资源简介

(共69张PPT)
Grammar and usage
Section Ⅲ
(语法项目——关系副词引导的定语从句)
语法专题突破
新知深化学习
课时检测
Contents 目录
01
02
03
01
语法专题突破
语境中体悟
Hi Kay，
We're having an amazing time here in South Africa. Our accommodation is perfect.It is in a location where we can watch animals wandering past on their way to the waterhole.① Sunset is the time of day when we sit on the balcony and count how many giraffes or antelopes we can see. ② I guess this is the reason why this place is so popular.③ Next week， we are going to fly up to Zambia. That's one of the countries in which you can visit the famous Victoria Falls.④
See you soon.
David
[语法入门]
①句中where引导定语从句，并在从句中作地点状语，先行词是a location。
②句中when引导定语从句，并在从句中作时间状语，先行词是the time of day。
③句中why引导定语从句，并在从句中作原因状语，先行词是the reason。
④句中in which引导定语从句，并在从句中作地点状语，相当于where，先行词是one of the countries。
学案中理清
在关系副词引导的定语从句中，关系副词when， where， why在定语从句中分别作时间、地点、原因状语。有时关系副词也可使用“介词＋which”的形式替换。
一、关系副词when引导的定语从句　
[先感知]
①(教材典句)Do you remember a time when you had no worries stopping you from getting a good night's rest？
②I can still remember the moment when I was admitted to our school.
③(教材典句)They are still growing， and night is the time when their bodies grow faster.
[会发现]
(1)第①③句中的when引导定语从句，修饰先行词time，并在定语从句中作_______状语，相当于during which (＝during the time)“在这期间”。
(2)第②句中的when在定语从句中作_______状语，相当于at which (＝at the moment)“在那一刻”。
时间
时间
[明规则]
1．when (＝at/in/on/during＋which)表示时间，代替先行词并在定语从句中作时间状语，其先行词往往是表示时间的名词，如time， day， week， year， moment等。
2．当先行词是时间名词时，定语从句既可以用when引导，也可以用that或which引导，关键看关系词在从句中作何种成分。若关系词在定语从句中作状语，则用when引导；若关系词在定语从句中作主语或宾语，则用that或which引导。
[对点练]　(完成句子)
①I shall never forget those years _________________________， which has a great effect on my life.
我永远不会忘记住在农场的那些年，这对我的生活有很大的影响。
②It was on Mid-Autumn Festival ___________________________
________ that I left my hometown alone.
正是在中秋节这样一个家人团聚的日子，我独自离开了家乡。
when I lived on the farm
when all the family members
reunite
二、关系副词where引导的定语从句　
[先感知]
①(教材典句)Teenagers who do not sleep well may experience situations where body development slows down， and their health suffers.
②(教材典句)Make your bedroom a place where you feel comfortable.
③The museum will open in the spring with a viewing platform where visitors can watch the big glasshouses being built.
[会发现]
上述句中的定语从句都是由关系副词where所引导。第①句中的where (＝in which)相当于in the situations，修饰先行词situations；第②③句中的where (＝in/on which)相当于in the place和on the viewing platform; where在定语从句中作________状语。
地点
[明规则]
1．where (＝in/at/on＋which)表示地点，代替先行词并在定语从句中作地点状语，其先行词往往是表示具体地点的名词，如place， factory， house， village等，或表示抽象地点的名词，如position， point， case， stage， situation， atmosphere等。
2．当先行词是地点名词时，如果关系词在定语从句中作主语或宾语，则用that或which引导定语从句。
[对点练]　(用适当的关系词填空)
①(2023·全国甲卷)“There was once a town in the heart of America ________ all life seemed to enjoy peaceful co-existence with its surroundings，” her fable begins， borrowing some familiar words from many age-old fables.
where
②We went to a remote village last weekend __________ turns out to be a place with beautiful scenery.
③Hawking believes the earth is unlikely to be the only planet _______ life has developed gradually.
④At the Chinese art festival， there are different stands _______ artists demonstrate their skills and teach the visitors.
which/that
where
where
三、关系副词why引导的定语从句　
[先感知]
①There are two reasons why I've decided to read one of his letters to the audience nationwide.
②The reason why he is always making the same mistake is that he never follows others' advice.
③(教材典句)One of the reasons why people fail to get a good night's sleep is pressure from school or work.
[会发现]
上述三个定语从句中都使用了关系副词 ______来引导。第①③句中的先行词是_______；第②句中的先行词是 ____________。
why
reasons
The reason
[明规则]
1．why (＝for which)表示原因，代替先行词并在定语从句中作原因状语，其先行词一般是名词reason。
2．先行词是reason时，若关系词在定语从句中不作状语，而是充当主语或宾语，则用that或which引导定语从句。
[对点练]　(完成句子)
①He didn't tell me _____________________________________ each other just now.他没有告诉我他们刚才打架的原因。
② ______________________________________________ the piece of music named Fate Symphony by Beethoven has inspired me a lot to move on when I am in difficulty.
我之所以喜欢西方音乐，是因为贝多芬的《命运交响曲》激励了我在困难中前进。
the reason why/for which they fought
The reason why/for which I love western music is that
四、“介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句
[先感知]
①This is the hall in which the medical conference will be held.
②The couple have two children， neither of whom lives with them.
