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沪外教版七年级下册Unit 5单元语法知识梳理与练习
一：单元语法知识梳理 (Unit 5 Sports and sportsmanship)
一、现在进行时 (Present continuous)
【核心规则】
现在进行时用来表示现在（说话的瞬间）正在发生或进行的动作。
基本结构：主语 + be动词 (am / is / are) + 动词的现在分词 (-ing) + 其他.
句中通常会带有标志性的时间状语，如：now, at the moment，或者有引起注意的提示词，如：Look!, Listen!
【动词 -ing 的变化规则】
1. 一般情况： 直接在词尾加 -ing。如：play → playing, watch → watching。
2. 以不发音的字母 e 结尾： 去掉 e，再加 -ing。如：make → making, shine → shining。
3. 以重读闭音节结尾，且末尾只有一个辅音字母： 双写该辅音字母，再加 -ing。如：run → running, swim → swimming, win → winning。
【例句】
Look! The robots are racing each other to the finish line. 看！机器人们正在互相竞速冲向终点线。
I am watching a badminton match at the moment. 我此刻正在观看一场羽毛球比赛。
Listen! The crowd is cheering for the players. 听！人群正在为运动员们欢呼。
二、构词法：名词后缀 -ship (Suffix: -ship)
【构词规律】
在英语中，后缀 -ship 常常加在某些名词（尤其是表示人的名词）后面，用来构成一个抽象名词，表示“状态、身份、关系、精神或技能”。
常见词汇示例：
sportsman (运动员) → sportsmanship (体育精神)
friend (朋友) → friendship (友谊)
member (成员) → membership (会员资格)
champion (冠军) → championship (冠军地位 / 锦标赛)
【例句】
Good sportsmanship is more important than winning the game. 良好的体育精神比赢得比赛更重要。
Sports can help us build strong friendships with our teammates. 体育运动能帮助我们与队友建立牢固的友谊。
三、本单元核心词汇与语音知识
【体育精神核心词汇】
本单元围绕“体育与体育精神 (Sports and sportsmanship)”展开，重点词汇包括：
1. 体育人物与比赛： star (明星), teammate (队友), opponent (对手), judge (裁判员), rule (规则), the Olympics (奥运会)。
2. 态度与行为： effort (努力), respect (尊重), encourage (鼓励), support (支持), shake (握手), shine (闪耀), face (面临), rank (排名)。
3. 常考短语： make an effort (努力), follow the rules (遵守规则), be a good sport (做一个有风度/有体育精神的人)。
【语音知识：句子重音 II (Sentence stress II)】
在朗读英语句子时，实词通常要重读，虚词通常要弱读。此外，为了表达强烈的感情或强调某个特定的信息，说话人有时会重读句中的某个词（即使它是虚词），这被称为“逻辑重音”。
通过改变重音的位置，同一个句子可以传达出不同的侧重点。
二：单元语法知识练习（基于中考真题改编）
I. 单项选择（10道）
1. — The robots ________ each other to the finish line.
— How exciting! Our robot is going to win.
A. raced
B. were racing
C. race
D. are racing
2. Listen! Who ________ in the next room She has a beautiful voice.
A. sings
B. is singing
C. sang
D. will sing
3. Look! The players ________ hard on the playground to prepare for the coming match.
A. train
B. are training
C. trained
D. trains
4. In a sports competition, it is important to show good ________ whether you win or lose.
A. friendship
B. sportsmanship
C. championship
D. leadership
5. Our school football team is making every ________ to win the final game this afternoon.
A. effort
B. mistake
C. rule
D. excuse
6. Badminton star Laura Sárosi ________ bright in the match, not just because of her skills, but her kindness.
A. looks
B. tastes
C. shines
D. smells
7. Please be quiet! The baby ________ on the bed right now.
A. sleeps
B. slept
C. is sleeping
D. has slept
8. A true athlete will always show ________ to his or her opponents (对手).
A. respect
B. challenge
C. danger
D. secret
9. — Hello, may I speak to Mr. Smith
— Sorry, he isn't here at the moment. He ________ a meeting in the office.
