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北师大版七年级下册Unit 4单元语法知识梳理与练习
一：单元语法知识梳理 (Unit 4 Landmarks)
一、一般将来时 Be going to 的用法
【规则变化】
be going to 可以用于表达一般将来时，主要有以下两种常见用法：
1. 谈论未来的计划和意图。 表示说话人已经决定或打算在将来做某事。(如：去哪里旅行、参观什么地标等)。
2. 根据已知事实或迹象预测未来。 看到目前的情况，推断即将发生的事情。
【注意】 常见的与 be going to 连用的表示将来的时间状语有：tomorrow, the day after tomorrow, next week/month/year, tonight, soon, in a week/month, in a little while 等。
【例句】 She’s going to move to Guangzhou next summer. 明年夏天她打算搬到广州。（表计划和意图）
Look at the dark clouds in the sky! It’s going to rain. 看看天上的乌云！快要下雨了。（表有根据的预测）
二、Be going to 的句型结构
【规则变化】
be going to 的构成形式为：be (am / is / are) + going to + 动词原形。随着主语人称的变化，be 动词需作相应变化：
1. 肯定句： 主语 + am/is/are + going to + 动词原形 + 其他.
2. 否定句： 主语 + am/is/are + not + going to + 动词原形 + 其他.
3. 一般疑问句： Am/Is/Are + 主语 + going to + 动词原形 + 其他
肯定回答：Yes, 主语 + am/is/are. 否定回答：No, 主语 + isn't/aren't/am not.
4. 特殊疑问句： 特殊疑问词 + am/is/are + 主语 + going to + 动词原形 + 其他
【易错点】 初学者在使用时常会遗漏 be 动词（am/is/are）或漏掉 to，或者在 to 之后错误地使用了动词的过去式或 -ing 形式。请牢记：to 后面必须接动词原形！
【例句】 肯定句： He is going to visit his cousins next month.
否定句： He isn’t (is not) going to visit his cousins next month.
疑问句： — Is he going to visit his cousins next month
— Yes, he is. / No, he isn’t.
特殊疑问句： When is he going to visit his cousins
三、形容词 (Adjectives) 的基本用法
【规则变化】
1. 形容词可以表达数量、品质、大小、年龄、形状、颜色、国籍、材质和说话者的意见等信息，如 many, good, small, young, round, red, Chinese, wooden, interesting 等。
2. 位置： 多数形容词可以用于名词之前作定语或系动词（be/look/feel/sound等）之后作表语。
3. 多个形容词的排序： 可以使用多个形容词来描述一个名词。通常主观评价形容词放在前面，客观描述形容词放在后面。
【拓展用法】
1. -ing 与 -ed 结尾的形容词： 以 -ing 结尾的形容词表达事物本身的属性（令人……的）；以 -ed 结尾的形容词表达人对事物的感觉（感到……的）。(如：boring 令人无聊的 vs. bored 感到无聊的)。
2. "the + 形容词"： 可以用来指代有特定特征的一类人群，作主语时谓语动词通常用复数。
3. 本单元核心词汇： landmark (地标), pyramid (金字塔), tower (塔), explore (探索), beautiful (美丽的), tall (高的), ancient (古老的), amazing (令人惊叹的) 等。
【例句】 She is making a beautiful cake. (作定语)
You look sad. (作表语)
It is a beautiful small French clock. (多个形容词修饰)
The film is boring. / We are bored. (-ing与-ed的区别)
The young are growing so fast. (the+形容词表一类人)
二：单元语法知识练习
I. 单项选择（10道）
1. My parents and I ________ to visit the Great Wall next week.
A. am going
B. are going
C. is going
D. going
2. Look at the dark clouds in the sky! It ________ soon.
A. is going to rain
B. rains
C. rained
D. is raining
3. He ________ watch a film tonight. He has too much homework to do.
A. isn't going to
B. aren't going to
C. doesn't go to
D. not going to
4. — ________ you going to ________ the London Eye
— Yes, I am.
A. Are; exploring
B. Are; explore
C. Do; explore
D. Will; exploring
5. She is making a ________ cake for her mother's birthday.
A. beauty
B. beautiful
C. beautifully
D. more beautifully
6. The movie we watched yesterday was very ________. We all felt ________.
A. boring; bored
B. bored; boring
C. boring; boring
D. bored; bored
7. My uncle bought a ________ clock from the shop.
A. beautiful small French
B. small beautiful French
C. French small beautiful
D. beautiful French small
8. The ________ are growing so fast in this modern city.
A. young
B. youngs
C. younger
D. youngest
9. — What ________ they going to do on Saturday
— They are going to visit a museum.
A. do
B. does
C. are
D. will
10. The Great Wall is a famous landmark. It has a ________ history.
A. long
B. tall
C. short
D. high
II. 语法填空（3篇）
Passage 1 (Travel Plans)
Next week is a holiday. I 11. ________ (be) going to visit London with my family. My parents and I 12. ________ (be) going to explore the city for five days. London has many 13. ________ (fame) landmarks. On the first day, we 14. ________ (be) going to see the London Eye. It is a very big and 15. ________ (roundness) wheel. The view from the top is 16. ________ (amaze). I am very 17. ________ (excite) about it. Then, on the second day, we 18. ________ (be) going to visit the British Museum. It has a large collection of items. It is an 19. ________ (interest) place to learn about history. We 20. ________ (be) going to have a wonderful time in the UK!
Passage 2 (Predicting Weather and Feelings)
Today is Saturday, but we can't go out. Look at the dark clouds in the sky! It 21. ________ (be) going to rain very soon. We 22. ________ (not be) going to climb the mountain as we planned. The news makes us feel 23. ________ (bore) because staying at home is a 24. ________ (bore) thing. So, my friends and I 25. ________ (be) going to watch a film about ancient pyramids online. The Great Pyramid is a very 26. ________ (old) and 27. ________ (beauty) landmark in Egypt. Later in the afternoon, if the weather gets better, we 28. ________ (be) going to take a walk in the park. We hope to see some 29. ________ (interest) birds. The 30. ________ (young) in our group all love taking photos of nature.