[会发现]
(1)句①中which前有介词in， in which＝____________ “在大厅里”。
(2)句②中whom前有neither of， neither of whom＝neither of the two children“两个孩子中没有一个”，先行词是 ____________ 。
in the hall
two children
[明规则]
1．关系副词when， where， why引导定语从句时，可以用“介词＋which”代替。
2．“介词＋关系代词”结构中，介词选择的三原则：一先二动三意义。
一先：根据先行词的搭配习惯来确定
二动：根据从句中谓语动词的搭配习惯来确定
三意义：根据从句所表达的意义来确定
(1)表“所属关系”或“整体中的一部分”时，常用 ... of which/whom引导定语从句。
(2)介词可后移，此时关系代词可省略(省略时，介词必须后移)。
(3)有些含有介词的固定动词短语一般不能将介词分开放在关系代词前，如listen to， look for， care for， hear from， hear of， take care of等。
3．“the＋名词＋of＋关系代词”引导的定语从句通常是非限制性定语从句，相当于“whose＋名词”或“of＋关系代词＋the＋名词”，该结构在定语从句中一般作主语。
4．“不定代词/数词/the＋最高级/比较级＋介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句，常用逗号与先行词隔开，而且定语从句中常用倒装语序。
[名师指津]　在“介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句中关系代词只能用which或whom，不可用that或who。先行词指物时用which，先行词指人时用whom。
[对点练]　(用“介词＋关系代词”完成下列句子)
①I want to buy a pen ____________________________.
我想买一支钢笔，用来写信。
②The reason ___________________________________ is not clear.　
他拒绝邀请的原因不清楚。
③There are 50 students in our class， _______________________
___________________.
我们班有50名学生，其中一半来自农村。
for which he refused the invitation
with which I will write a letter
half of whom come from
the countryside
应用中融通
Ⅰ.用适当的关系词完成短文
The Laba Festival is the day ①_______ there is a custom of eating Laba porridge in most parts of China. The reason ②______ it is celebrated on the eighth day of the twelfth month of the lunar Chinese calendar is that “La” is the name given to the 12th lunar month and 8 is pronounced as “ba” in Chinese. There are several legends about its origin，
when
why
most of ③______ are not true. However， what we know today is that this festival started as a time ④______ the ancient Chinese used to pray for a bountiful (丰富的) harvest and good luck as well for the coming year. During this festival， people often eat Laba porridge ⑤______ is made of rice， millet， bean， cowpea， peanut， and pork.
which
when
which
Ⅱ.用适当的关系词或“介词＋关系词”完成短文
This is a story ①____________________ you may recall your own childhood.It's about my hometown ②__________________ I lived through my childhood and had lots of unforgettable memories.
from which/where
where/in which
Dan Dong， ③_______________ I grew up， is a small city in Eastern China.My family moved here the summer ④ _________________ I was born.The house ⑤ ______________ I grew up is on the main street in the city.This was the reason ⑥ ______________ my father sold tea and my mother had a fruit stand. A customer ⑦ ___________ I always chatted had a son of my age. We were best friends. A cousin， ⑧_______ family I visited every summer， lived with us.He was an apprentice (学徒) ⑨_________ my father was teaching the tea business.
On the first floor of our house， we had a huge kitchen ⑩___________ was a fun and noisy place.The bedrooms were upstairs.
in which/where
when/during which
where/in which
why/for which
with whom
whose
to whom
which/that
02
新知深化学习
1．Everyone knows that the amount of quality sleep that we get is important to us.
每个人都知道我们所获得的高质量的睡眠量对我们很重要。
★amount n．数量
|用|法|感|知|
We're trying our best to reduce the amount of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases.
我们正尽力减少二氧化碳和其他温室气体的含量。
(“致歉”类写作佳句)I'm sorry to say that I cannot go to the bookstore with you because I've got a large amount of work to do.
很抱歉我不能陪你去书店了，因为我有大量的工作要做。
[归纳点拨]
a large/small amount of ＋不可数名词＋单数谓语动词
　　　　　　　　　　 大量的/少量的……
large/small amounts of ＋不可数名词＋复数谓语动词
大量的/少量的……
|应|用|融|会|
(单句语法填空/句型转换)
①With more forests being destroyed， a large amount of good earth ____ (be) being washed away every year.
②There _____ (be) large amounts of valuable information about the Olympic Games on the Internet.
③To my disappointment， a large amount of money has been wasted so far.
→To my disappointment， large amounts of money ________________
so far.
is
are
have been wasted
2．Try to stick to your sleep schedule at the weekend too ...
尽量在周末也坚持你的睡眠时间表……
★schedule n．日程安排，工作计划；时间表
|用|法|感|知|
(“通知”类写作佳句)The exhibition is scheduled to take place in the football field from 8：00 a．m. to 11：00 a．m.， lasting 3 hours.
展览定于上午8点至11点在足球场举行，时长3个小时。
(“道谢”类写作佳句)Thanks to your help， we have completed the task ahead of schedule.
多亏了你的帮忙，我们已经提前完成了任务。
归纳点拨 (1)ahead of schedule　　　　 提前
behind schedule 比规定时间晚
on schedule 按计划；准时
(2)be scheduled for＋时间 安排在某个时间
be scheduled to do sth. 预计做某事
语境串记 　　We were scheduled to hold the sports meeting last Saturday， but due to the bad weather， it had to be a week behind schedule and was scheduled for this Saturday. This Saturday it was held on schedule and at 3：00 p．m. we finished all the races ahead of schedule.