A. has
B. had
C. is having
D. will have
10. Team sports are a great way to learn cooperation and build strong ________ with others.
A. friendships
B. habits
C. problems
D. skills
II. 语法填空（3篇）
Passage 1 (A Live Sports Event)
It is Sunday morning. The weather is very fine. Look at the playground! The students 11. ________ (have) a wonderful football match. The players 12. ________ (run) fast on the field. Our class team 13. ________ (lead) the way and they are playing very well. Listen! The cheerleaders 14. ________ (sing) and shouting loudly. Everyone 15. ________ (enjoy) the exciting game. Look at the coach! He 16. ________ (stand) by the field. He 17. ________ (give) instructions (指示) to the players. I think sports 18. ________ (be) really great. They help us keep 19. ________ (health). Let's learn to show good 20. ________ (sportsman) in every game!
Passage 2 (The True Meaning of Sportsmanship)
What is true 21. ________ (sportsman) It is not just about winning. Badminton star Laura Sárosi 22. ________ (shine) bright in a match recently. During the match, her opponent's shoes were broken. Laura didn't take advantage of it. Instead, she 23. ________ (offer) her own shoes to help. She 24. ________ (lose) the match in the end, but she won great respect from everyone. Her story tells us that being a good sport is of great 25. ________ (important). When you are 26. ________ (face) challenges, try your best. A true winner always 27. ________ (care) about fairness. Now, more and more athletes 28. ________ (learn) from her. They 29. ________ (make) great efforts to show their best behaviour. Remember, kindness always 30. ________ (win) people's hearts.
Passage 3 (An Active Lifestyle)
Nowadays, many teenagers 31. ________ (spend) too much time on screens. They need to get outside and exercise. At this moment, look! Some boys 32. ________ (play) basketball in the park. They 33. ________ (jump) and sweating happily. Through sports, they can build strong 34. ________ (friend). Sports also teach them how to face 35. ________ (fail) and success. If you make a 36. ________ (mistaken), don't be sad. Your 37. ________ (teammate) will support you. We are all proud of the hard 38. ________ (effort) they make. Are you 39. ________ (get) ready to join them Let's go out and enjoy the 40. ________ (beautiful) of sports together!
【参考答案与解析】
I. 单项选择
1.【答案】D
【解析】考查现在进行时。句意：——机器人们正在互相竞速冲向终点线。——太激动人心了！我们的机器人要赢了。根据“Our robot is going to win.”说明比赛正在进行中，故用现在进行时 are racing。
2.【答案】B
【解析】考查现在进行时。句意：听！谁正在隔壁房间唱歌？她的声音真好听。句首的 Listen! 提示动作正在进行，主语 Who 视作单数，故用 is singing。
3.【答案】B