Passage 3 (Introducing a Landmark)
The Great Wall is an ancient landmark in China. It has a 31. ________ (long) history. Millions of tourists visit it all year 32. ________ (round). Next month, our class 33. ________ (be) going to take a trip there. We 34. ________ (be) going to explore the Badaling part of the Great Wall. The Great Wall is very grand. When you climb it, you may feel 35. ________ (tire) but very happy. The view from the high towers is 36. ________ (wonder). Our history teacher 37. ________ (be) going to tell us stories about it. We 38. ________ (be) going to learn a lot of knowledge. It is such an 39. ________ (amaze) building. This trip is going to be an 40. ________ (unforget) experience for all of us.
【参考答案与解析】
I. 单项选择
1.【答案】B
【解析】考查一般将来时。next week 表明动作发生在将来，应用 be going to 结构。主语是 My parents and I（复数），所以 be 动词用 are。故选B。
2.【答案】A
【解析】考查一般将来时的预测用法。根据“Look at the dark clouds in the sky!”可知，这是根据目前的明显迹象预测即将发生的事情（下雨），所以用 is going to rain。故选A。
3.【答案】A
【解析】考查一般将来时的否定形式。根据后句“他有太多作业要做”可知他今晚“不打算”看电影。主语是 He，be 动词用 is，否定形式为 isn't going to。故选A。
4.【答案】B
【解析】考查一般将来时疑问句及动词形式。主语是 you，be 动词用 Are 提前；在 be going to 结构中，to 后面必须接动词原形，故第二空填 explore。故选B。
5.【答案】B
【解析】考查形容词的用法。空格处修饰后面的名词 cake，需用形容词。beauty 是名词，beautifully 是副词，beautiful 是形容词。故选B。
6.【答案】A
【解析】考查 -ing 与 -ed 形容词的区别。修饰物（the movie）本身让人感到无聊，用 -ing 形式的 boring；修饰人（We）内心的感受（感到无聊的），用 -ed 形式的 bored。故选A。
7.【答案】A
【解析】考查多个形容词的排序。当多个形容词修饰同一个名词时，通常按照“主观评价 + 尺寸大小 + 产地/国籍”的顺序排列。beautiful(美丽，评价) + small(小，大小) + French(法国的，国籍)。故选A。
8.【答案】A
【解析】考查“the + 形容词”的用法。"the + 形容词" 可以指代具有某种特征的一类人，如 the young 表示“年轻人”。形容词本身没有复数形式，故选A。
9.【答案】C
【解析】考查 be going to 特殊疑问句。疑问词 What 之后接一般疑问句语序，主语 they 是复数，对应的 be 动词是 are。故选C。
10.【答案】A
【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。修饰 history（历史），英语中常用 long 表示“悠久的，漫长的”。故选A。
II. 语法填空
Passage 1 答案及解析：
11. am。主语是 I，一般将来时结构为 I am going to...。
12. are。主语是 My parents and I（复数），一般将来时 be 动词用 are。
13. famous。修饰名词 landmarks 需用形容词，fame 的形容词是 famous。
14. are。主语 we，be going to 结构中用 are。
15. round。修饰名词 wheel，且与 big 并列，需用形容词 round (圆形的)。
16. amazing。修饰事物（the view）的性质特征，用 -ing 结尾的形容词 amazing (令人惊叹的)。
17. excited。主语是人（I），表示人“感到兴奋的”，用 -ed 结尾的形容词 excited。
18. are。主语 we，一般将来时用 are going to。
19. interesting。修饰事物（place），表示“令人感兴趣的”，用 -ing 结尾的形容词 interesting。
20. are。主语 We，表示将来的计划，填 are。
Passage 2 答案及解析：
21. is。It is going to rain. 根据乌云预测将要下雨，主语 It 对应 be 动词 is。
22. aren't / are not。主语 We，表示否定计划“不打算去爬山”，用 aren't going to。
23. bored。feel 是系动词，主语 us (人) 感到无聊，用 -ed 形容词 bored。
24. boring。修饰 thing (物)，表示事情本身“令人无聊的”，用 -ing 形容词 boring。
25. are。主语 my friends and I 是复数，打算做某事，用 are going to。
26. old。修饰 landmark，保持原形形容词 old。
27. beautiful。修饰 landmark，beauty 需变为形容词 beautiful。
28. are。主语 we，计划散步，填 are。
29. interesting。修饰 birds，表示“令人感兴趣的鸟”，填 interesting。
30. young。the + adj. 表示一类人，the young 表示“年轻人”。
Passage 3 答案及解析：
31. long。形容历史悠久，用形容词 long。
32. round。all year round 意为“一年到头”，固定短语。
33. is。our class 作为整体（单数概念），计划去旅行，用 is going to。
34. are。主语 We 是复数，用 are going to。
35. tired。feel 后接形容词，人感到疲惫的，用 -ed 结尾的 tired。
36. wonderful。be 动词 is 后作表语，表示风景极好，wonder 的形容词为 wonderful。
37. is。主语 Our history teacher 是单数，计划讲故事，填 is。
38. are。主语 We 是复数，计划学习，填 are。
39. amazing。修饰 building (建筑物)，令人惊叹的建筑，用 -ing 结尾的 amazing。
40. unforgettable。修饰 experience (经历)，表示“令人难忘的”，填 unforgettable。北师大版七年级下册Unit 4单元语法知识梳理与练习
一：单元语法知识梳理 (Unit 4 Landmarks)
一、一般将来时 Be going to 的用法
【规则变化】
be going to 可以用于表达一般将来时，主要有以下两种常见用法：
1. 谈论未来的计划和意图。 表示说话人已经决定或打算在将来做某事。(如：去哪里旅行、参观什么地标等)。
2. 根据已知事实或迹象预测未来。 看到目前的情况，推断即将发生的事情。
【注意】 常见的与 be going to 连用的表示将来的时间状语有：tomorrow, the day after tomorrow, next week/month/year, tonight, soon, in a week/month, in a little while 等。
【例句】 She’s going to move to Guangzhou next summer. 明年夏天她打算搬到广州。（表计划和意图）
Look at the dark clouds in the sky! It’s going to rain. 看看天上的乌云！快要下雨了。（表有根据的预测）
二、Be going to 的句型结构
【规则变化】
be going to 的构成形式为：be (am / is / are) + going to + 动词原形。随着主语人称的变化，be 动词需作相应变化：
1. 肯定句： 主语 + am/is/are + going to + 动词原形 + 其他.
2. 否定句： 主语 + am/is/are + not + going to + 动词原形 + 其他.
3. 一般疑问句： Am/Is/Are + 主语 + going to + 动词原形 + 其他
肯定回答：Yes, 主语 + am/is/are. 否定回答：No, 主语 + isn't/aren't/am not.
