but it was loud and sharp.”
Out of nowhere， a man got close to them.The man ____ asked if she had checked the ____ on her backpack.There it was.Her roommate responded with shyness and her ____ became quiet.
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“And it was such a ____ moment.It was seconds.But the man stepping in， it just immediately defused (缓和) the situation，” Renée said.“The man's gesture of ____ made my roommate realize her own rudeness and impoliteness.And she ____ an apology (道歉) to me.” “He was my hero.It is because of his little gesture that my roommate realized her bad manners， and after that our ____ made deeper.And I truly ____ him for that，” Renée added.
Now， Renée is in a good ____ with her roommate.
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语篇解读：本文是一篇记叙文。在机场时，Renée的室友因为找不到护照而情绪失控，对Renée大喊大叫。这时一名男子礼貌地上前询问，帮助室友找到了护照，缓和了两人之间的紧张氛围。这个陌生人的善意让Renée非常感动。
5．A.visit　　　　　　 B．request
C．introduce D．admire
解析：根据上文“Renée and her roommate were living thousands of miles away from their hometown.”可知，Renée和室友住的地方离家很远；再结合下文“their friends and family”可推知，她们应该是回家拜访亲戚和朋友。
√
6．A.renew B．explore
C．find D．hide
解析：根据下文“my roommate is easily with a bad mood”可知，她的室友很容易心情不好，由此推知，此时找不到护照的她会烦恼。
7．A.tired B．annoyed
C．confused D．frightened
解析：根据下文“She looked for it everywhere.”可知，她的室友到处找护照，因此是找不到护照了。
√
√
8．A.nervous B．awkward
C．lonely D．satisfied
解析：根据上文“She looked for it everywhere.”可知，她的室友到处找护照，由此推知，Renée会询问她最后把护照放在哪里了。
9．A.organized B．joined
C．sold D．left
解析：根据下文“my roommate is easily with a bad mood”可知，她的室友很容易心情不好，由此推知，Renée会因此感到紧张。
√
√
10．A.revise B．agree
C．remember D．doubt
解析：根据下文“what she said， but it was loud and sharp”可知，此处表示转折，虽然Renée不记得室友大吼的内容，但是记得室友的声音又大又尖锐。
√
11．A.happily B．confidently
C．secretly D．politely
解析：根据下文“Her roommate responded with shyness and her
_________ became quiet.”可知，她的室友害羞地回答了这个人的问题，变得安静下来，由此推知，这名男子应该是很礼貌地询问，才让因找不到护照变得恼火的室友意识到自己的问题。
√
12．A.books B．pockets
C．pictures D．designs
解析：　根据上文“but it was loud and sharp”可知，她室友的声音又大又尖锐，由此推知，此处表示她的声音变得安静。
13．A.voice B．breath
C．debate D．personality
解析：根据上文描述的她的室友在找护照，以及下文“on her backpack”可推知，这名男子会询问她是否检查了背包上的口袋，护照可能在口袋里。
√
√
14．A.generous B．bad
C．dangerous D．short
解析：根据上文“But the man stepping in， it just immediately defused the situation”可知，这名男子走过来询问她的室友，成功缓和了两人之间紧张的情况，由此可知，此处指他提供帮助的举动。
15．A.support B．anger
C．recognition D．challenge
解析：根据下文“It was seconds.”可知，这名男子询问情况的时间只有几秒，因此那一刻很短暂。
√
√
16．A.improved B．attracted
C．offered D．commented
解析：根据下文“an apology to me”可推知，此处表示她向Renée道歉。offer an apology to sb.意为“向某人道歉”。
√
17．A.failure B．friendship
C．power D．creation
解析：根据上文“It is because of his little gesture that my roommate realized her bad manners”可知，这名男子的举动让Renée的室友意识到了自己的不礼貌，结合下文“made deeper”可推知，Renée和室友之间的友谊加深了。
√
18．A.recommend B．thank
C．believe D．help
解析：根据上文“The man's gesture of made my roommate realize her own rudeness and impoliteness.And she an apology to me.”可知，这名男子的举动让Renée的室友意识到了自己的粗鲁和不礼貌，然后室友也道歉了，因此Renée会很感谢他。
√
19．A.viewpoint B．teamwork
C．relationship D．lifestyle
解析：根据上文叙述的Renée的室友因为找不到护照而情绪失控，对Renée大喊大叫，两人的情况变得紧张，然后一名男子礼貌地询问室友，帮助缓和了情况，室友最终向Renée道歉可推知，此处指两人现在关系很好。be in good relationship with sb.意为“与某人关系良好”。
√
Ⅲ.语法填空(15分)
Thanks to advances in technology， how we make friends and communicate with them has changed ____ (significant). Nowadays， we can move around the world and still stay in touch with the people that we want to remain friends ____ .