【解析】考查现在进行时。句意：看！运动员们正在操场上刻苦训练，为即将到来的比赛做准备。句首的 Look! 提示动作正在发生，主语 players 是复数，故选 are training。
4.【答案】B
【解析】考查名词后缀与核心词汇。句意：在体育比赛中，无论输赢，展现出良好的体育精神都是很重要的。sportsmanship 意为“体育精神”，符合语境。
5.【答案】A
【解析】考查核心名词。句意：我们学校的足球队正在尽一切努力赢得今天下午的决赛。make every effort 意为“尽一切努力”，固定短语搭配。
6.【答案】C
【解析】考查核心动词。句意：羽毛球明星 Laura Sárosi 在比赛中大放异彩，不仅因为她的球技，更因为她的善良。shine bright 意为“闪耀，大放异彩”，主语为单数第三人称，用 shines。
7.【答案】C
【解析】考查现在进行时。句意：请安静！宝宝此刻正在床上睡觉。根据“right now”和“Please be quiet!”可知，睡觉的动作正在进行，故用 is sleeping。
8.【答案】A
【解析】考查核心名词。句意：一名真正的运动员总是会表现出对对手的尊重。show respect to... 意为“向……表示尊重”。
9.【答案】C
【解析】考查现在进行时。句意：——你好，我能和史密斯先生讲话吗？——抱歉，他现在不在这里。他正在办公室开会。根据“at the moment”可知开会的动作正在进行，故用 is having。
10.【答案】A
【解析】考查名词后缀。句意：团队运动是学习合作和与他人建立牢固友谊的绝佳方式。build strong friendships 意为“建立牢固的友谊”，词根 friend 加上后缀 -ship 构成抽象名词。
II. 语法填空
Passage 1 答案及解析：
11. are having。根据前文的 Look at... 可知，学生们“正在进行”比赛，用现在进行时。
12. are running。描述球场上正在发生的动作，主语是复数 players，注意 run 要双写 n 加 ing。
13. is leading。我们班的队伍“正在”领先，team 作为一个整体视作单数，填 is leading。
14. are singing。Listen! 提示动作正在进行，且与 shouting 并列，主语复数填 are singing。
15. is enjoying。Everyone 作主语视作单数，表示大家此刻正在享受比赛，填 is enjoying。
16. is standing。描述正在进行的画面，教练正站在场边，填 is standing。
17. is giving。与上句同理，他正在给运动员下达指令，give 去 e 加 ing，填 is giving。
18. are。陈述一般事实，主语 sports 为复数，填 are。
19. healthy。keep 后接形容词作表语/宾补，意为“保持健康”，填 healthy。
20. sportsmanship。本单元重点构词法，展现出良好的“体育精神”，填 sportsmanship。
Passage 2 答案及解析：
21. sportsmanship。什么是真正的“体育精神”？填 sportsmanship。
22. shone / shined。根据 recently 可知事情发生在过去，shine 的过去式为 shone 或 shined。
23. offered。描述过去的动作，她提供了自己的鞋子，填 offered。
24. lost。最终她输掉了比赛，过去时，lose 变为 lost。
25. importance。of great + 名词，相当于 very important，填 importance。
26. facing。be facing... 表示“面临着……”，现在分词结构，face 去 e 加 ing，填 facing。
27. cares。陈述真理/一般事实，真正的赢家总是关心公平，单三形式 cares。
28. are learning。根据 Now 可知，越来越多的运动员“正在”向她学习，填 are learning。
29. are making。承接上句，他们“正在”做出巨大努力，填 are making。
30. wins。陈述一般事实，善良总能赢得人心，单三形式 wins。
Passage 3 答案及解析：
31. spend。陈述现状事实，很多青少年花太多时间，主语复数填 spend。
32. are playing。根据 At this moment 可知动作正在进行，一些男孩正在打篮球，填 are playing。
33. are jumping。与 sweating 并列，描述正在进行的动作，填 are jumping。
34. friendships。建立牢固的“友谊”，本单元后缀 -ship，且泛指多段友谊可用复数 friendships。
35. failure。与 success（名词）并列，表示面对“失败”，填 failure。
36. mistake。make a mistake 意为“犯错误”，名词单数，填 mistake。
37. teammates。你的“队友们”会支持你，复数名词 teammates。
38. efforts。the hard efforts 意为“艰辛的努力”，常用复数 efforts。
39. getting。are you getting ready 意为“你准备好……了吗”，进行时结构，双写 t 加 ing。
40. beauty。享受运动的“美丽/美好”，the 后接名词，填 beauty。沪外教版七年级下册Unit 5单元语法知识梳理与练习
一：单元语法知识梳理 (Unit 5 Sports and sportsmanship)
一、现在进行时 (Present continuous)
【核心规则】
现在进行时用来表示现在（说话的瞬间）正在发生或进行的动作。
基本结构：主语 + be动词 (am / is / are) + 动词的现在分词 (-ing) + 其他.
句中通常会带有标志性的时间状语，如：now, at the moment，或者有引起注意的提示词，如：Look!, Listen!