4. 特殊疑问句： 特殊疑问词 + am/is/are + 主语 + going to + 动词原形 + 其他
【易错点】 初学者在使用时常会遗漏 be 动词（am/is/are）或漏掉 to，或者在 to 之后错误地使用了动词的过去式或 -ing 形式。请牢记：to 后面必须接动词原形！
【例句】 肯定句： He is going to visit his cousins next month.
否定句： He isn’t (is not) going to visit his cousins next month.
疑问句： — Is he going to visit his cousins next month
— Yes, he is. / No, he isn’t.
特殊疑问句： When is he going to visit his cousins
三、形容词 (Adjectives) 的基本用法
【规则变化】
1. 形容词可以表达数量、品质、大小、年龄、形状、颜色、国籍、材质和说话者的意见等信息，如 many, good, small, young, round, red, Chinese, wooden, interesting 等。
2. 位置： 多数形容词可以用于名词之前作定语或系动词（be/look/feel/sound等）之后作表语。
3. 多个形容词的排序： 可以使用多个形容词来描述一个名词。通常主观评价形容词放在前面，客观描述形容词放在后面。
【拓展用法】
1. -ing 与 -ed 结尾的形容词： 以 -ing 结尾的形容词表达事物本身的属性（令人……的）；以 -ed 结尾的形容词表达人对事物的感觉（感到……的）。(如：boring 令人无聊的 vs. bored 感到无聊的)。
2. "the + 形容词"： 可以用来指代有特定特征的一类人群，作主语时谓语动词通常用复数。
3. 本单元核心词汇： landmark (地标), pyramid (金字塔), tower (塔), explore (探索), beautiful (美丽的), tall (高的), ancient (古老的), amazing (令人惊叹的) 等。
【例句】 She is making a beautiful cake. (作定语)
You look sad. (作表语)
It is a beautiful small French clock. (多个形容词修饰)
The film is boring. / We are bored. (-ing与-ed的区别)
The young are growing so fast. (the+形容词表一类人)
二：单元语法知识练习
I. 单项选择（10道）
1. My parents and I ________ to visit the Great Wall next week.
A. am going
B. are going
C. is going
D. going
2. Look at the dark clouds in the sky! It ________ soon.
A. is going to rain
B. rains
C. rained
D. is raining
3. He ________ watch a film tonight. He has too much homework to do.
A. isn't going to
B. aren't going to
C. doesn't go to
D. not going to
4. — ________ you going to ________ the London Eye
— Yes, I am.
A. Are; exploring
B. Are; explore
C. Do; explore
D. Will; exploring
5. She is making a ________ cake for her mother's birthday.
A. beauty
B. beautiful
C. beautifully
D. more beautifully
6. The movie we watched yesterday was very ________. We all felt ________.
A. boring; bored
B. bored; boring
C. boring; boring
D. bored; bored
7. My uncle bought a ________ clock from the shop.
A. beautiful small French
B. small beautiful French
C. French small beautiful
D. beautiful French small
8. The ________ are growing so fast in this modern city.
A. young
B. youngs
C. younger
D. youngest
9. — What ________ they going to do on Saturday
— They are going to visit a museum.
A. do
B. does
C. are
D. will
10. The Great Wall is a famous landmark. It has a ________ history.
A. long
B. tall
C. short
D. high
II. 语法填空（3篇）
Passage 1 (Travel Plans)
Next week is a holiday. I 11. ________ (be) going to visit London with my family. My parents and I 12. ________ (be) going to explore the city for five days. London has many 13. ________ (fame) landmarks. On the first day, we 14. ________ (be) going to see the London Eye. It is a very big and 15. ________ (roundness) wheel. The view from the top is 16. ________ (amaze). I am very 17. ________ (excite) about it. Then, on the second day, we 18. ________ (be) going to visit the British Museum. It has a large collection of items. It is an 19. ________ (interest) place to learn about history. We 20. ________ (be) going to have a wonderful time in the UK!
Passage 2 (Predicting Weather and Feelings)
Today is Saturday, but we can't go out. Look at the dark clouds in the sky! It 21. ________ (be) going to rain very soon. We 22. ________ (not be) going to climb the mountain as we planned. The news makes us feel 23. ________ (bore) because staying at home is a 24. ________ (bore) thing. So, my friends and I 25. ________ (be) going to watch a film about ancient pyramids online. The Great Pyramid is a very 26. ________ (old) and 27. ________ (beauty) landmark in Egypt. Later in the afternoon, if the weather gets better, we 28. ________ (be) going to take a walk in the park. We hope to see some 29. ________ (interest) birds. The 30. ________ (young) in our group all love taking photos of nature.
Passage 3 (Introducing a Landmark)
The Great Wall is an ancient landmark in China. It has a 31. ________ (long) history. Millions of tourists visit it all year 32. ________ (round). Next month, our class 33. ________ (be) going to take a trip there. We 34. ________ (be) going to explore the Badaling part of the Great Wall. The Great Wall is very grand. When you climb it, you may feel 35. ________ (tire) but very happy. The view from the high towers is 36. ________ (wonder). Our history teacher 37. ________ (be) going to tell us stories about it. We 38. ________ (be) going to learn a lot of knowledge. It is such an 39. ________ (amaze) building. This trip is going to be an 40. ________ (unforget) experience for all of us.北师大版七年级下册Unit 5单元语法知识梳理与练习
一：单元语法知识梳理 (Unit 5 Now and Then)
一、There was / were 句型（There be句型的过去时）
【规则变化】 There was/were 是 there be 句型的过去时形式，可以用于表达过去在某地“存在”某人或某物。
1. was 与单数可数名词或不可数名词连用。如：There was a bus five minutes ago.
2. were 与复数可数名词连用。如：There were lots of small shops when I was young.
【句式变化】
否定句： 在 was/were 后加 not (缩写为 wasn't / weren't)。
There wasn't a restaurant 5 years ago.
There weren't any shopping centres then.
