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冀教版八年级下册Unit 8单元语法知识梳理与练习
一：单元语法知识梳理 (Unit 8 Natural disasters)
一、构词法 (Word Formation) 之派生法：形容词后缀
【规则变化】 在英语中，通过在词根前面加前缀或在词根后面加后缀，从而构成一个新词的方法叫作派生法。本单元重点学习将名词变为形容词的几种常见后缀：
1. -al：加在名词后，表示“……的；与……有关的”。
如：coast (海岸) → coastal (沿海的)；nature (自然) → natural (自然的)。
2. -ful：加在名词后，表示“充满……的；有……特性的”。
如：harm (伤害) → harmful (有害的)；care (小心) → careful (小心的)。
3. -y：加在名词后，表示“多……的；有……特征的”。
如：wind (风) → windy (有风的)；rain (雨) → rainy (多雨的)。
4. -ly：部分名词后加 -ly 构成形容词。
如：friend (朋友) → friendly (友好的)。
5. -less：加在名词后，构成词义相反的形容词，表示“无……的；没有……的”。
如：care (小心) → careless (粗心的)；home (家) → homeless (无家可归的)。
【例句】 Pollution is harmful to our environment. 污染对我们的环境是有害的。
The earthquake left thousands of people homeless. 地震使成千上万的人无家可归。
二、构词法之派生法：名词与副词后缀
【规则变化】
1. 构成名词的后缀：
(1) -ness：加在某些形容词后，构成名词，表示状态或性质。
如：dark (黑暗的) → darkness (黑暗)；happy (幸福的) → happiness (幸福)（注意：y结尾先变y为i再加ness）。
(2) -tion / -ation：加在动词后，构成名词。
如：explain (解释) → explanation (解释)（注意拼写：去掉i再加ation）。
2. 构成副词的后缀：
-ly：加在某些形容词后，构成副词。
如：clear (清楚的) → clearly (清楚地)；busy (忙碌的) → busily (忙碌地)（注意：变y为i加ly）。
【易错点】 friendly 是形容词（友好的），而不是副词！explanation 的拼写极易出错，不要写成 explaination。
三、本单元核心短语与词汇用法
【重点短语】本单元围绕“自然灾害 (Natural disasters)”展开，重点考查以下交际与求生词汇短语：
1. when it comes to (doing) sth.：当涉及某事（或做某事）时。（注意：to是介词，后接动名词）
2. pull over：靠边停车
3. keep an eye out (for sb./sth.)：密切注意
4. bring down：使崩溃；击倒
5. deal with：解决；处理
6. take action：采取行动
7. cool down：变凉；冷却
8. fight against：与……作斗争
9. plenty of / large amounts of：大量的；充足的
10. less than：少于
【例句】 When it comes to keeping safe, you cannot be too careful. 当涉及保持安全时，你再怎么小心也不为过。
If you are driving during an earthquake, pull over and stop. 如果你在地震时正在开车，请靠边停车。
We must take action to deal with the problem. 我们必须采取行动来处理这个问题。
二：单元语法知识练习
I. 单项选择（10道）
1. Doing sports every day is good for us, while staying up late is ________ to our health.
A. harm
B. harmless
C. harmful
D. harmed
2. He made a lot of mistakes in his homework because he was so ________.
A. careful
B. careless
C. care
D. carefully
3. When it comes to ________ secondary disasters, we should be very careful.
A. face
B. faced
C. facing
D. faces
4. It was raining heavily. The driver had to pull ________ to stay safe.
A. down
B. over
C. up
D. off
5. The big earthquake brought ________ many old buildings in the city.
A. up
B. out
C. about
D. down
6. Can you give me a clear ________ of how earthquakes happen
A. explain
B. explaining
C. explanation
D. explained
7. When walking in the mountains after the rain, you should keep an eye ________ for falling rocks.
A. out
B. on
C. up
D. down
8. A terrible tsunami destroyed the ________ village and left many people ________.
A. coast; homeless
B. coastal; homeless
C. coastal; home
D. coast; home
9. In face of natural disasters, humans should fight ________ them together.
A. with
B. for
C. against
D. over
10. It is necessary for us to learn how to ________ with emergencies in our daily life.
A. do
B. work
C. make
D. deal
II. 语法填空（3篇）
Passage 1 (Earthquake Safety)
When an earthquake happens, it is very dangerous. Many buildings may be brought 11. ________ (down) and leave thousands of people 12. ________ (home). If you are driving on the road, you should pull 13. ________ (over) immediately. 14. ________ it comes to finding a safe place, you'd better stay in an open area. Keep an eye 15. ________ (out) for falling things. You should act 16. ________ (careful) and not run around. If you are indoors, you can hide under a strong desk. Don't stand near 17. ________ (coast) areas because there might be a tsunami. Total 18. ________ (dark) may fall, so keep a flashlight with you. We need to take 19. ________ (action) to protect ourselves. With a good 20. ________ (explain) of safety rules, we can survive the disasters.