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Social media tools let us see what our friends are up to and maintain friendships. The digital age also enables us ____ (find) people who share our interests， such as collecting model cars or ____ (play) an unusual instrument. Whatever our ____ (hobby)， the Internet can connect us with others who also enjoy doing them， even if they live on the other side of the world.
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However， the “friends” online don't necessarily become our real friends. If people always exchange true ____ (person) information online， then these friendships can be real and meaningful. But we need to keep in mind that what we see on social media ____ (be) often not the whole truth about a person. On social media sites， people tend to post only positive updates ____ make them appear happy and friendly and the smiling photos can hide real problems.
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____ this doesn't mean that we should throw the baby out of the bathwater. Although in recent years technology ____ (change) the way we acquire friends， the meaning of friendship and our longing for friends remain the same.
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了随着科技的进步，社交媒体让我们随时随地与老朋友联系，同时可以交到新朋友。
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20．significantly　考查副词。 空处修饰谓语动词has changed，应用副词形式。
21．with　考查介词。that引导的定语从句中，关系代词指代的是先行词people。remain friends with意为“与某人保持朋友关系”。
22．to find　考查非谓语动词。enable sb. to do sth.是固定搭配，意为“使某人能够做某事”，所以用不定式作宾补。
23．playing　考查非谓语动词。or是并列连词，空处需用动名词与collecting model cars保持一致，作such as的宾语。
24．hobbies　考查名词复数。our是形容词性物主代词，空处需用名词，hobby为可数名词，表示泛指需用复数形式。
25．personal　考查形容词。空后的information是名词，需用形容词修饰。
26．is　考查时态和主谓一致。本句中that引导的宾语从句中包含了what引导的主语从句，当从句作主语时，要看作单数，又因本句陈述客观事实，应用一般现在时，故填is。
27．that/which　考查定语从句。空处引导限制性定语从句，从句缺主语，先行词是updates(更新，近况)，指物，需填关系代词that/which。
28．But　考查连词。上一段提到网络信息并不一定都是全面真实的，空后一句说友谊的意义和我们对朋友的渴望依然不变，故本句是一个过渡句，与上一句构成转折关系，且本句句子成分完整，需填转折连词；空处位于句首，首字母需大写，故填But。
29．has changed/has been changing　考查动词时态和主谓一致。根据时间状语“in recent years”和主语“technology”可知，谓语应用现在完成时或者现在完成进行时，且用单数，故填has changed/has been changing。Section Ⅲ　Grammar and usage
(语法项目——关系代词引导的定语从句)
语境中体悟
Lucy is my friend who/that① has a hearing problem.When she first came to my school， she seemed lonely， but we soon became friends.At first it was difficult to communicate with her.So I learnt a new language which/that② allows me to “speak” with my hands.
Lucy is a smart girl whose③ ideas are always inspiring.I sometimes have problems which/that④ I can't solve.When this happens， I always ask Lucy for help.Lucy is a good listener who/whom/that⑤ I enjoy sharing moments of my life with.