一般疑问句： 将 Was/Were 提至 There 之前。
Was there much noise in the community in the past
Were there lots of small shops when I was young
【例句】 There was a little sweet shop near our home in the past. 过去我们家附近有一家小糖果店。
There were many cars or buses on the street. 街上有很多汽车或公共汽车。
二、一般过去时 (Past simple) 的概念与用法
【规则变化】
一般过去时用于描述过去的状态或动作。本单元重点学习用一般过去时来对比过去和现在（Now and Then），讲述个人的第一次经历（First-time Experiences）等。
一般过去时常与表示过去时间的副词或短语连用：yesterday, last week/month/year, ...ago (如 two days ago, years ago), in 2010, in the 1990s 等。
【例句】 They often watch TV in the evening, but yesterday evening they visited a friend. 他们经常在晚上看电视，但昨晚他们去拜访了一位朋友。
He lived far away from school, but he walked to school. 他住得离学校很远，但他走路上学。
三、动词的过去式规则与句型转换
【规则动词的过去式变化规则】
1. 直接加 -ed：work → worked, talk → talked
2. 以不发音的字母 e 结尾的动词，加 -d：like → liked, live → lived
3. 以辅音字母 + y 结尾的动词，将 -y 变为 -i，再加 -ed：study → studied, carry → carried
4. 以一个元音字母加一个辅音字母结尾的重读闭音节动词，双写辅音字母后加 -ed：drop → dropped, stop → stopped
【不规则动词与句型转换】
英语中有很多不规则动词的过去式需要单独记忆。如：see→saw, take→took, win→won, spend→spent, teach→taught 等。
否定句： 主语 + didn't (did not) + 动词原形。
疑问句： Did + 主语 + 动词原形？
注意：借助于 did 或 didn't 之后，后面的实义动词必须恢复为原形。如：I didn't work late last night. (不能写成 didn't worked)。
二：单元语法知识练习
I. 单项选择（10道）
1. In the 1980s, there ________ a large playing field behind the school.
A. was
B. were
C. is
D. are
2. There ________ many tall buildings in our neighbourhood five years ago.
A. weren't
B. wasn't
C. aren't
D. isn't
3. ________ there a sweet shop near your home in the past
A. Did
B. Do
C. Was
D. Were
4. My brother ________ to ride a bike when he was five years old.
A. learn
B. learns
C. learning
D. learned
5. They ________ so cool that I wanted to be one of them.
A. are
B. were
C. was
D. is
6. Yesterday morning, I ________ my bag on the bus.
A. droped
B. dropped
C. drop
D. dropping
7. Ben ________ to make vlogs at first. He felt it was too difficult.
A. didn't know how
B. doesn't know how
C. don't know how
D. didn't knew how
8. — ________ you ________ a tennis match with your parents last week
— Yes, I did.
A. Do; watch
B. Did; watched
C. Did; watch
D. Were; watch
9. My grandparents ________ in a small village many years ago, but now they live with us in the city.
A. live
B. lived
C. lives
D. will live
10. Last time, I tried hard, but I ________.
A. don't win
B. wasn't win
C. didn't win
D. didn't won
II. 语法填空（3篇）
Passage 1 (Changes in the Neighbourhood)
Five years ago, my neighbourhood 11. ________ (be) very different. There 12. ________ (be) not many tall buildings. We lived in small houses. There 13. ________ (be) a little sweet shop near our home. I often 14. ________ (buy) sweets there. But there 15. ________ (be) not any shopping centres then. Now, everything has changed. There 16. ________ (be) lots of new tall buildings in the city now. We can buy everything we need. Yesterday, I 17. ________ (visit) the new shopping centre with my friends. We 18. ________ (have) a great time there. What 19. ________ (be) your hometown like in the past 20. ________ (be) there a lot of small shops
Passage 2 (Riverside Middle School)
Riverside Middle School 21. ________ (celebrate) its 60th birthday last week. The school 22. ________ (open) in the 1960s. It was small then. In the 1980s, there 23. ________ (be) only two science labs and a library. There was also a large playing field behind the school. The students often 24. ________ (play) football there. But they 25. ________ (not have) any computers. Now, there is a swimming pool and even a gym. Last Sunday, many old students 26. ________ (come) back to the school. They 27. ________ (talk) about their past school life happily. They 28. ________ (feel) surprised to see the big changes. They 29. ________ (take) many photos and 30. ________ (share) them on the Internet.
Passage 3 (First-time Experience)
Everyone has many first times. When I was 5, I 31. ________ (watch) a tennis game with my parents. I 32. ________ (be) so excited that I 33. ________ (want) to be one of them. I 34. ________ (tell) my parents this and they 35. ________ (support) me. After that, I 36. ________ (train) very hard every day. At first, I didn't know what I was doing and I 37. ________ (make) a lot of mistakes. But I didn't 38. ________ (give) up. I 39. ________ (gain) confidence little by little. Last year, I 40. ________ (win) a match for the first time. I will never forget that day.