Passage 2 (Secondary Disasters)
Sometimes, a natural disaster can cause secondary disasters. For example, heavy rain can bring floods. The weather usually becomes very 21. ________ (wind) and rainy. These disasters are very 22. ________ (harm) to people's lives. What should we do First, we must have 23. ________ (plenty) of food and clean water at home. Second, we should listen to the radio 24. ________ (clear) to get the latest news. We shouldn't be 25. ________ (careless) because secondary disasters can be worse. The government will deal 26. ________ (with) the problem quickly. We should also be 27. ________ (friend) to others and help each other. True 28. ________ (happy) comes from working together. In less 29. ________ (than) half 30. ________ hour, the rescue team will arrive to help those in need.
Passage 3 (Fighting Disasters)
Our earth is a beautiful place, but sometimes 31. ________ (nature) disasters show their power. Large 32. ________ (amount) of trees may be broken. But we shouldn't be afraid. We need to learn how to fight 33. ________ (against) them. Our science teacher gave us an important lesson yesterday. He told us not to leave things to chance. Instead, we should prepare 34. ________ (busily) and carefully. For example, in summer, the temperature can reach up 35. ________ (to) 40 degrees. We must cool 36. ________ (down) to prevent heatstroke. There are many safety tips online. When it 37. ________ (come) to learning survival skills, regular practice is necessary. We must keep these 38. ________ (use) skills in mind. Everyone should work hard to build a 39. ________ (safe) and more beautiful world. Only in this way can we live 40. ________ (peaceful) and safely.
【参考答案与解析】
I. 单项选择
1.【答案】C
【解析】句意：每天做运动对我们有好处，而熬夜对我们的健康有害。考查构词法。be harmful to... 是固定搭配，意为“对……有害”，填入形容词 harmful。故选C。
2.【答案】B
【解析】句意：他在作业中犯了许多错误，因为他太粗心了。考查构词法。根据前句“犯了许多错误”可知，是因为“粗心”，care 加否定后缀 -less 构成 careless。故选B。
3.【答案】C
【解析】句意：当涉及面对次生灾害时，我们应该非常小心。考查重点句型。when it comes to doing sth. 意为“当涉及做某事时”，to 为介词，后接动名词 facing。故选C。
4.【答案】B
【解析】句意：雨下得很大。为了安全，司机不得不靠边停车。考查动词短语。pull over 意为“靠边停车”，是本单元核心短语。故选B。
5.【答案】D
【解析】句意：大地震导致城市中许多老建筑倒塌。考查动词短语。bring down 意为“使崩溃；击倒（建筑物等）”。故选D。
6.【答案】C
【解析】句意：你能给我清楚地解释一下地震是如何发生的吗？考查构词法。冠词 a 和形容词 clear 之后需要填入名词，explain 的名词形式为 explanation。故选C。
7.【答案】A
【解析】句意：雨后在山里行走时，你应该密切注意落石。考查动词短语。keep an eye out for 意为“密切注意”。故选A。
8.【答案】B
【解析】句意：可怕的海啸摧毁了沿海村庄，使许多人无家可归。考查构词法。修饰名词 village 用形容词 coastal (沿海的)；leave sb. + adj. 结构中填入 homeless (无家可归的)。故选B。
9.【答案】C
【解析】句意：面对自然灾害，人类应该共同与之作斗争。考查介词搭配。fight against 意为“与……作斗争”。故选C。
10.【答案】D
【解析】句意：在日常生活中学习如何处理紧急情况对我们来说是必要的。考查动词短语。deal with 意为“解决；处理”。故选D。
II. 语法填空
Passage 1 答案及解析：
11. down。bring down 意为“击倒；使倒塌”。
12. homeless。leave sb. homeless 意为“使某人无家可归”，派生词 homeless。
13. over。pull over 意为“靠边停车”，固定短语。
14. When。When it comes to... 意为“当涉及……时”，位于句首需大写。