【动词 -ing 的变化规则】
1. 一般情况： 直接在词尾加 -ing。如：play → playing, watch → watching。
2. 以不发音的字母 e 结尾： 去掉 e，再加 -ing。如：make → making, shine → shining。
3. 以重读闭音节结尾，且末尾只有一个辅音字母： 双写该辅音字母，再加 -ing。如：run → running, swim → swimming, win → winning。
【例句】
Look! The robots are racing each other to the finish line. 看！机器人们正在互相竞速冲向终点线。
I am watching a badminton match at the moment. 我此刻正在观看一场羽毛球比赛。
Listen! The crowd is cheering for the players. 听！人群正在为运动员们欢呼。
二、构词法：名词后缀 -ship (Suffix: -ship)
【构词规律】
在英语中，后缀 -ship 常常加在某些名词（尤其是表示人的名词）后面，用来构成一个抽象名词，表示“状态、身份、关系、精神或技能”。
常见词汇示例：
sportsman (运动员) → sportsmanship (体育精神)
friend (朋友) → friendship (友谊)
member (成员) → membership (会员资格)
champion (冠军) → championship (冠军地位 / 锦标赛)
【例句】
Good sportsmanship is more important than winning the game. 良好的体育精神比赢得比赛更重要。
Sports can help us build strong friendships with our teammates. 体育运动能帮助我们与队友建立牢固的友谊。
三、本单元核心词汇与语音知识
【体育精神核心词汇】
本单元围绕“体育与体育精神 (Sports and sportsmanship)”展开，重点词汇包括：
1. 体育人物与比赛： star (明星), teammate (队友), opponent (对手), judge (裁判员), rule (规则), the Olympics (奥运会)。
2. 态度与行为： effort (努力), respect (尊重), encourage (鼓励), support (支持), shake (握手), shine (闪耀), face (面临), rank (排名)。
3. 常考短语： make an effort (努力), follow the rules (遵守规则), be a good sport (做一个有风度/有体育精神的人)。
【语音知识：句子重音 II (Sentence stress II)】
在朗读英语句子时，实词通常要重读，虚词通常要弱读。此外，为了表达强烈的感情或强调某个特定的信息，说话人有时会重读句中的某个词（即使它是虚词），这被称为“逻辑重音”。
通过改变重音的位置，同一个句子可以传达出不同的侧重点。
二：单元语法知识练习（基于中考真题改编）
I. 单项选择（10道）
1. — The robots ________ each other to the finish line.
— How exciting! Our robot is going to win.
A. raced
B. were racing
C. race
D. are racing
2. Listen! Who ________ in the next room She has a beautiful voice.
A. sings
B. is singing
C. sang
D. will sing
3. Look! The players ________ hard on the playground to prepare for the coming match.
A. train
B. are training
C. trained
D. trains
4. In a sports competition, it is important to show good ________ whether you win or lose.
A. friendship
B. sportsmanship
C. championship
D. leadership
5. Our school football team is making every ________ to win the final game this afternoon.
A. effort
B. mistake
C. rule
D. excuse
6. Badminton star Laura Sárosi ________ bright in the match, not just because of her skills, but her kindness.
A. looks
B. tastes
C. shines
D. smells
7. Please be quiet! The baby ________ on the bed right now.
A. sleeps
B. slept
C. is sleeping
D. has slept
8. A true athlete will always show ________ to his or her opponents (对手).
A. respect
B. challenge
C. danger
D. secret
9. — Hello, may I speak to Mr. Smith
— Sorry, he isn't here at the moment. He ________ a meeting in the office.
A. has
B. had
C. is having
D. will have
10. Team sports are a great way to learn cooperation and build strong ________ with others.
A. friendships
B. habits
C. problems
D. skills
II. 语法填空（3篇）
Passage 1 (A Live Sports Event)
It is Sunday morning. The weather is very fine. Look at the playground! The students 11. ________ (have) a wonderful football match. The players 12. ________ (run) fast on the field. Our class team 13. ________ (lead) the way and they are playing very well. Listen! The cheerleaders 14. ________ (sing) and shouting loudly. Everyone 15. ________ (enjoy) the exciting game. Look at the coach! He 16. ________ (stand) by the field. He 17. ________ (give) instructions (指示) to the players. I think sports 18. ________ (be) really great. They help us keep 19. ________ (health). Let's learn to show good 20. ________ (sportsman) in every game!