【参考答案与解析】
I. 单项选择
1.【答案】A
【解析】考查 there be 句型的过去时。根据时间状语 "In the 1980s" 可知句子应使用一般过去时。主语 a large playing field 是单数，所以 be 动词用 was。故选A。
2.【答案】A
【解析】考查 there be 句型的过去时及否定。根据时间状语 "five years ago" 可知用过去时。主语 buildings 为复数，故用 were；否定形式为 weren't。故选A。
3.【答案】C
【解析】考查 there be 句型的一般疑问句。根据 "in the past" 确定过去时，主语 a sweet shop 是单数，用 Was 提问。故选C。
4.【答案】D
【解析】考查一般过去时。根据 "when he was five years old" 可知事情发生在过去，动词 learn 需用过去式 learned (或 learnt)。故选D。
5.【答案】B
【解析】考查一般过去时的 be 动词。由后半句 "wanted" 可知时态是一般过去时。主语 They 为复数，be 动词用 were。故选B。
6.【答案】B
【解析】考查过去式的拼写规则。由 "Yesterday morning" 可知用一般过去时。drop 属于重读闭音节单词，需双写尾字母 p 再加 -ed，即 dropped。故选B。
7.【答案】A
【解析】考查一般过去时的否定句。由 "felt" 可知句子用一般过去时。实义动词的否定需借助于 didn't，且后面跟动词原形 know。故选A。
8.【答案】C
【解析】考查一般过去时的疑问句。时间状语 "last week" 表明过去时。一般疑问句借助于助动词 Did 提问，后接的实义动词 watch 用原形。故选C。
9.【答案】B
【解析】考查一般过去时。前句中有时间状语 "many years ago"（许多年前），动词 live 需用过去式 lived。故选B。
10.【答案】C
【解析】考查一般过去时的否定句。根据 "Last time, I tried hard" 可知发生在过去。没赢 (didn't win)，借助助动词 didn't，动词 win 用原形。故选C。
II. 语法填空
Passage 1 答案及解析：
11. was。根据 "Five years ago" 提示，主语 neighbourhood 是单数，be 动词用 was。
12. were。there be 句型，后接复数 tall buildings，用 were。
13. was。there be 句型，后接单数 a little sweet shop，用 was。
14. bought。描述过去的习惯性动作，buy 的过去式是不规则变化 bought。
15. were。there be 句型，后接 shopping centres 是复数，用 were。
16. are。句中有 "now" 提示，描述现在的状况，后接 lots of buildings 用 are。
17. visited。根据 "Yesterday" 提示用一般过去时，填 visited。
18. had。承接上文的 yesterday，描述过去的经历，have 过去式为 had。
19. was。询问 "in the past" 的情况，hometown 为单数，用 was。
20. Were。there be 句型的过去时疑问句，后接 a lot of small shops 为复数，填 Were。
Passage 2 答案及解析：
21. celebrated。根据 "last week" 提示，用一般过去时，celebrate 加 -d。
22. opened。in the 1960s 为过去时间，用 opened。
23. were。there be 句型，后接 two science labs 是复数，用 were。
24. played。描述过去的动作，play 过去式为 played。
25. didn't have。过去时的否定句，借助 didn't + 动词原形。
26. came。根据 "Last Sunday" 提示，come 过去式为 came。
27. talked。描述过去的动作，talk 过去式为 talked。
28. felt。feel 的过去式为不规则变化 felt。
29. took。take 的过去式为不规则变化 took。
30. shared。与前面的 took 并列，用一般过去时 shared。
Passage 3 答案及解析：
31. watched。根据 "When I was 5" 可知为过去的事，填 watched。
32. was。主语是 I，一般过去时的 be 动词用 was。
33. wanted。承接上下文语境，表示当时想，用 wanted。
34. told。tell 的过去式是 told。
35. supported。描述过去发生的事情，support 的过去式 supported。
36. trained。在那之后我非常努力地训练，train 过去式 trained。
37. made。make 的过去式为 made。
38. give。didn't 后面接动词原形 give。
39. gained。gain 的过去式 gained (逐渐获得信心)。
40. won。根据 "Last year" 提示，win 的过去式为 won。北师大版七年级下册Unit 5单元语法知识梳理与练习
一：单元语法知识梳理 (Unit 5 Now and Then)
一、There was / were 句型（There be句型的过去时）
【规则变化】 There was/were 是 there be 句型的过去时形式，可以用于表达过去在某地“存在”某人或某物。
1. was 与单数可数名词或不可数名词连用。如：There was a bus five minutes ago.
2. were 与复数可数名词连用。如：There were lots of small shops when I was young.
【句式变化】
否定句： 在 was/were 后加 not (缩写为 wasn't / weren't)。
There wasn't a restaurant 5 years ago.
There weren't any shopping centres then.
一般疑问句： 将 Was/Were 提至 There 之前。
Was there much noise in the community in the past
Were there lots of small shops when I was young
【例句】 There was a little sweet shop near our home in the past. 过去我们家附近有一家小糖果店。
There were many cars or buses on the street. 街上有很多汽车或公共汽车。
二、一般过去时 (Past simple) 的概念与用法
【规则变化】
一般过去时用于描述过去的状态或动作。本单元重点学习用一般过去时来对比过去和现在（Now and Then），讲述个人的第一次经历（First-time Experiences）等。
一般过去时常与表示过去时间的副词或短语连用：yesterday, last week/month/year, ...ago (如 two days ago, years ago), in 2010, in the 1990s 等。
【例句】 They often watch TV in the evening, but yesterday evening they visited a friend. 他们经常在晚上看电视，但昨晚他们去拜访了一位朋友。
He lived far away from school, but he walked to school. 他住得离学校很远，但他走路上学。
三、动词的过去式规则与句型转换
【规则动词的过去式变化规则】
1. 直接加 -ed：work → worked, talk → talked
2. 以不发音的字母 e 结尾的动词，加 -d：like → liked, live → lived
3. 以辅音字母 + y 结尾的动词，将 -y 变为 -i，再加 -ed：study → studied, carry → carried
4. 以一个元音字母加一个辅音字母结尾的重读闭音节动词，双写辅音字母后加 -ed：drop → dropped, stop → stopped
【不规则动词与句型转换】
英语中有很多不规则动词的过去式需要单独记忆。如：see→saw, take→took, win→won, spend→spent, teach→taught 等。
否定句： 主语 + didn't (did not) + 动词原形。
疑问句： Did + 主语 + 动词原形？
注意：借助于 did 或 didn't 之后，后面的实义动词必须恢复为原形。如：I didn't work late last night. (不能写成 didn't worked)。
二：单元语法知识练习
I. 单项选择（10道）
1. In the 1980s, there ________ a large playing field behind the school.
A. was
B. were
C. is
D. are
2. There ________ many tall buildings in our neighbourhood five years ago.
A. weren't
B. wasn't
C. aren't
D. isn't
3. ________ there a sweet shop near your home in the past
A. Did
B. Do
C. Was
D. Were
4. My brother ________ to ride a bike when he was five years old.
A. learn
B. learns
C. learning
D. learned
5. They ________ so cool that I wanted to be one of them.
A. are
B. were
C. was
D. is
6. Yesterday morning, I ________ my bag on the bus.
A. droped
B. dropped
C. drop
D. dropping
7. Ben ________ to make vlogs at first. He felt it was too difficult.
A. didn't know how
B. doesn't know how
C. don't know how
D. didn't knew how
8. — ________ you ________ a tennis match with your parents last week
— Yes, I did.