15. out。keep an eye out for 意为“密切注意”。
16. carefully。修饰动词 act，用副词 carefully (小心地)。
17. coastal。修饰名词 areas，用 coast 的形容词形式 coastal (沿海的)。
18. darkness。在形容词 total 之后作主语，用 dark 的名词形式 darkness (黑暗)。
19. action。take action 意为“采取行动”，固定短语。
20. explanation。在冠词 a 和形容词 good 之后，用 explain 的名词形式 explanation (解释)。
Passage 2 答案及解析：
21. windy。在系动词 becomes 之后与 rainy 并列，用形容词 windy (有风的)。
22. harmful。be harmful to 意为“对……有害的”，填 harmful。
23. plenty。plenty of 意为“大量的；充足的”。
24. clearly。修饰动词 listen 需用副词 clearly (清楚地)。
25. careless。根据“因为次生灾害可能更糟”，我们不应该“粗心”，填 careless。
26. with。deal with 意为“处理；解决”，填介词 with。
27. friendly。be 动词后作表语，用 friend 的形容词 friendly (友好的)。
28. happiness。作句子主语，用 happy 的名词形式 happiness (幸福)。
29. than。less than 意为“少于”，固定搭配。
30. an。half an hour 意为“半小时”，hour 以元音音素开头，用冠词 an。
Passage 3 答案及解析：
31. natural。修饰名词 disasters，用 nature 的形容词形式 natural (自然的)。
32. amounts。large amounts of 意为“大量的”，固定搭配，填复数 amounts。
33. against。fight against 意为“与……作斗争”，固定介词搭配。
34. busily。修饰动词 prepare，并与 carefully 并列，用 busy 的副词形式 busily。
35. to。reach up to 意为“高达”，固定短语。
36. down。cool down 意为“冷却；变凉”，填副词 down。
es。when it comes to 句型，主语是 it，用一般现在时单三 comes。
38. useful。修饰名词 skills，用 use 的形容词 useful (有用的)。
39. safer。与比较级 more beautiful 并列，safe 需变为比较级 safer。
40. peacefully。修饰动词 live 并与 safely 并列，用副词 peacefully (和平地)。冀教版八年级下册Unit 8单元语法知识梳理与练习
一：单元语法知识梳理 (Unit 8 Natural disasters)
一、构词法 (Word Formation) 之派生法：形容词后缀
【规则变化】 在英语中，通过在词根前面加前缀或在词根后面加后缀，从而构成一个新词的方法叫作派生法。本单元重点学习将名词变为形容词的几种常见后缀：
1. -al：加在名词后，表示“……的；与……有关的”。
如：coast (海岸) → coastal (沿海的)；nature (自然) → natural (自然的)。
2. -ful：加在名词后，表示“充满……的；有……特性的”。
如：harm (伤害) → harmful (有害的)；care (小心) → careful (小心的)。
3. -y：加在名词后，表示“多……的；有……特征的”。
如：wind (风) → windy (有风的)；rain (雨) → rainy (多雨的)。
4. -ly：部分名词后加 -ly 构成形容词。
如：friend (朋友) → friendly (友好的)。
5. -less：加在名词后，构成词义相反的形容词，表示“无……的；没有……的”。
如：care (小心) → careless (粗心的)；home (家) → homeless (无家可归的)。
【例句】 Pollution is harmful to our environment. 污染对我们的环境是有害的。
The earthquake left thousands of people homeless. 地震使成千上万的人无家可归。
二、构词法之派生法：名词与副词后缀
【规则变化】
1. 构成名词的后缀：
(1) -ness：加在某些形容词后，构成名词，表示状态或性质。
如：dark (黑暗的) → darkness (黑暗)；happy (幸福的) → happiness (幸福)（注意：y结尾先变y为i再加ness）。
(2) -tion / -ation：加在动词后，构成名词。
如：explain (解释) → explanation (解释)（注意拼写：去掉i再加ation）。
2. 构成副词的后缀：
-ly：加在某些形容词后，构成副词。
如：clear (清楚的) → clearly (清楚地)；busy (忙碌的) → busily (忙碌地)（注意：变y为i加ly）。
【易错点】 friendly 是形容词（友好的），而不是副词！explanation 的拼写极易出错，不要写成 explaination。
三、本单元核心短语与词汇用法
【重点短语】本单元围绕“自然灾害 (Natural disasters)”展开，重点考查以下交际与求生词汇短语：
1. when it comes to (doing) sth.：当涉及某事（或做某事）时。（注意：to是介词，后接动名词）
2. pull over：靠边停车
3. keep an eye out (for sb./sth.)：密切注意
4. bring down：使崩溃；击倒
5. deal with：解决；处理
6. take action：采取行动
7. cool down：变凉；冷却
8. fight against：与……作斗争
9. plenty of / large amounts of：大量的；充足的
10. less than：少于
【例句】 When it comes to keeping safe, you cannot be too careful. 当涉及保持安全时，你再怎么小心也不为过。