Passage 2 (The True Meaning of Sportsmanship)
What is true 21. ________ (sportsman) It is not just about winning. Badminton star Laura Sárosi 22. ________ (shine) bright in a match recently. During the match, her opponent's shoes were broken. Laura didn't take advantage of it. Instead, she 23. ________ (offer) her own shoes to help. She 24. ________ (lose) the match in the end, but she won great respect from everyone. Her story tells us that being a good sport is of great 25. ________ (important). When you are 26. ________ (face) challenges, try your best. A true winner always 27. ________ (care) about fairness. Now, more and more athletes 28. ________ (learn) from her. They 29. ________ (make) great efforts to show their best behaviour. Remember, kindness always 30. ________ (win) people's hearts.
Passage 3 (An Active Lifestyle)
Nowadays, many teenagers 31. ________ (spend) too much time on screens. They need to get outside and exercise. At this moment, look! Some boys 32. ________ (play) basketball in the park. They 33. ________ (jump) and sweating happily. Through sports, they can build strong 34. ________ (friend). Sports also teach them how to face 35. ________ (fail) and success. If you make a 36. ________ (mistaken), don't be sad. Your 37. ________ (teammate) will support you. We are all proud of the hard 38. ________ (effort) they make. Are you 39. ________ (get) ready to join them Let's go out and enjoy the 40. ________ (beautiful) of sports together!沪外教版七年级下册Unit 6单元语法知识梳理与练习
一：单元语法知识梳理 (Unit 6 Writers and their masterpieces)
一、核心情态动词与短语 (have to, had better, needn't, used to)
【核心规则】
本单元重点学习表达“必须、建议、不必以及过去习惯”的短语和情态动词：
1. used to do sth. (过去常常做某事)：用于谈论过去经常发生但现在已经不再发生的情况或状态。其否定形式为 didn't use to do sth.
2. needn't do sth. (不必做某事)：表示没有必要做某事，相当于 don't have to do sth.
3. have to do sth. (必须，不得不)：表示客观上的需要或不得不做的事情。主语是第三人称单数时用 has to。
4. had better (not) do sth. (最好(不)做某事)：用于提出建议，语气较为缓和但带有忠告意味。后面直接跟动词原形。
【例句】
I used to read adventure stories, but now I prefer history books. 我过去常常读冒险故事，但现在我更喜欢历史书
You needn't tell Jim the good news because I’ve told him already. 你不必告诉Jim这个好消息，因为我已经告诉他了
It's raining heavily outside. You had better take an umbrella. 外面雨下得很大。你最好带把伞。
二、构词法：形容词后缀 -ous (Suffix: -ous)
【构词规律】
在英语中，后缀 -ous 常常加在名词的后面，用来构成形容词，表示“充满……的，具有……特征的”。
常见词汇示例：
fame (名声) → famous (著名的)
danger (危险) → dangerous (危险的)
mystery (神秘) → mysterious (神秘的)
poison (毒) → poisonous (有毒的)
【例句】
Lu Xun was a famous writer and thinker in China. 鲁迅是中国一位著名的作家和思想家。
三、本单元核心词汇 (Describing classic books)
【文学核心词汇】
本单元围绕“作家与代表作 (Writers and their masterpieces)”展开，重点词汇包括：
1. 文学作品： classic (经典的，名著), masterpiece (代表作，杰作), publish (出版，发行), character (人物，角色), chapter (章，篇，回)。
2. 夏洛的网 (Charlotte's Web) 相关： spider (蜘蛛), web (蜘蛛网), insect (昆虫), blood (血), terrible (可怕的)。
3. 日常短语： change one's mind (改变主意), after all (毕竟，终归), of course (当然)。
二：单元语法知识练习（基于中考真题改编）
I. 单项选择（10道）
1. You ________ tell Jim the good news because I’ve told him already.
A. need
B. needn't
C. can
D. can't
2. I ________ read adventure stories, but now I prefer history books.
A. use to
B. am used to
C. used to
D. used
3. *Charlotte's Web* is a great ________ written by E.B. White.