我们原定于上周六举行运动会，但由于天气不好，只能延期一周，安排在本周六举行。这周六运动会如期举行，下午三点我们提前完成了所有比赛。
续表
|应|用|融|会|
(单句语法填空)
①The new bridge has been finished two years ahead ___ schedule.
②The ski race depends on the weather and is scheduled _____ Saturday but may be postponed to next Friday.
③At 8 o'clock on the morning of next Friday， you are scheduled ____________ (attend) a lesson in the reading room.
④We should give this project support so that it may be completed ____ schedule.
of
for
to attend
on
03
课时检测
Ⅰ.阅读理解
What would it take to persuade you to exercise？ A desire to lose weight or improve your figure？ To keep you away from diseases？ To live to a healthy old age？ You'd think any of those reasons would be enough to get Americans exercising. Yet a vast majority of Americans have thus far failed to ________________________．
swallow the “exercise pill”
Now a research by psychologists strongly suggests it's time to think of current well-being and happiness as motivators for exercise instead of future health， weight loss and body image.
Dr Segar， one of the researchers， believes that immediate rewards are more motivating than distant ones.“People who say they exercise for the quality of life exercise more over the course of a year than those who say they value exercise for its health benefits，” he said.
Other studies have shown that what keeps people moving depends on age， sex and life circumstances. For those of college age， physical attractiveness typically heads the list of reasons to begin exercising， although what keeps them going seems to be the stress relief that a regular exercise program provides. The elderly， on the other hand， may get started because of health concerns. But often what keeps them exercising are the friendships and sense of community that may otherwise be missing from their lives. Improving daily well-being is the most influential factor for the women. Men indicate they are motivated by more distant health benefits， but this may be because men feel less comfortable discussing their mental health needs.
“Exercise should be encouraged but the emphasis on weight loss， disease prevention and healthy aging should be reduced，” Dr Segar concluded.“Exercise can make people feel more energetic， less stressed and， yes， happier.”
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。一项研究表明，为了现在的幸福感而锻炼的人比为减肥、保持健康而锻炼的人更能积极地坚持锻炼。
1．What does the underlined part in paragraph 1 mean？
A．Be free from diseases.
B．Take some diet pills.
C．Improve their figure.
D．Keep physically active.
解析：词义猜测题。根据前文可知，美国人可以找到很多理由进行身体锻炼，但大多数美国人都不能做到积极锻炼，由此可知，D项与画线部分意义接近。
√
2．According to the passage， which of the following people may exercise more in a year？
A．Jane， who decides to lose weight.
B．David， who exercises for future health.
C．Mary， who enjoys exercising with her son.
D．Mark， who is suffering from a serious illness.
解析：推理判断题。根据第二段可知，研究表明，应将目前的幸福感作为锻炼的动力，而不是未来的健康、减肥和体形，故和儿子一起享受锻炼的Mary一年中会做更多的锻炼。
√
3．According to paragraph 4， which group of people tends to exercise for friendship？
A．Men.　　　　　　　 　B．Women.
C．The elderly. 　 D．College students.
解析：细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中的“The elderly， on the other hand ... But often what keeps them exercising are the friendships and sense of community”可知，老年人倾向于为了友谊而锻炼。
√
4．What is the author mainly arguing in the passage？
A．Immediate rewards of exercise should be emphasized.
B．Distant benefits should be the motivators for exercise.
C．Feeling relaxed is more important than future health.
D．Men and women take exercise for different purposes.
解析：主旨大意题。纵观全文，尤其是文章的第二段和最后一段可知，本文旨在强调应将即时的回报作为锻炼的动力。
√
Ⅱ.完形填空
A Saturday morning， we noticed a handful of soft brown curly hairs on Rosie's pillow.Was she ______ about her new school life？ Or unsuitable shampoo？ We ______ it with another brand， but Monday morning brought twice as many curls.Sadly， by Thursday， Rosie's hair was all ______ .
5
6
7
Having undergone a series of examinations， Rosie was diagnosed (诊断) with Alopecia， an immunity ______ causing the hair to fall out.In the following months we had to rely on hats to protect Rosie from ______ stares and in the meantime， we looked for answers from books and searched the Internet for ______ and success stories.After trying countless treatments， and even a stress-reducing lifestyle change， nothing ______ though.
8
9
10
11
The next few months were filled with ups and downs.When Rosie asked why other children were ______ ， we'd explain they were simply curious and then quickly took her away. ______ the unwelcome attention began to seem natural.We stopped ______ the stares and decided to embrace them.When asked about her hair， Rosie would ______ give creative， witty answers: “My hair is on vacation.” Other days she would get right to the point， “I'm ______ bald (秃的) and I have Alopecia.”
12
13
14
15
16
Instead of focusing on ______ her baldness， we finally came up with some friendly rules — “Operation SPIRIT”. Facing stares from other children， Rosie has learned Smile， Pride， Introducing herself， Raising ______ by sharing her story， Inquiring what makes them unique and Thankfulness.
17
18
These days， if you happen to look in our direction， you'll see a beautiful little bald girl who ______ what she lacks in hair with SPIRIT.