If you are driving during an earthquake, pull over and stop. 如果你在地震时正在开车，请靠边停车。
We must take action to deal with the problem. 我们必须采取行动来处理这个问题。
二：单元语法知识练习
I. 单项选择（10道）
1. Doing sports every day is good for us, while staying up late is ________ to our health.
A. harm
B. harmless
C. harmful
D. harmed
2. He made a lot of mistakes in his homework because he was so ________.
A. careful
B. careless
C. care
D. carefully
3. When it comes to ________ secondary disasters, we should be very careful.
A. face
B. faced
C. facing
D. faces
4. It was raining heavily. The driver had to pull ________ to stay safe.
A. down
B. over
C. up
D. off
5. The big earthquake brought ________ many old buildings in the city.
A. up
B. out
C. about
D. down
6. Can you give me a clear ________ of how earthquakes happen
A. explain
B. explaining
C. explanation
D. explained
7. When walking in the mountains after the rain, you should keep an eye ________ for falling rocks.
A. out
B. on
C. up
D. down
8. A terrible tsunami destroyed the ________ village and left many people ________.
A. coast; homeless
B. coastal; homeless
C. coastal; home
D. coast; home
9. In face of natural disasters, humans should fight ________ them together.
A. with
B. for
C. against
D. over
10. It is necessary for us to learn how to ________ with emergencies in our daily life.
A. do
B. work
C. make
D. deal
II. 语法填空（3篇）
Passage 1 (Earthquake Safety)
When an earthquake happens, it is very dangerous. Many buildings may be brought 11. ________ (down) and leave thousands of people 12. ________ (home). If you are driving on the road, you should pull 13. ________ (over) immediately. 14. ________ it comes to finding a safe place, you'd better stay in an open area. Keep an eye 15. ________ (out) for falling things. You should act 16. ________ (careful) and not run around. If you are indoors, you can hide under a strong desk. Don't stand near 17. ________ (coast) areas because there might be a tsunami. Total 18. ________ (dark) may fall, so keep a flashlight with you. We need to take 19. ________ (action) to protect ourselves. With a good 20. ________ (explain) of safety rules, we can survive the disasters.
Passage 2 (Secondary Disasters)
Sometimes, a natural disaster can cause secondary disasters. For example, heavy rain can bring floods. The weather usually becomes very 21. ________ (wind) and rainy. These disasters are very 22. ________ (harm) to people's lives. What should we do First, we must have 23. ________ (plenty) of food and clean water at home. Second, we should listen to the radio 24. ________ (clear) to get the latest news. We shouldn't be 25. ________ (careless) because secondary disasters can be worse. The government will deal 26. ________ (with) the problem quickly. We should also be 27. ________ (friend) to others and help each other. True 28. ________ (happy) comes from working together. In less 29. ________ (than) half 30. ________ hour, the rescue team will arrive to help those in need.
Passage 3 (Fighting Disasters)
Our earth is a beautiful place, but sometimes 31. ________ (nature) disasters show their power. Large 32. ________ (amount) of trees may be broken. But we shouldn't be afraid. We need to learn how to fight 33. ________ (against) them. Our science teacher gave us an important lesson yesterday. He told us not to leave things to chance. Instead, we should prepare 34. ________ (busily) and carefully. For example, in summer, the temperature can reach up 35. ________ (to) 40 degrees. We must cool 36. ________ (down) to prevent heatstroke. There are many safety tips online. When it 37. ________ (come) to learning survival skills, regular practice is necessary. We must keep these 38. ________ (use) skills in mind. Everyone should work hard to build a 39. ________ (safe) and more beautiful world. Only in this way can we live 40. ________ (peaceful) and safely.

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