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(共16张PPT)
Unit 5 Looking into nature
Grammar
Learning Objectives
In this lesson, you will:
1. master the usage of the objective clauses with that, if or whether.
2. use object clauses correctly when writing a short passage about nature exploration.
(a) For hundreds of years, people believed that dinosaurs looked
like big lizards.
(b) They can tell us whether dinosaurs had feathers, but that's not all.
Read the sentences from the reading passage and summarise the grammar rules.
that 引导的宾语从句
whether 引导的宾语从句
Now find more sentences with these structures in the reading passage.
However, thanks to a piece of amber, scientists now know that this idea is wrong.
They also help us understand that life on earth has always changed.
In the future, amber may also help us discover if other species have changed over time.
Research shows that they are a completely new species.
Who knows whether this piece of amber will tell us more secrets
Grammar Rules
在复合句中作宾语的从句叫宾语从句, 它通常位于主句谓语动词（及物动词）或介词之后。基本形式为：主句的主语+主句的谓语+引导词+宾语从句。
e.g. I believe that we can achieve the goal.
e.g. Can you tell me how I can get to the nearest subway station
e.g. I wonder if/whether Grace has finished her homwork.
1. that引导的宾语从句
当谓语动词表示肯定的概念，如“希望”“相信”“知道"或“说”时，其后面的句子一般用that引导。that没有任何词汇意义，只具有语法功能，目的是使读者清楚后面的句子是作前面动词的宾语的，多数情况下that可以省略。例如：
I hope (that) it will snow this winter.我希望今年冬天会下雪。
I believe (that) we shall become good friends.我相信我们会成为好朋友。
Betty thinks (that) trees can improve the air. Betty认为树木可以改善空气质量。
常接that引导的宾语从句的谓语动词有:believe, expect, explain, feel, hear, hope, imagine, prefer, promise, report, say, see, tell, think, understand, warn, wish等。
that引导的宾语从句中，当主句的主语是第一人称（I / we）, 并且谓语动词是think, guess, believe, suppose, expect 等时, 如果宾语从句要表达否定意思, 一般将否定转移到主句上来, 即“否定前移”。
e.g. I don’t think the girl can do the work alone.
我认为这个女孩不能独自做这项工作。
We don’t believe that you are right. 我们相信你是错的。
2. whether/if 引导的宾语从句
当宾语从句的语义相当于一个一般疑问句时, 常用if / whether
引导, 表示 “是否” 。if / whether在句中不充当句子成分, 但不
能省略。宾语从句要用陈述句语序。
e.g. I wonder if / whether you want to attend the meeting.
She didn’t say if her aunt was still with them.
I don’t know whether you like flowers.
以下情况只能用whether：
与or not 连用时，只能用whether。
e.g. I’m wondering whether I should go to the party or not.
在介词后只能用whether。
e.g. They are talking about whether the boy can win the game again.
与动词不定式连用时，只能用whether。
e.g. I can’t decide whether to buy the shoes.
1 Is there life in outer space Scientist aren’t sure.
_______________________________________________________
2 "I want to be a scientist and study plants," John told his parents.
________________________________________________________
3 Is Mr Brown interested in insects or birds Emily wants to know.
________________________________________________________
Grammar Exercises
Connect the sentences with that, if or whether.
Scientist aren’t sure if/whether there is life in outer space.
John told his parents that he wanted to be a scientist and study plants.
Emily wants to know whether Mr Brown is interested in insects or birds.
Complete the messages with that, if or whether.
MESSAGE BOARD
Hello,
I went to your museum today. You missed Pluto in the model of the solar system. There were only eight planets in it. I don't know ___________this is a mistake.
if/whether
Dear Daniel,
In the past, people thought 2__________there were nine planets. However, questions were raised about 3_________ Pluto was a planet. In 2006, scientists agreed 4__________
that
whether
that
a true planet:
1. moves around the sun
2.is round (or nearly round)
3. can clear things in its way
Pluto doesn't meet the third point. Therefore, we now believe
5_________ there are eight true planets in the solar system. That's why Pluto isn't part of the model. Please let me know 6_________ you need more information.
that
if/whether
Work in pairs. Look at the notice and write a short passage about exploring nature. Use the words and expressions from the reading passage and the Useful expressions to help you.
Useful expressions
For hundreds of years,
people believed that...
... made an amazing discovery.
By..., ... found / realised / saw that...
It proves that...
It teaches us that...
Research shows that...
...................................................................

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