语篇解读：本文是一篇记叙文。一个名叫Rosie的小女孩因为患有脱发症，头发都掉光了，对于他人异样的目光，她从一开始的回避，到慢慢学会微笑面对，重新找到内心的自信。
19
5．A.stressed　　　　　 　 B．curious
C．excited 　 D．hopeful
√
解析：根据上文“we noticed a handful of soft brown curly hairs on Rosie's pillow”可知，Rosie掉头发，作者他们猜想是不是她因为新的学校生活而感到紧张。
6．A.compared B．replaced
C．improved 　 D．promoted
√
解析：根据下文“Rosie was diagnosed with Alopecia”可知，Rosie患有脱发症，因此头发掉光了。
7．A.colored B．cut
C．gone 　 D．curled
解析：根据上文“Or unsuitable shampoo？”可知，作者猜测是不是由于洗发水不合适，于是换了洗发水。
√
8．A.disorder B．development
C．test 　 D．system
√
解析：根据上文“Rosie's hair was all ”可知，Rosie的头发掉光了，不得不依靠帽子来保护她免受不必要的注视。
9．A.caring B．blank
C．unfamiliar 　 D．unwanted
解析：根据上文“Having undergone a series of examinations， Rosie was diagnosed with Alopecia”可知，脱发症是一种导致头发脱落的免疫系统紊乱。
√
10．A.objects B．evidence
C．miracles 　 D．results
√
解析：根据下文“I'm bald and I have Alopecia.”可知，Rosie的头发没有重新长回来，一切方法都没有奏效。
11．A.mattered B．appeared
C．worked 　 D．stopped
解析：根据下文“success stories”可知，作者他们试图找到奇迹。
√
12．A.speaking B．staring
C．gesturing 　 D．nodding
√
解析：根据上文“In the following months we had to rely on hats to protect Rosie from ________ stares and in the meantime”可知，Rosie的头发掉光了，其他孩子会盯着看。
13．A.In addition B．By contrast
C．In a sudden 　 D．Over time
√
解析：根据下文“decided to embrace them”可知，此处表示他们决定不再逃避，而是接受这个事实。
14．A.escaping from B．relying on
C．bringing forth 　 D．approving of
解析：根据下文“the unwelcome attention began to seem natural”可知，经过一段时间的适应，这种不受欢迎的关注开始显得很自然。
√
15．A.rarely B．instantly
C．gratefully 　 D．intimately
√
解析：根据下文“I have Alopecia”可知，Rosie认为自己只是因为患有脱发症而秃头。
16．A.even B．rather
C．just 　 D．still
解析：根据下文“My hair is on vacation.”可知，Rosie会对别人的疑问迅速作出回应。
√
17．A.protecting B．reporting
C．understanding 　 D．tackling
√
解析：根据上文“Rosie has learned Smile， Pride”可知，Rosie学会积极应对自己的疾病，通过分享自己的故事来提高自信。
18．A.funds B．doubts
C．confidence 　 D．questions
解析：根据下文“we finally came up with some friendly rules — ‘Operation SPIRIT’”可知，此处指没有专注于解决秃头的问题。
√
19．A.finds out B．takes up
C．holds out to 　 D．makes up for
√
解析：根据下文“what she lacks in hair”可知，Rosie用她的“SPIRIT”方法弥补了头发上的不足。
Ⅲ.语法填空(15分)
In this age ______ advertisements flood social media and this online world ______ (motivate) the idea of perfect bodies， more and more people feel the need to ______ (constant) improve their appearance and consequently many people develop anxiety and low self-respect issues.
20
21
22
Body dysmorphic disorder (身体畸形恐惧症)， a mental disorder， is increasingly becoming common.People suffering from this disorder may look at ______ (they) in the mirror and think they are fatter than they actually are. ______ is generally believed that women are more likely ______ (face) this problem， but the fact is that many men also have it.
23
24
25
Social media can be a big factor in this disorder.Researchers from Boston University School of Medicine published an article， ______ (say) that the beauty function on social media can cause psychological problems ______ (relate) to body dysmorphic disorder.Photo editing can cause anxiety to such a level that many people choose to go for plastic surgery in ______ attempt to solve that problem.But plastic surgery is not a good _____ (choose)．Not only does it put your health at risk， but it also fails to deal with the real root of this mental issue.
26
27
28
29
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了社交媒体助长了容貌焦虑，让许多人产生了自卑情绪。
20．when　考查定语从句。空处引导限制性定语从句，修饰先行词age，且在从句中作时间状语，应用when引导。
21．motivates　考查动词的时态和主谓一致。此处描述的是客观事实，应用一般现在时；this online world是第三人称单数，其谓语应用第三人称单数形式。
22．constantly　考查副词。修饰空后的动词improve，应用副词作状语。
23．themselves　考查代词。根据空后的“in the mirror”可知，主语“People suffering from this disorder”是在照镜子，故填themselves。
24．It　考查代词。空处应填形式主语it，真正的主语是后面that引导的主语从句；空处位于句首，首字母应大写。
25．to face　考查非谓语动词。be likely to do sth.意为“有可能做某事”，为固定用法。
26．saying　考查非谓语动词。逻辑主语Researchers 与say之间是主动关系，此处应用动词的现在分词作伴随状语。
27．related　考查非谓语动词。逻辑主语psychological problems与relate之间是被动关系，此处应用动词的过去分词作后置定语。
28．an　考查冠词。in an attempt to do sth.意为“企图做某事”，为固定用法。
29．choice　考查名词。根据空前的“a”可知，此处应填单数名词。Section Ⅲ　Grammar and usage
(语法项目——关系副词引导的定语从句)
语境中体悟
Hi Kay，
We're having an amazing time here in South Africa. Our accommodation is perfect.It is in a location where we can watch animals wandering past on their way to the waterhole.① Sunset is the time of day when we sit on the balcony and count how many giraffes or antelopes we can see. ② I guess this is the reason why this place is so popular.③ Next week， we are going to fly up to Zambia. That's one of the countries in which you can visit the famous Victoria Falls.④
See you soon.