[语法入门]
①处who/that引导定语从句，修饰先行词my friend，指人，在从句中作主语；
②处which/that引导定语从句，修饰先行词 a new language，指物，在从句中作主语；
③处whose引导定语从句，修饰先行词a smart girl，指人，在从句中作定语；
④处which/that 引导定语从句，修饰先行词problems，指物，在从句中作宾语，可以省略；
⑤处who/whom/that 引导定语从句，修饰先行词Lucy，指人，在从句中作宾语，可以省略。
学案中理清
复合句中对名词、代词、名词性短语或句子进行修饰、限定的从句叫定语从句。被定语从句修饰的名词、代词等被称为先行词。
定语从句分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。
1．限制性定语从句：所修饰的词表示一个特定的人或东西。如果去掉它，被修饰的词就失去意义，句子就不能成立或不完整。
2．非限制性定语从句：由一个逗号将从句与先行词隔开，对所修饰的词作进一步的说明。如果去掉它，句子的意思仍然完整。
定语从句的关系词有关系代词和关系副词。关系代词有that， which， who， whom， whose， as；关系副词有when， where， why。关系词通常有下列作用：引导定语从句；代替先行词；在定语从句中充当一个成分。
本单元主要介绍的是关系代词引导的定语从句。
(一)关系代词引导的定语从句
关系代词 先行词 句法功能
who 人 主语、宾语(限制性定语从句中可省略)、表语
whom 人 宾语(限制性定语从句中可省略)
whose (＝of whom/of which) 人或物 定语
that 人或物 主语、宾语(限制性定语从句中可省略)、表语
which 物 主语、宾语(限制性定语从句中可省略)
as 人或物 主语、宾语
[对点练]
(1)用适当的关系词填空
①(2024·新高考Ⅱ卷)Chinese cultural elements commemorating (纪念) Tang Xianzu， ______ is known as “the Shakespeare of Asia，” add an international character to Stratford-upon-Avon， William Shakespeare's hometown.
②(2023·全国乙卷)But for all its ancient buildings， Beijing is also a place __________ welcomes the fast-paced development of modern life ...
③Kim Cobb， a professor at the Georgia Institute of Technology in Atlanta， is one of a small but growing minority of academics ____________ are cutting back on their air travel because of climate change.
④Those ____________ have six or more close friends are described as “very happy”．
⑤His father works in a company ____________ name always appears in the local newspapers.
(2)把下列句子合并为含有定语从句的主从复合句
⑥I have a friend. He likes listening to classical music.
→　
⑦Yesterday Emily was wearing the new dress. I gave it to her.
→　
⑧The student's article was published. I know the student.
→　
(二)关系代词that与which的用法
1．限制性定语从句中只用that的情况：
(1)先行词是不定代词或者先行词被不定代词所修饰时，关系代词通常只用that。
Do you have anything that you want to say for yourself
你有什么要为自己说的吗？
(2)先行词被序数词、形容词最高级， the only， the very， the last等修饰时，关系代词通常只用that，不用which。
This is one of the most exciting football games that I have ever seen.
这是我见过的最激动人心的足球比赛之一。
This is the only thing that we can do now.
这是我们现在唯一能做的事情。
(3)先行词既有人又有物时，关系代词只用that，不用which。
The scientist and his achievements that you told me about are admired by us all.
我们所有人都很钦佩你告诉我的那位科学家和他所取得的成就。
(4)在which或who的特殊疑问句中含有定语从句时用that。
Which is the bike that you lost
哪辆是你丢的自行车？
Who is the boy that won the gold medal
赢得金牌的那个男孩是谁？
(5)有两个定语从句时，其中一个关系代词宜用which，另外一个宜用that。
They built up a small factory which produced things that are of good quality.
他们建了一家小工厂，这家工厂生产的东西质量很好。
(6)当先行词在主句中作表语，而关系代词也作表语时，用that不用which引导。
Shanghai is no longer the city that it used to be.
上海不再是过去的那座城市了。
(7)主句是there be句型且关系词在从句中作主语时，用that不用which引导。
There is a seat in the corner that is still available.
在那个角落还有一个座位可坐。
2．只用which的情况：
(1)引导非限制性定语从句时。
Helen was much kinder to her youngest son than to the others， which， of course， made the others envy him.
海伦对她最小的儿子比对其他的儿子好得多，这当然让其他的儿子嫉妒他。
(2)关系代词充当介词的宾语，且介词位于关系代词之前时。
This is the house in which Lu Xun once lived.