A. Do; watch
B. Did; watched
C. Did; watch
D. Were; watch
9. My grandparents ________ in a small village many years ago, but now they live with us in the city.
A. live
B. lived
C. lives
D. will live
10. Last time, I tried hard, but I ________.
A. don't win
B. wasn't win
C. didn't win
D. didn't won
II. 语法填空（3篇）
Passage 1 (Changes in the Neighbourhood)
Five years ago, my neighbourhood 11. ________ (be) very different. There 12. ________ (be) not many tall buildings. We lived in small houses. There 13. ________ (be) a little sweet shop near our home. I often 14. ________ (buy) sweets there. But there 15. ________ (be) not any shopping centres then. Now, everything has changed. There 16. ________ (be) lots of new tall buildings in the city now. We can buy everything we need. Yesterday, I 17. ________ (visit) the new shopping centre with my friends. We 18. ________ (have) a great time there. What 19. ________ (be) your hometown like in the past 20. ________ (be) there a lot of small shops
Passage 2 (Riverside Middle School)
Riverside Middle School 21. ________ (celebrate) its 60th birthday last week. The school 22. ________ (open) in the 1960s. It was small then. In the 1980s, there 23. ________ (be) only two science labs and a library. There was also a large playing field behind the school. The students often 24. ________ (play) football there. But they 25. ________ (not have) any computers. Now, there is a swimming pool and even a gym. Last Sunday, many old students 26. ________ (come) back to the school. They 27. ________ (talk) about their past school life happily. They 28. ________ (feel) surprised to see the big changes. They 29. ________ (take) many photos and 30. ________ (share) them on the Internet.
Passage 3 (First-time Experience)
Everyone has many first times. When I was 5, I 31. ________ (watch) a tennis game with my parents. I 32. ________ (be) so excited that I 33. ________ (want) to be one of them. I 34. ________ (tell) my parents this and they 35. ________ (support) me. After that, I 36. ________ (train) very hard every day. At first, I didn't know what I was doing and I 37. ________ (make) a lot of mistakes. But I didn't 38. ________ (give) up. I 39. ________ (gain) confidence little by little. Last year, I 40. ________ (win) a match for the first time. I will never forget that day.北师大版七年级下册Unit 6单元语法知识梳理与练习
一：单元语法知识梳理 (Unit 6 Animals)
一、简单句和并列复合句 (Simple sentences and compound sentences)
【简单句的基本句型】
简单句通常只包含一个主语（或并列主语）和一个谓语（或并列谓语）。常见的四种类型：
1. 肯定陈述句和否定陈述句：
The dog looks nice. / The dog doesn't often bark.
2. 疑问句：Is this Jane's dog / Whose dog is this
3. 感叹句：What a good idea! / How nice is your new dress!
4. 祈使句：Write down your name here.
【简单句的常见结构】
1. 主语 + 谓语 (+宾语) (SV, SVO)：She smiled. / My parents like dogs.
2. 主语 + 系动词 + 表语 (SVP)：My schoolbag isn't yellow.
3. 存现句 (There be)：There's a spider on the floor.
【并列复合句】
可以使用并列连词 and (表并列/顺承), but (表转折), or (表选择/否则) 连接两个或多个简单句，构成并列复合句。
【例句】
I have got a dog. His name is Bruno. → I have got a dog and his name is Bruno.
My dog likes running. He doesn't like baths. → My dog likes running, but he doesn't like baths.
Don't let the dog eat chocolate. It will be sick. → Don't let the dog eat chocolate, or it will be sick.
二、方式副词 (Adverbs of manner)
【规则变化】
1. 方式副词通常用于表达做事的方式，即“某事是如何做的”。它们通常由“形容词 + -ly”构成，如 careful → carefully, happy → happily。
2. 用法与位置：
修饰动词：He is playing with his pet patiently.
修饰形容词：They are equally important.
位置灵活：方式副词可以放在句子的不同位置强调不同的重点。例如：
Carefully, she put it on the shelf.
She carefully put it on the shelf.
She put it carefully on the shelf.
She put it on the shelf carefully.
【易错点】 有些词既是形容词又是副词，如 fast, hard, early, late, straight, wide。它们在作方式副词时，形式不发生改变（不要错误地加-ly）。
例如：The food goes straight down to their stomach! (不是 straightly)。
【例句】 Christian lived with John and Anthony happily for about a year.
Christian walked towards them slowly.
He hugged them warmly.
He still jumped excitedly around them.
三、本单元核心短语与词汇用法
【重点词汇】本单元围绕“动物 (Animals)”展开。需掌握以下核心词汇与短语：
1. 常见动物： chameleon(变色龙), crocodile(鳄鱼), seahorse(海马), penguin(企鹅), dolphin(海豚), eagle(雕), pigeon(鸽子), parrot(鹦鹉), owl(猫头鹰), lizard(蜥蜴), tortoise(陆龟)等。
2. 身体部位与特征： skin(皮肤), stomach(胃), tongue(舌头), wing(翅膀), tail(尾巴)。
3. 核心短语：
look after：照顾，照料
at first：起初，起先
give up：放弃
in the daytime：在白天
keep warm：保暖
be friendly to...：对……友好
walk towards...：朝……走去
【例句】 Christian was too big to live in their house, so John and Anthony decided to take him to Africa. 克里斯蒂安太大了，不能再住在他们的房子里了，于是约翰和安东尼决定带他去非洲。
If you see a chameleon with one or both eyes closed in the daytime, it may be sick. 如果你看到变色龙在白天闭着一只或两只眼睛，它可能是生病了。
二：单元语法知识练习
I. 单项选择（10道）
1. A chameleon grows, ________ its skin doesn't. When the skin is too small, it comes off.
A. and
B. but
C. so
D. or
2. You must look ________, or you will miss the chameleon among the leaves.
A. care
B. careful
C. carefully
D. careless
3. Mockingbirds sing, ________ they copy sounds too.
A. and
B. but
C. or
D. so
4. "The dog looks nice." This sentence belongs to the structure of ________.
A. SVO (主谓宾)
B. SV (主谓)
C. SVP (主系表)
D. There be (存现句)
5. The boy grabbed my bag and shouted ________, "It's mine!"
A. anger
B. angry
C. angrily
D. happy
6. Don't let the dog eat chocolate, ________ it will be sick.
A. and
B. or
C. but
D. if
7. Crocodiles run ________ and sometimes jump to catch their food.
A. fastly
B. fast
C. quick
D. rapid
8. John and Anthony brought Christian to Africa and let him live ________ in the wild.
A. free
B. freedom
C. freely
D. freelly
9. Dolphins are lovely and clever. They are friendly to people, ________ people also like them.
A. but
B. or
C. and
D. because
10. He played with his pet dog ________ for a whole afternoon.
A. patience
B. patient
C. impatiently
D. patiently
II. 语法填空（3篇）
Passage 1 (Amazing Animals)
Our planet is home to many 11. ________ (amaze) animals. Chameleons can change colours, 12. ________ they can also move their eyes in two different directions. A chameleon grows, 13. ________ its skin doesn't. You must look 14. ________ (careful), 15. ________ you will miss it among the leaves. Crocodiles run 16. ________ (fast) to catch their food. When they see the food, they open their mouths 17. ________ (wide). The food goes 18. ________ (straight) down to their stomach! Seahorses are special too. They 19. ________ (real) grow new babies in a special way. The male and female seahorses dance together 20. ________ (happy) every morning.