David
[语法入门]
①句中where引导定语从句，并在从句中作地点状语，先行词是a location。
②句中when引导定语从句，并在从句中作时间状语，先行词是the time of day。
③句中why引导定语从句，并在从句中作原因状语，先行词是the reason。
④句中in which引导定语从句，并在从句中作地点状语，相当于where，先行词是one of the countries。
学案中理清
在关系副词引导的定语从句中，关系副词when， where， why在定语从句中分别作时间、地点、原因状语。有时关系副词也可使用“介词＋which”的形式替换。
一、关系副词when引导的定语从句　
[先感知]
①(教材典句)Do you remember a time when you had no worries stopping you from getting a good night's rest
②I can still remember the moment when I was admitted to our school.
③(教材典句)They are still growing， and night is the time when their bodies grow faster.
[会发现]
(1)第①③句中的when引导定语从句，修饰先行词time，并在定语从句中作________________状语，相当于during which (＝during the time)“在这期间”。
(2)第②句中的when在定语从句中作________状语，相当于at which (＝at the moment)“在那一刻”。
[明规则]
1．when (＝at/in/on/during＋which)表示时间，代替先行词并在定语从句中作时间状语，其先行词往往是表示时间的名词，如time， day， week， year， moment等。
2．当先行词是时间名词时，定语从句既可以用when引导，也可以用that或which引导，关键看关系词在从句中作何种成分。若关系词在定语从句中作状语，则用when引导；若关系词在定语从句中作主语或宾语，则用that或which引导。
　
[对点练]　(完成句子)
①I shall never forget those years ______________________________， which has a great effect on my life.
我永远不会忘记住在农场的那些年，这对我的生活有很大的影响。
②It was on Mid-Autumn Festival __________________________________________ that I left my hometown alone.
正是在中秋节这样一个家人团聚的日子，我独自离开了家乡。
二、关系副词where引导的定语从句　
[先感知]
①(教材典句)Teenagers who do not sleep well may experience situations where body development slows down， and their health suffers.
②(教材典句)Make your bedroom a place where you feel comfortable.
③The museum will open in the spring with a viewing platform where visitors can watch the big glasshouses being built.
[会发现]
上述句中的定语从句都是由关系副词where所引导。第①句中的where (＝in which)相当于in the situations，修饰先行词situations；第②③句中的where (＝in/on which)相当于in the place和on the viewing platform; where在定语从句中作________状语。
[明规则]
1．where (＝in/at/on＋which)表示地点，代替先行词并在定语从句中作地点状语，其先行词往往是表示具体地点的名词，如place， factory， house， village等，或表示抽象地点的名词，如position， point， case， stage， situation， atmosphere等。
2．当先行词是地点名词时，如果关系词在定语从句中作主语或宾语，则用that或which引导定语从句。
[对点练]　(用适当的关系词填空)
①(2023·全国甲卷)“There was once a town in the heart of America ____________ all life seemed to enjoy peaceful co-existence with its surroundings，” her fable begins， borrowing some familiar words from many age-old fables.
②We went to a remote village last weekend ____________ turns out to be a place with beautiful scenery.
③Hawking believes the earth is unlikely to be the only planet ____________ life has developed gradually.
④At the Chinese art festival， there are different stands ____________ artists demonstrate their skills and teach the visitors.
三、关系副词why引导的定语从句　
[先感知]
①There are two reasons why I've decided to read one of his letters to the audience nationwide.
②The reason why he is always making the same mistake is that he never follows others' advice.
③(教材典句)One of the reasons why people fail to get a good night's sleep is pressure from school or work.
[会发现]
上述三个定语从句中都使用了关系副词 ________来引导。第①③句中的先行词是________；第②句中的先行词是 ________________。
[明规则]
1．why (＝for which)表示原因，代替先行词并在定语从句中作原因状语，其先行词一般是名词reason。
2．先行词是reason时，若关系词在定语从句中不作状语，而是充当主语或宾语，则用that或which引导定语从句。
[对点练]　(完成句子)
①He didn't tell me ______________________ each other just now.
他没有告诉我他们刚才打架的原因。
②________________________________ the piece of music named Fate Symphony by Beethoven has inspired me a lot to move on when I am in difficulty.
我之所以喜欢西方音乐，是因为贝多芬的《命运交响曲》激励了我在困难中前进。
四、“介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句　
[先感知]
①This is the hall in which the medical conference will be held.
②The couple have two children， neither of whom lives with them.