这是鲁迅曾住过的房子。
(3)先行词为that， those时。
What's that which was put in the car
放在车子里的那个东西是什么？
　[对点练]　(用适当的关系词填空)
①(2025·浙江1月高考)Tanya is also looking beyond special-occasion dresses to less formal clothing， ____________ she plans to package as capsule wardrobes and offer to travellers， such as those headed to weddings abroad， with a longer-term rental period.
②(2024·全国甲卷)Yellowstone was the largest United States national park — 2.2 million acres — until Wrangell-Saint Elias in southern Alaska， __________ became a national monument in 1978， took the honors as a national park in 1980 with 12.3 million acres.
③The GPNP is intended to provide stronger protection for all the species ____________ live within the Giant Panda Range and significantly improve the health of the ecosystem in the area.
④The man is talking about the teachers and things ____________ encouraged him greatly in school.
⑤Those days in ____________ you could travel without a passport have gone.
⑥This is the book that you bought ____________ you have lost.
⑦When it comes to Jinan， the first ____________ comes to mind is the spring water.
⑧Green tea is rich in anti-oxidants ____________ get your blood moving and improve your energy level.
⑨These messages are the very ones ____________ I have been looking for.
⑩Many trees line the street as well， including some pine trees ____________ were first planted during the Ming Dynasty.
应用中融通
Ⅰ.用恰当的关系代词完成下列短文
(一)
Although I have become a senior high school student， I still remember some people and things ①____________ were related to Miss Brown ②____________ is my teacher teaching me English in my junior high school. She once told me to read a grammar book ③____________ is for beginners. I did as she told me， so my English was improved a lot. I believe that she is the person ④____________ I should give my thanks to. And she is also the most respectable teacher without ⑤____________ help I would not have made such great progress.
(二)
I would like to have a penfriend ①__________ is a girl from senior high school in UK. It would be better if the penfriend has some hobbies ②____________ I also have. In my mind， the penfriend is someone ③____________ interests are in travelling， swimming and playing table tennis.With such a penfriend， I hope I can share with her the things ④__________ I experienced in travelling， taking care of pets and studying in school. When we meet difficulties， we can help each other and give each other some tips ⑤____________ can help settle the difficulties. I also hope the penfriend will help me improve my spoken English ⑥____________ I find difficult. Of course， I can teach her to learn Chinese if she is ready to.
Ⅱ.用定语从句连接两个句子(使用关系代词)
1．Last week Mary wore the dress.Her sister gave it to her.
→　
　
2．They live in a room.Its window faces south.
→　
　
3．The old man wants to visit the village.He grew up in it.
→　
　
4．Our teacher likes reading the newspaper every day.It contains important information.
→　
　
　
1．A real friend is someone whose support we can count on.
真正的朋友是我们可以依靠其支持的人。
★count on依赖，依靠，指望
|用|法|感|知|
You can count on me to help in case of difficulty.
如果你遇到困难，我会帮你的。
(“动作描写”佳句)She shrugged， “You can count me in， I guess.”
“我想你可以把我算进去。”她耸耸肩说道。
You can count on it that everything will be ready in time.
你放心，一切都会按时准备好。
[归纳点拨]
count down (to sth.)　　 倒计时
count sb.in 把某人算入；包括某人
count on sb.to do sth. 指望某人做某事
count on it that ... 相信……，指望……
|应|用|融|会|
(单句语法填空/完成句子)
①You should not count on him ____________ (tell) the truth.
②I heard you're organizing a trip to the game next week. Count me ____________！
③You can __________________ I can finish the work on time.
你相信我好了，我会准时完成工作的。
2．Texting and messaging cannot take the place of face-to-face chatting.
发短信和发信息不能代替面对面的聊天。
★take the place of代替……
|用|法|感|知|
You can use milk in place of cream according to this recipe.
根据这个食谱你可以用牛奶来代替奶油。
(“通知”类写作佳句)The competition will take place next Friday afternoon in the school hall.
比赛将于下周五下午在学校大厅举行。
To find them easily， you'd better put your books in place.