A. masterpiece
B. background
C. conversation
D. setting
4. It's getting late and quite cold. We had better ________ outside.
A. not stay
B. to not stay
C. not staying
D. don't stay
5. The journey through the forest can be very ________. You have to be careful.
A. danger
B. dangerous
C. dangerously
D. dangers
6. In the 1900s, Lu Xun was an important writer and thinker. He ________ many classic books.
A. replied
B. published
C. imagined
D. shocked
7. My grandpa didn't ________ take a walk after dinner, but now he does it every day.
A. use to
B. used to
C. using to
D. uses to
8. A true friend will never change his ________ easily when you are in trouble.
A. mind
B. head
C. heart
D. voice
9. To understand the story better, you ________ read the background information first.
A. have to
B. has to
C. needn't
D. used to
10. — How many ________ are there in this novel
— There are twenty in total.
A. webs
B. insects
C. chapters
D. settings
II. 语法填空（3篇）
Passage 1 (A Masterpiece: Charlotte's Web)
*Charlotte's Web* is a 11. ________ (classic) book loved by many children. The author, E.B. White, was a very 12. ________ (fame) writer. He 13. ________ (use) to live on a farm, which gave him the idea for this story. The book was 14. ________ (publish) many years ago and became a masterpiece. The main 15. ________ (character) in the book are a pig named Wilbur and a 16. ________ (spider) named Charlotte. Wilbur was afraid of 17. ________ (die). He thought his life was going to be short and 18. ________ (terrible). However, Charlotte made a promise to save him. She worked hard to build 19. ________ (web) with special words in them. 20. ________ all, true friendship can make a big difference in the world.
Passage 2 (Enjoying Classics)
These are classics of literature which have 21. ________ (last) value. For example, the book *Iliad*, which was written about three thousand years ago, shows us the goodness and weakness of human nature. The "Four Books and Five Classics" 22. ________ (write) before the Qin Dynasty. Even today, students are encouraged 23. ________ (read) the works of Confucius. There are also 24. ________ (new) classics than those above, such as *Journey to the West*. Still, many people don't want to read them 25. ________ they are long and have complex plots. But they are great 26. ________ (story). Are you interested 27. ________ learning more about the classics You had better 28. ________ (start) with some simple ones. You 29. ________ (need) worry about the difficult words. 30. ________ (slow) but surely, you will fall in love with them.
Passage 3 (Changes in Reading Habits)
I didn't 31. ________ (use) to like reading when I was young. I thought it was 32. ________ (bore) and took up too much time. But my English teacher advised me 33. ________ (read) some novels. She said, "You 34. ________ better read something interesting first. You don't 35. ________ to read very thick books." Now, I have formed a good habit of reading. I find reading very 36. ________ (use). Sometimes I have too much homework, but I 37. ________ (need) worry, because reading helps me relax. Last week, I read a book about a 38. ________ (mystery) island. The beautiful language and rich history fascinated me. Reading has a lasting 39. ________ (influence) on my life. If you want to change your mind, 40. ________ (perhaps) you can pick up a classic book today!