[会发现]
(1)句①中which前有介词in， in which＝____________“在大厅里”。
(2)句②中whom前有neither of， neither of whom＝neither of the two children“两个孩子中没有一个”，先行词是 ____________。
[明规则]
1．关系副词when， where， why引导定语从句时，可以用“介词＋which”代替。
2．“介词＋关系代词”结构中，介词选择的三原则：一先二动三意义。
一先：根据先行词的搭配习惯来确定
二动：根据从句中谓语动词的搭配习惯来确定
三意义：根据从句所表达的意义来确定
(1)表“所属关系”或“整体中的一部分”时，常用 ... of which/whom引导定语从句。
(2)介词可后移，此时关系代词可省略(省略时，介词必须后移)。
(3)有些含有介词的固定动词短语一般不能将介词分开放在关系代词前，如listen to， look for， care for， hear from， hear of， take care of等。
3．“the＋名词＋of＋关系代词”引导的定语从句通常是非限制性定语从句，相当于“whose＋名词”或“of＋关系代词＋the＋名词”，该结构在定语从句中一般作主语。
4．“不定代词/数词/the＋最高级/比较级＋介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句，常用逗号与先行词隔开，而且定语从句中常用倒装语序。
[名师指津]　在“介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句中关系代词只能用which或whom，不可用that或who。先行词指物时用which，先行词指人时用whom。
[对点练]　(用“介词＋关系代词”完成下列句子)
①I want to buy a pen _______________________________________________.
我想买一支钢笔，用来写信。
②The reason ___________________________________________________is not clear.
他拒绝邀请的原因不清楚。
③There are 50 students in our class， ______________________________________
_________________________________.
我们班有50名学生，其中一半来自农村。
应用中融通
Ⅰ.用适当的关系词完成短文
The Laba Festival is the day ①____________ there is a custom of eating Laba porridge in most parts of China. The reason ②____________ it is celebrated on the eighth day of the twelfth month of the lunar Chinese calendar is that “La” is the name given to the 12th lunar month and 8 is pronounced as “ba” in Chinese. There are several legends about its origin， most of ③____________ are not true. However， what we know today is that this festival started as a time ④____________ the ancient Chinese used to pray for a bountiful (丰富的) harvest and good luck as well for the coming year. During this festival， people often eat Laba porridge ⑤____________ is made of rice， millet， bean， cowpea， peanut， and pork.
Ⅱ.用适当的关系词或“介词＋关系词”完成短文
This is a story ①________________ you may recall your own childhood.It's about my hometown ②____________ I lived through my childhood and had lots of unforgettable memories.
Dan Dong， ③____________ I grew up， is a small city in Eastern China.My family moved here the summer ④____________ I was born.The house ⑤____________ I grew up is on the main street in the city.This was the reason ⑥____________ my father sold tea and my mother had a fruit stand.A customer ⑦____________ I always chatted had a son of my age. We were best friends. A cousin， ⑧____________ family I visited every summer， lived with us.He was an apprentice (学徒) ⑨____________ my father was teaching the tea business.
On the first floor of our house， we had a huge kitchen ⑩____________ was a fun and noisy place.The bedrooms were upstairs.
1．Everyone knows that the amount of quality sleep that we get is important to us.
每个人都知道我们所获得的高质量的睡眠量对我们很重要。
★amount n．数量
|用|法|感|知|
We're trying our best to reduce the amount of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases.
我们正尽力减少二氧化碳和其他温室气体的含量。
(“致歉”类写作佳句)I'm sorry to say that I cannot go to the bookstore with you because I've got a large amount of work to do.
很抱歉我不能陪你去书店了，因为我有大量的工作要做。
[归纳点拨]
a large/small amount of ＋不可数名词＋单数谓语动词
　　　　　　　　　　 大量的/少量的……
large/small amounts of ＋不可数名词＋复数谓语动词 大量的/少量的……
|应|用|融|会|
(单句语法填空/句型转换)
①With more forests being destroyed， a large amount of good earth ____________ (be) being washed away every year.
②There ____________ (be) large amounts of valuable information about the Olympic Games on the Internet.
③To my disappointment， a large amount of money has been wasted so far.
→To my disappointment， large amounts of money __________________________ so far.
2．Try to stick to your sleep schedule at the weekend too ...
尽量在周末也坚持你的睡眠时间表……
★schedule n．日程安排，工作计划；时间表
|用|法|感|知|
(“通知”类写作佳句)The exhibition is scheduled to take place in the football field from 8：00 a．m. to 11：00 a．m.， lasting 3 hours.
展览定于上午8点至11点在足球场举行，时长3个小时。
(“道谢”类写作佳句)Thanks to your help， we have completed the task ahead of schedule.
多亏了你的帮忙，我们已经提前完成了任务。
归纳点拨 (1)ahead of schedule　　　　 提前 behind schedule 比规定时间晚 on schedule 按计划；准时 (2)be scheduled for＋时间 安排在某个时间 be scheduled to do sth. 预计做某事
语境串记 　　We were scheduled to hold the sports meeting last Saturday， but due to the bad weather， it had to be a week behind schedule and was scheduled for this Saturday. This Saturday it was held on schedule and at 3：00 p．m. we finished all the races ahead of schedule. 我们原定于上周六举行运动会，但由于天气不好，只能延期一周，安排在本周六举行。这周六运动会如期举行，下午三点我们提前完成了所有比赛。
|应|用|融|会| (单句语法填空)
①The new bridge has been finished two years ahead ____________ schedule.
②The ski race depends on the weather and is scheduled ____________ Saturday but may be postponed to next Friday.
③At 8 o'clock on the morning of next Friday， you are scheduled ____________ (attend) a lesson in the reading room.
④We should give this project support so that it may be completed ____________ schedule.