为了方便找到它们，你最好把书放好。
归纳点拨 (1)take one's place　 代替某人 take place 发生；举行 (2)in place of 代替 in place 在适当的位置 out of place 不在适当的位置；不合适的
名师指津 take place是不及物动词短语，其后不接宾语，也不能用于被动语态。
|应|用|融|会|
(1)完成句子
①She likes everything to be ____________ before she starts work.
她喜欢在开始工作前将一切准备就绪。
②The large table is ________________ in such a small room.
这张大桌子放在这么小的房间里不合适。
③The explosions ______________ in the shopping centre as crowds of people were shopping.
爆炸发生在购物中心，当时大批人群正在购物。
(2)一句多译
经理将要出差，我将代替他参加会议。
④The manager will be away on business and I'll _________________________.
⑤The manager will be away on business and I'll ______________________________.
⑥The manager will be away on business and I'll _______________________________.
Section Ⅲ　Grammar and usage
语法专题突破
学案中理清
(一)①who　②that/which　③who/that　④who　⑤whose
⑥I have a friend who likes listening to classical music.
⑦Yesterday Emily was wearing the new dress (that/which) I gave her.　⑧I know the student whose article was published.
(二)①which　②which　③that　④that　⑤which　⑥which　⑦that　⑧which　⑨that　⑩that
应用中融通
Ⅰ.(一)①that　②who/that　③which/that
④whom/who/that　⑤whose
(二)①who/that　②that/which　③whose　④which/that
⑤that/which　⑥that/which
Ⅱ.1.Last week Mary wore the dress that/which her sister gave to her.
2．They live in a room whose window faces south.
3．The old man wants to visit the village which/that he grew up in.
4．Our teacher likes reading the newspaper which/that contains important information every day.
新知深化学习
1．①to tell　②in　③count on it that
2．①in place　②out of place　③took place
④take his place to attend the meeting
⑤take the place of him to attend the meeting
⑥attend the meeting in place of him
7 / 7UNIT 3　课时检测(三)　Grammar and usage
Ⅰ.阅读理解
It is said that most people have not more than 30 friends at any given time， and 400 over the whole of their lives.However， on social networking sites， most users have about 150 friends.If these numbers are correct， then friendship means different things in different situations.
Also， there are no rules about friendship.There are no instructions about how to make friends， how to keep friendships going， and how to finish friendships if we want to move on.People have very different opinions about this： some people would die for their friends and they value them more than family.Others say that friends are temporary， only there to help each other until they are no longer needed.If people with such different views become friends， this can lead to problems.
Because of these different definitions of friendship， it is easy to be unhappy about our friendships.We may want them to be deeper or closer， or we may want to have more friends in our lives.Sometimes we simply do not have the time to develop our friendships， or we fear we have left it too late in life to start.If we move to another country or city， we have to find ways to make new friends again.
This dissatisfaction shows us how important friendships are for most of us.We should not think that it could be too late to build friendships.We also need to understand that the need to be around other people is one that is shared by many.Therefore， we should not be too frightened about starting to talk to people who in the future may become our friends： it is likely that they too would like to get closer to us.Remember what people say： strangers are friends we have not met yet.
1．In paragraph 1， why are the numbers used？
A．To show the ways of making friends.
B．To introduce the topic.
C．To explain the reason.
D．To persuade readers to make more friends.
2．What is the main idea of paragraph 2？
A．There is a rule about making friends.
B．People with different views can become friends.
C．Friendships mean different things to different people.
D．Some people would die for their friends if they need to.
3．What can we learn from the passage？
A．Most of us need to have friends.
B．Few of us build friendships late in life.
C．Few of us are dissatisfied with our friends.
D．Most of us are frightened to talk to people.
4．What is the author's attitude towards talking to a stranger？
A．Uninterested.　　　 B．Cautious.
C．Doubtful. D．Positive.
Ⅱ.完形填空
Renée and her roommate were living thousands of miles away from their hometown.They often travel back home to __5__ their friends and family.
One day at the airport， her roommate couldn't __6__ her passport (护照)．She looked for it everywhere.And then she became __7__.
“I felt __8__ because my roommate is easily with a bad mood (情绪)，” Renée said.