Passage 2 (Penguins and Dolphins)
Penguins are cute birds. They have 21. ________ (wing), 22. ________ they can't fly. They live in cold places, so they stay together 23. ________ (keep) warm. Dolphins are lovely and 24. ________ (cleverness) animals. They live 25. ________ (peaceful) in groups. They like people 26. ________ sometimes they even save people's 27. ________ (life). People also like them. We should treat them 28. ________ (friendly) and protect them. Don't throw rubbish into the sea, 29. ________ the marine (海洋的) animals will be sick. We must act 30. ________ (quick) to save our earth.
Passage 3 (Christian the Lion)
John and Anthony bought a baby lion in the 1960s 31. ________ they named him Christian. He lived with them 32. ________ (happy) for about a year. However, he grew very 33. ________ (quick). After a year, Christian was too big for the city. So, they decided 34. ________ (take) him to Africa so that he could live 35. ________ (free) in the wild. A year later, they went back to visit him. Christian walked towards them 36. ________ (slow) at first. Then he recognised them. He jumped around them 37. ________ (excited) and hugged them 38. ________ (warm). They were 39. ________ (deep) moved by the lion. It shows that humans and animals can get along 40. ________ (good) with each other if we care for them.
【参考答案与解析】
I. 单项选择
1.【答案】B
【解析】句意：变色龙会长大，但它的皮肤不会长。考查并列连词。前后两句存在转折关系，应用 but (但是)。故选B。
2.【答案】C
【解析】句意：你必须仔细看，否则你会在树叶中错过变色龙。考查方式副词。修饰动词 look 需用副词 carefully (仔细地)。故选C。
3.【答案】A
【解析】句意：嘲鸟会唱歌，而且它们也会模仿声音。考查并列连词。前后句为并列递进关系，应用 and。故选A。
4.【答案】C
【解析】考查简单句基本句型。"The dog" 是主语，"looks" 是系动词 (感官动词)，"nice" 是形容词作表语。因此该句属于 SVP (主系表) 结构。故选C。
5.【答案】C
【解析】句意：那个男孩一把抓过我的包，愤怒地喊道：“这是我的！”考查方式副词。修饰动词 shouted 需用副词 angrily (愤怒地)。故选C。
6.【答案】B
【解析】句意：不要让狗吃巧克力，否则它会生病的。考查并列连词。“祈使句 + or + 简单句”是固定句型，or 表示“否则，要不然”。故选B。
7.【答案】B
【解析】句意：鳄鱼跑得很快，有时会跳起来捕食。考查副词。fast 既是形容词又是副词，作方式副词修饰 run 时仍为 fast，没有 fastly 这种形式。故选B。
8.【答案】C
【解析】句意：约翰和安东尼把克里斯蒂安带到非洲，让它在野外自由地生活。考查方式副词。修饰动词 live 需用副词 freely (自由地)。故选C。
9.【答案】C
【解析】句意：海豚对人们很友好，人们也喜欢它们。考查并列连词。前后两句是顺承并列关系，用 and 连接。故选C。
10.【答案】D
【解析】句意：他耐心地和他的宠物狗玩了整整一个下午。考查方式副词。修饰动词 played 需用副词 patiently (耐心地)。故选D。
II. 语法填空
Passage 1 答案及解析：
11. amazing。修饰 animals 需用形容词，表示事物本身“令人惊叹的”用 amazing。
12. and。变色龙能改变颜色，也能转动眼睛，表示并列关系填 and。
13. but。变色龙长身体，但皮肤不长，表示转折关系填 but。
14. carefully。修饰动词 look 需用方式副词 carefully (仔细地)。
15. or。“必须仔细看，否则会错过”，表示否则填 or。
16. fast。fast 的副词和形容词同形，修饰 run 填 fast。
17. wide。wide 可直接作副词，open their mouths wide (把嘴张大)。
18. straight。straight 既是形容词也是副词，go straight down (径直向下)。
19. really。修饰动词 grow 需用副词 really (真正地)。
20. happily。修饰动词 dance 需用方式副词 happily (快乐地)。
Passage 2 答案及解析：
21. wings。它们有翅膀，wing 为可数名词，需用复数 wings。
22. but。有翅膀但不会飞，表转折填 but。
23. to keep。聚在一起是为了保暖，动词不定式作目的状语，填 to keep。
24. clever。修饰 animals 需用形容词 clever (聪明的)。
25. peacefully。修饰动词 live 需用方式副词 peacefully (和平地)。
26. and。喜欢人类并且救人，顺承并列关系填 and。
27. lives。save people's lives (挽救人们的生命)，life 的复数为 lives。
28. friendlily / well。此处 friendly 是形容词，通常不说 treat them friendly，常用 in a friendly way。如果仅作词形转换且视为特例副词，可作 friendlily，但初中阶段更严谨的是用友好地对待，此处为了考察方式副词概念可转换为对应副词，原课文可能表达为 "friendly to people" (形容词)。为了修饰 treat，填副词形式 friendlily 或转换为 well。
29. or。不要扔垃圾，否则动物会生病，填 or。
30. quickly。修饰动词 act 需用方式副词 quickly (快速地)。
Passage 3 答案及解析：
31. and。买了一只小狮子并且命名，顺承并列关系填 and。
32. happily。修饰动词 lived 需用方式副词 happily。
33. quickly。修饰动词 grew 需用方式副词 quickly。
34. to take。decide to do sth (决定做某事)，填不定式 to take。
35. freely。修饰动词 live 需用方式副词 freely。
36. slowly。修饰动词 walked 需用方式副词 slowly。
37. excitedly。修饰动词 jumped 需用方式副词 excitedly (兴奋地)。
38. warmly。修饰动词 hugged 需用方式副词 warmly (热情地)。
39. deeply。修饰形容词/分词 moved 需用副词 deeply (深深地)。
40. well。get along well with sb (与某人相处得好)，good 的副词为 well。北师大版七年级下册Unit 6单元语法知识梳理与练习
一：单元语法知识梳理 (Unit 6 Animals)
一、简单句和并列复合句 (Simple sentences and compound sentences)
【简单句的基本句型】
简单句通常只包含一个主语（或并列主语）和一个谓语（或并列谓语）。常见的四种类型：
1. 肯定陈述句和否定陈述句：
The dog looks nice. / The dog doesn't often bark.