Section Ⅲ　Grammar and usage
语法专题突破
学案中理清
一、[会发现]　(1)时间　(2)时间
[对点练]　①when I lived on the farm
②when all the family members reunite
二、[会发现]　地点
[对点练]　①where　②which/that　③where　④where
三、[会发现]　why； reasons； The reason
[对点练]　①the reason why/for which they fought
②The reason why/for which I love western music is that
四、[会发现]　(1)in the hall　(2)two children
[对点练]　①with which I will write a letter
②for which he refused the invitation
③half of whom come from the countryside
应用中融通
Ⅰ.①when　②why　③which　④when　⑤which
Ⅱ.①from which/where　②where/in which
③in which/where　④when/during which
⑤where/in which　⑥why/for which　⑦with whom
⑧whose　⑨to whom　⑩which/that
新知深化学习
1．①is　②are　③have been wasted
2．①of　②for　③to attend　④on
6 / 6UNIT 4　课时检测(三)　Grammar and usage
Ⅰ.阅读理解
What would it take to persuade you to exercise？ A desire to lose weight or improve your figure？ To keep you away from diseases？ To live to a healthy old age？ You'd think any of those reasons would be enough to get Americans exercising. Yet a vast majority of Americans have thus far failed to swallow_the_“exercise_pill”．
Now a research by psychologists strongly suggests it's time to think of current well-being and happiness as motivators for exercise instead of future health， weight loss and body image.
Dr Segar， one of the researchers， believes that immediate rewards are more motivating than distant ones.“People who say they exercise for the quality of life exercise more over the course of a year than those who say they value exercise for its health benefits，” he said.
Other studies have shown that what keeps people moving depends on age， sex and life circumstances. For those of college age， physical attractiveness typically heads the list of reasons to begin exercising， although what keeps them going seems to be the stress relief that a regular exercise program provides. The elderly， on the other hand， may get started because of health concerns. But often what keeps them exercising are the friendships and sense of community that may otherwise be missing from their lives. Improving daily well-being is the most influential factor for the women. Men indicate they are motivated by more distant health benefits， but this may be because men feel less comfortable discussing their mental health needs.
“Exercise should be encouraged but the emphasis on weight loss， disease prevention and healthy aging should be reduced，” Dr Segar concluded.“Exercise can make people feel more energetic， less stressed and， yes， happier.”
1．What does the underlined part in paragraph 1 mean？
A．Be free from diseases.
B．Take some diet pills.
C．Improve their figure.
D．Keep physically active.
2．According to the passage， which of the following people may exercise more in a year？
A．Jane， who decides to lose weight.
B．David， who exercises for future health.
C．Mary， who enjoys exercising with her son.
D．Mark， who is suffering from a serious illness.
3．According to paragraph 4， which group of people tends to exercise for friendship？
A．Men.　　　　　　　 　B．Women.
C．The elderly. D．College students.
4．What is the author mainly arguing in the passage？
A．Immediate rewards of exercise should be emphasized.
B．Distant benefits should be the motivators for exercise.
C．Feeling relaxed is more important than future health.
D．Men and women take exercise for different purposes.
Ⅱ.完形填空
A Saturday morning， we noticed a handful of soft brown curly hairs on Rosie's pillow.Was she __5__ about her new school life？ Or unsuitable shampoo？ We __6__ it with another brand， but Monday morning brought twice as many curls.Sadly， by Thursday， Rosie's hair was all __7__.
Having undergone a series of examinations， Rosie was diagnosed (诊断) with Alopecia， an immunity __8__ causing the hair to fall out.In the following months we had to rely on hats to protect Rosie from __9__ stares and in the meantime， we looked for answers from books and searched the Internet for __10__ and success stories.After trying countless treatments， and even a stress-reducing lifestyle change， nothing __11__ though.
The next few months were filled with ups and downs.When Rosie asked why other children were __12__， we'd explain they were simply curious and then quickly took her away.__13__ the unwelcome attention began to seem natural.We stopped __14__ the stares and decided to embrace them.When asked about her hair， Rosie would __15__ give creative， witty answers： “My hair is on vacation.” Other days she would get right to the point， “I'm __16__ bald (秃的) and I have Alopecia.”
Instead of focusing on __17__ her baldness， we finally came up with some friendly rules — “Operation SPIRIT”. Facing stares from other children， Rosie has learned Smile， Pride， Introducing herself， Raising __18__ by sharing her story， Inquiring what makes them unique and Thankfulness.
These days， if you happen to look in our direction， you'll see a beautiful little bald girl who __19__ what she lacks in hair with SPIRIT.
5．A.stressed　　　　　 B．curious
C．excited D．hopeful
6．A.compared B．replaced
C．improved D．promoted
7．A.colored B．cut
C．gone D．curled
8．A.disorder B．development
C．test D．system
9．A.caring B．blank
C．unfamiliar D．unwanted
10．A.objects B．evidence
C．miracles D．results
11．A.mattered B．appeared
C．worked D．stopped
12．A.speaking B．staring
C．gesturing D．nodding
13．A.In addition B．By contrast
C．In a sudden D．Over time
14．A.escaping from B．relying on
C．bringing forth D．approving of
15．A.rarely B．instantly
C．gratefully D．intimately
16．A.even B．rather
C．just D．still
17．A.protecting B．reporting
C．understanding D．tackling
18．A.funds B．doubts
C．confidence D．questions
19．A.finds out B．takes up
C．holds out to D．makes up for
Ⅲ.语法填空(15分)
In this age 20.____________ advertisements flood social media and this online world 21.____________(motivate) the idea of perfect bodies， more and more people feel the need to 22.____________ (constant) improve their appearance and consequently many people develop anxiety and low self-respect issues.