Renée tried to ask her roommate where she had last __9__ it.And then her mood took a turn for the worse.
“That's when she shouted at me，” Renée said.“I don't even __10__ what she said， but it was loud and sharp.”
Out of nowhere， a man got close to them.The man __11__ asked if she had checked the __12__ on her backpack.There it was.Her roommate responded with shyness and her __13__ became quiet.
“And it was such a __14__ moment.It was seconds.But the man stepping in， it just immediately defused (缓和) the situation，” Renée said.“The man's gesture of __15__ made my roommate realize her own rudeness and impoliteness.And she __16__ an apology (道歉) to me.” “He was my hero.It is because of his little gesture that my roommate realized her bad manners， and after that our __17__ made deeper.And I truly __18__ him for that，” Renée added.
Now， Renée is in a good __19__ with her roommate.
5．A.visit　　　　　　 B．request
C．introduce D．admire
6．A.renew B．explore
C．find D．hide
7．A.tired B．annoyed
C．confused D．frightened
8．A.nervous B．awkward
C．lonely D．satisfied
9．A.organized B．joined
C．sold D．left
10．A.revise B．agree
C．remember D．doubt
11．A.happily B．confidently
C．secretly D．politely
12．A.books B．pockets
C．pictures D．designs
13．A.voice B．breath
C．debate D．personality
14．A.generous B．bad
C．dangerous D．short
15．A.support B．anger
C．recognition D．challenge
16．A.improved B．attracted
C．offered D．commented
17．A.failure B．friendship
C．power D．creation
18．A.recommend B．thank
C．believe D．help
19．A.viewpoint B．teamwork
C．relationship D．lifestyle
Ⅲ.语法填空(15分)
Thanks to advances in technology， how we make friends and communicate with them has changed 20.____________ (significant). Nowadays， we can move around the world and still stay in touch with the people that we want to remain friends 21.____________.
Social media tools let us see what our friends are up to and maintain friendships. The digital age also enables us 22.____________ (find) people who share our interests， such as collecting model cars or 23.____________ (play) an unusual instrument. Whatever our 24.____________ (hobby)， the Internet can connect us with others who also enjoy doing them， even if they live on the other side of the world.
However， the “friends” online don't necessarily become our real friends. If people always exchange true 25.____________ (person) information online， then these friendships can be real and meaningful. But we need to keep in mind that what we see on social media 26.____________ (be) often not the whole truth about a person. On social media sites， people tend to post only positive updates 27.______ make them appear happy and friendly and the smiling photos can hide real problems.
28．____________ this doesn't mean that we should throw the baby out of the bathwater. Although in recent years technology 29.__________ (change) the way we acquire friends， the meaning of friendship and our longing for friends remain the same.