2. 疑问句：Is this Jane's dog / Whose dog is this
3. 感叹句：What a good idea! / How nice is your new dress!
4. 祈使句：Write down your name here.
【简单句的常见结构】
1. 主语 + 谓语 (+宾语) (SV, SVO)：She smiled. / My parents like dogs.
2. 主语 + 系动词 + 表语 (SVP)：My schoolbag isn't yellow.
3. 存现句 (There be)：There's a spider on the floor.
【并列复合句】
可以使用并列连词 and (表并列/顺承), but (表转折), or (表选择/否则) 连接两个或多个简单句，构成并列复合句。
【例句】
I have got a dog. His name is Bruno. → I have got a dog and his name is Bruno.
My dog likes running. He doesn't like baths. → My dog likes running, but he doesn't like baths.
Don't let the dog eat chocolate. It will be sick. → Don't let the dog eat chocolate, or it will be sick.
二、方式副词 (Adverbs of manner)
【规则变化】
1. 方式副词通常用于表达做事的方式，即“某事是如何做的”。它们通常由“形容词 + -ly”构成，如 careful → carefully, happy → happily。
2. 用法与位置：
修饰动词：He is playing with his pet patiently.
修饰形容词：They are equally important.
位置灵活：方式副词可以放在句子的不同位置强调不同的重点。例如：
Carefully, she put it on the shelf.
She carefully put it on the shelf.
She put it carefully on the shelf.
She put it on the shelf carefully.
【易错点】 有些词既是形容词又是副词，如 fast, hard, early, late, straight, wide。它们在作方式副词时，形式不发生改变（不要错误地加-ly）。
例如：The food goes straight down to their stomach! (不是 straightly)。
【例句】 Christian lived with John and Anthony happily for about a year.
Christian walked towards them slowly.
He hugged them warmly.
He still jumped excitedly around them.
三、本单元核心短语与词汇用法
【重点词汇】本单元围绕“动物 (Animals)”展开。需掌握以下核心词汇与短语：
1. 常见动物： chameleon(变色龙), crocodile(鳄鱼), seahorse(海马), penguin(企鹅), dolphin(海豚), eagle(雕), pigeon(鸽子), parrot(鹦鹉), owl(猫头鹰), lizard(蜥蜴), tortoise(陆龟)等。
2. 身体部位与特征： skin(皮肤), stomach(胃), tongue(舌头), wing(翅膀), tail(尾巴)。
3. 核心短语：
look after：照顾，照料
at first：起初，起先
give up：放弃
in the daytime：在白天
keep warm：保暖
be friendly to...：对……友好
walk towards...：朝……走去
【例句】 Christian was too big to live in their house, so John and Anthony decided to take him to Africa. 克里斯蒂安太大了，不能再住在他们的房子里了，于是约翰和安东尼决定带他去非洲。
If you see a chameleon with one or both eyes closed in the daytime, it may be sick. 如果你看到变色龙在白天闭着一只或两只眼睛，它可能是生病了。
二：单元语法知识练习
I. 单项选择（10道）
1. A chameleon grows, ________ its skin doesn't. When the skin is too small, it comes off.
A. and
B. but
C. so
D. or
2. You must look ________, or you will miss the chameleon among the leaves.
A. care
B. careful
C. carefully
D. careless
3. Mockingbirds sing, ________ they copy sounds too.
A. and
B. but
C. or
D. so
4. "The dog looks nice." This sentence belongs to the structure of ________.
A. SVO (主谓宾)
B. SV (主谓)
C. SVP (主系表)
D. There be (存现句)
5. The boy grabbed my bag and shouted ________, "It's mine!"
A. anger
B. angry
C. angrily
D. happy
6. Don't let the dog eat chocolate, ________ it will be sick.
A. and
B. or
C. but
D. if
7. Crocodiles run ________ and sometimes jump to catch their food.
A. fastly
B. fast
C. quick
D. rapid
8. John and Anthony brought Christian to Africa and let him live ________ in the wild.
A. free
B. freedom
C. freely
D. freelly
9. Dolphins are lovely and clever. They are friendly to people, ________ people also like them.
A. but
B. or
C. and
D. because
10. He played with his pet dog ________ for a whole afternoon.
A. patience
B. patient
C. impatiently
D. patiently
II. 语法填空（3篇）
Passage 1 (Amazing Animals)
Our planet is home to many 11. ________ (amaze) animals. Chameleons can change colours, 12. ________ they can also move their eyes in two different directions. A chameleon grows, 13. ________ its skin doesn't. You must look 14. ________ (careful), 15. ________ you will miss it among the leaves. Crocodiles run 16. ________ (fast) to catch their food. When they see the food, they open their mouths 17. ________ (wide). The food goes 18. ________ (straight) down to their stomach! Seahorses are special too. They 19. ________ (real) grow new babies in a special way. The male and female seahorses dance together 20. ________ (happy) every morning.
Passage 2 (Penguins and Dolphins)
Penguins are cute birds. They have 21. ________ (wing), 22. ________ they can't fly. They live in cold places, so they stay together 23. ________ (keep) warm. Dolphins are lovely and 24. ________ (cleverness) animals. They live 25. ________ (peaceful) in groups. They like people 26. ________ sometimes they even save people's 27. ________ (life). People also like them. We should treat them 28. ________ (friendly) and protect them. Don't throw rubbish into the sea, 29. ________ the marine (海洋的) animals will be sick. We must act 30. ________ (quick) to save our earth.
Passage 3 (Christian the Lion)
John and Anthony bought a baby lion in the 1960s 31. ________ they named him Christian. He lived with them 32. ________ (happy) for about a year. However, he grew very 33. ________ (quick). After a year, Christian was too big for the city. So, they decided 34. ________ (take) him to Africa so that he could live 35. ________ (free) in the wild. A year later, they went back to visit him. Christian walked towards them 36. ________ (slow) at first. Then he recognised them. He jumped around them 37. ________ (excited) and hugged them 38. ________ (warm). They were 39. ________ (deep) moved by the lion. It shows that humans and animals can get along 40. ________ (good) with each other if we care for them.

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