Body dysmorphic disorder (身体畸形恐惧症)， a mental disorder， is increasingly becoming common.People suffering from this disorder may look at 23.____________ (they) in the mirror and think they are fatter than they actually are.24.__________ is generally believed that women are more likely 25.____________ (face) this problem， but the fact is that many men also have it.
Social media can be a big factor in this disorder.Researchers from Boston University School of Medicine published an article， 26.____________ (say) that the beauty function on social media can cause psychological problems 27.____________ (relate) to body dysmorphic disorder.Photo editing can cause anxiety to such a level that many people choose to go for plastic surgery in 28.____________ attempt to solve that problem.But plastic surgery is not a good 29.____________ (choose)．Not only does it put your health at risk， but it also fails to deal with the real root of this mental issue.
UNIT 4　课时检测(三)
Ⅰ.阅读理解
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。一项研究表明，为了现在的幸福感而锻炼的人比为减肥、保持健康而锻炼的人更能积极地坚持锻炼。
1．选D　词义猜测题。根据前文可知，美国人可以找到很多理由进行身体锻炼，但大多数美国人都不能做到积极锻炼，由此可知，D项与画线部分意义接近。
2．选C　推理判断题。根据第二段可知，研究表明，应将目前的幸福感作为锻炼的动力，而不是未来的健康、减肥和体形，故和儿子一起享受锻炼的Mary一年中会做更多的锻炼。
3．选C　细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中的“The elderly， on the other hand ... But often what keeps them exercising are the friendships and sense of community”可知，老年人倾向于为了友谊而锻炼。
4．选A　主旨大意题。纵观全文，尤其是文章的第二段和最后一段可知，本文旨在强调应将即时的回报作为锻炼的动力。
Ⅱ.完形填空
语篇解读：本文是一篇记叙文。一个名叫Rosie的小女孩因为患有脱发症，头发都掉光了，对于他人异样的目光，她从一开始的回避，到慢慢学会微笑面对，重新找到内心的自信。
5．选A　根据上文“we noticed a handful of soft brown curly hairs on Rosie's pillow”可知，Rosie掉头发，作者他们猜想是不是她因为新的学校生活而感到紧张。
6．选B　根据上文“Or unsuitable shampoo？”可知，作者猜测是不是由于洗发水不合适，于是换了洗发水。
7．选C　根据下文“Rosie was diagnosed with Alopecia”可知，Rosie患有脱发症，因此头发掉光了。
8．选A　根据上文“Having undergone a series of examinations， Rosie was diagnosed with Alopecia”可知，脱发症是一种导致头发脱落的免疫系统紊乱。
9．选D　根据上文“Rosie's hair was all ________”可知，Rosie的头发掉光了，不得不依靠帽子来保护她免受不必要的注视。
10．选C　根据下文“success stories”可知，作者他们试图找到奇迹。
11．选C　根据下文“I'm ________ bald and I have Alopecia.”可知，Rosie的头发没有重新长回来，一切方法都没有奏效。
12．选B　根据上文“In the following months we had to rely on hats to protect Rosie from ________ stares and in the meantime”可知，Rosie的头发掉光了，其他孩子会盯着看。
13．选D　根据下文“the unwelcome attention began to seem natural”可知，经过一段时间的适应，这种不受欢迎的关注开始显得很自然。
14．选A　根据下文“decided to embrace them”可知，此处表示他们决定不再逃避，而是接受这个事实。
15．选B　根据下文“My hair is on vacation.”可知，Rosie会对别人的疑问迅速作出回应。
16．选C　根据下文“I have Alopecia”可知，Rosie认为自己只是因为患有脱发症而秃头。
17．选D　根据下文“we finally came up with some friendly rules — ‘Operation SPIRIT’”可知，此处指没有专注于解决秃头的问题。
18．选C　根据上文“Rosie has learned Smile， Pride”可知，Rosie学会积极应对自己的疾病，通过分享自己的故事来提高自信。
19．选D　根据下文“what she lacks in hair”可知，Rosie用她的“SPIRIT”方法弥补了头发上的不足。
Ⅲ.语法填空
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了社交媒体助长了容貌焦虑，让许多人产生了自卑情绪。
20．when　考查定语从句。空处引导限制性定语从句，修饰先行词age，且在从句中作时间状语，应用when引导。
21．motivates　考查动词的时态和主谓一致。此处描述的是客观事实，应用一般现在时；this online world是第三人称单数，其谓语应用第三人称单数形式。
22．constantly　考查副词。修饰空后的动词improve，应用副词作状语。
23．themselves　考查代词。根据空后的“in the mirror”可知，主语“People suffering from this disorder”是在照镜子，故填themselves。
24．It　考查代词。空处应填形式主语it，真正的主语是后面that引导的主语从句；空处位于句首，首字母应大写。
25．to face　考查非谓语动词。be likely to do sth.意为“有可能做某事”，为固定用法。
26．saying　考查非谓语动词。逻辑主语Researchers 与say之间是主动关系，此处应用动词的现在分词作伴随状语。
27．related　考查非谓语动词。逻辑主语psychological problems与relate之间是被动关系，此处应用动词的过去分词作后置定语。
28．an　考查冠词。in an attempt to do sth.意为“企图做某事”，为固定用法。
29．choice　考查名词。根据空前的“a”可知，此处应填单数名词。
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