UNIT 3　课时检测(三)
Ⅰ.阅读理解
语篇解读：本文是一篇议论文。文章讨论了不同的人对友谊有不同的理解，友谊对我们大多数人来说是很重要的，所以对于友谊要持积极的态度。
1．选B　推理判断题。根据第一段最后一句可知，本段中的数字是用来介绍本文主题的。
2．选C　段落大意题。根据第二段第三、四句可知，本段主要讲述了不同的人对友谊有不同的理解。
3．选A　推理判断题。根据最后一段第三句可知，我们大多数人都需要有朋友。
4．选D　观点态度题。根据最后一段倒数第二句可知，作者对与陌生人交谈持积极的态度。
Ⅱ.完形填空
语篇解读：本文是一篇记叙文。在机场时，Renée的室友因为找不到护照而情绪失控，对Renée大喊大叫。这时一名男子礼貌地上前询问，帮助室友找到了护照，缓和了两人之间的紧张氛围。这个陌生人的善意让Renée非常感动。
5．选A　根据上文“Renée and her roommate were living thousands of miles away from their hometown.”可知，Renée和室友住的地方离家很远；再结合下文“their friends and family”可推知，她们应该是回家拜访亲戚和朋友。
6．选C　根据下文“She looked for it everywhere.”可知，她的室友到处找护照，因此是找不到护照了。
7．选B　根据下文“my roommate is easily with a bad mood”可知，她的室友很容易心情不好，由此推知，此时找不到护照的她会烦恼。
8．选A　根据下文“my roommate is easily with a bad mood”可知，她的室友很容易心情不好，由此推知，Renée会因此感到紧张。
9．选D　根据上文“She looked for it everywhere.”可知，她的室友到处找护照，由此推知，Renée会询问她最后把护照放在哪里了。
10．选C　根据下文“what she said， but it was loud and sharp”可知，此处表示转折，虽然Renée不记得室友大吼的内容，但是记得室友的声音又大又尖锐。
11．选D　根据下文“Her roommate responded with shyness and her ________ became quiet.”可知，她的室友害羞地回答了这个人的问题，变得安静下来，由此推知，这名男子应该是很礼貌地询问，才让因找不到护照变得恼火的室友意识到自己的问题。
12．选B　根据上文描述的她的室友在找护照，以及下文“on her backpack”可推知，这名男子会询问她是否检查了背包上的口袋，护照可能在口袋里。
13．选A　根据上文“but it was loud and sharp”可知，她室友的声音又大又尖锐，由此推知，此处表示她的声音变得安静。
14．选D　根据下文“It was seconds.”可知，这名男子询问情况的时间只有几秒，因此那一刻很短暂。
15．选A　根据上文“But the man stepping in， it just immediately defused the situation”可知，这名男子走过来询问她的室友，成功缓和了两人之间紧张的情况，由此可知，此处指他提供帮助的举动。
16．选C　根据下文“an apology to me”可推知，此处表示她向Renée道歉。offer an apology to sb.意为“向某人道歉”。
17．选B　根据上文“It is because of his little gesture that my roommate realized her bad manners”可知，这名男子的举动让Renée的室友意识到了自己的不礼貌，结合下文“made deeper”可推知，Renée和室友之间的友谊加深了。
18．选B　根据上文“The man's gesture of ________ made my roommate realize her own rudeness and impoliteness.And she ________ an apology to me.”可知，这名男子的举动让Renée的室友意识到了自己的粗鲁和不礼貌，然后室友也道歉了，因此Renée会很感谢他。
19．选C　根据上文叙述的Renée的室友因为找不到护照而情绪失控，对Renée大喊大叫，两人的情况变得紧张，然后一名男子礼貌地询问室友，帮助缓和了情况，室友最终向Renée道歉可推知，此处指两人现在关系很好。be in good relationship with sb.意为“与某人关系良好”。
Ⅲ.语法填空
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了随着科技的进步，社交媒体让我们随时随地与老朋友联系，同时可以交到新朋友。
20．significantly　考查副词。 空处修饰谓语动词has changed，应用副词形式。
21．with　考查介词。that引导的定语从句中，关系代词指代的是先行词people。remain friends with意为“与某人保持朋友关系”。
22．to find　考查非谓语动词。enable sb. to do sth.是固定搭配，意为“使某人能够做某事”，所以用不定式作宾补。
23．playing　考查非谓语动词。or是并列连词，空处需用动名词与collecting model cars保持一致，作such as的宾语。
24．hobbies　考查名词复数。our是形容词性物主代词，空处需用名词，hobby为可数名词，表示泛指需用复数形式。
25．personal　考查形容词。空后的information是名词，需用形容词修饰。
26．is　考查时态和主谓一致。本句中that引导的宾语从句中包含了what引导的主语从句，当从句作主语时，要看作单数，又因本句陈述客观事实，应用一般现在时，故填is。
27．that/which　考查定语从句。空处引导限制性定语从句，从句缺主语，先行词是updates(更新，近况)，指物，需填关系代词that/which。
28．But　考查连词。上一段提到网络信息并不一定都是全面真实的，空后一句说友谊的意义和我们对朋友的渴望依然不变，故本句是一个过渡句，与上一句构成转折关系，且本句句子成分完整，需填转折连词；空处位于句首，首字母需大写，故填But。
29．has changed/has been changing　考查动词时态和主谓一致。根据时间状语“in recent years”和主语“technology”可知，谓语应用现在完成时或者现在完成进行时，且用单数，故填has changed/has been changing。
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