【参考答案与解析】
I. 单项选择
1.【答案】B
【解析】考查情态动词。句意：你不必告诉Jim这个好消息，因为我已经告诉他了。needn't 表示“不必”，符合此处“不需要再做某事”的语境。
2.【答案】C
【解析】考查固定用法。句意：我过去常常读冒险故事，但现在我更喜欢历史书。used to do sth. 表示过去常常做某事。
3.【答案】A
【解析】考查核心名词。句意：《夏洛的网》是E.B. 怀特写的一部伟大杰作。masterpiece 意为“代表作；杰作”。
4.【答案】A
【解析】考查 had better 的否定式。句意：天晚了而且很冷。我们最好不要待在外面。had better not do sth. 意为“最好不要做某事”。
5.【答案】B
【解析】考查形容词后缀。句意：穿过森林的旅程可能会非常危险。你必须小心。danger 加后缀 -ous 构成形容词 dangerous。
6.【答案】B
【解析】考查核心动词。句意：在1900年代，鲁迅是一位重要的作家和思想家。他出版了许多名著。publish 意为“出版；发行”。
7.【答案】A
【解析】考查 used to 的否定形式。句意：我爷爷过去晚饭后不常散步，但现在他每天都散步。didn't 后接动词原形 use to。
8.【答案】A
【解析】考查核心短语。句意：当你遇到困难时，真正的朋友决不会轻易改变主意。change one's mind 意为“改变决定；改变主意”。
9.【答案】A
【解析】考查情态动词。句意：为了更好地理解这个故事，你必须先阅读背景信息。have to 表示客观上的必须、不得不。
10.【答案】C
【解析】考查核心名词。句意：——这部小说有多少章？——总共有二十章。chapter 意为“（书的）章，篇，回”。
II. 语法填空
Passage 1 答案及解析：
11. classic。修饰名词 book，作形容词使用，意为“经典的”。
12. famous。本单元构词法后缀 -ous，fame 变为形容词 famous。
13. used。used to do sth. 表示过去常常做某事。
14. published。被动语态，书被出版，填过去分词 published。
15. characters。根据 are 可知用复数，character (人物、角色)。
16. spider。一只名叫夏洛的“蜘蛛”。
17. dying。介词 of 后接动名词 dying。
18. terrible。与 short 并列，作表语，意为“可怕的”。
19. webs。编织有特殊文字的“网”，用复数 webs。
20. After。After all 为固定短语，意为“毕竟；终归”，句首首字母大写。
Passage 2 答案及解析：
21. lasting。lasting value 意为“持久的价值”。
22. were written。四书五经是在秦朝前“被写成”的，一般过去时的被动语态。
23. to read。be encouraged to do sth. 被鼓励做某事。
24. newer。由 than 可知用比较级 newer。
25. because。表示原因，填连词 because。
26. stories。复数主语 they 对应复数名词 stories。
27. in。be interested in... 对……感兴趣。
28. start。had better do sth. 最好做某事，后接动词原形 start。
29. needn't。表示“不必”担心，用情态动词 needn't。
30. Slowly。与 surely 并列作副词，句首首字母大写 Slowly。
Passage 3 答案及解析：
31. use。didn't 后接动词原形 use to，表示过去不常做某事。
32. boring。修饰事物，意为“令人无聊的”。
33. to read。advise sb. to do sth. 建议某人做某事。
34. had。had better do sth. 最好做某事。
35. have。don't have to = needn't，不必做某事。
36. useful。find + 宾语 + 宾补(形容词)，意为发现阅读很“有用”。
37. needn't。但是我不必担心，填情态动词 needn't。
38. mysterious。名词 mystery 变形容词 mysterious，意为“神秘的”。
39. influence。have an influence on... 对……产生影响。
40. perhaps。表示“也许，大概”，本单元核心词汇。沪外教版七年级下册Unit 6单元语法知识梳理与练习
一：单元语法知识梳理 (Unit 6 Writers and their masterpieces)
一、核心情态动词与短语 (have to, had better, needn't, used to)
【核心规则】
本单元重点学习表达“必须、建议、不必以及过去习惯”的短语和情态动词：
1. used to do sth. (过去常常做某事)：用于谈论过去经常发生但现在已经不再发生的情况或状态。其否定形式为 didn't use to do sth.
2. needn't do sth. (不必做某事)：表示没有必要做某事，相当于 don't have to do sth.
3. have to do sth. (必须，不得不)：表示客观上的需要或不得不做的事情。主语是第三人称单数时用 has to。
4. had better (not) do sth. (最好(不)做某事)：用于提出建议，语气较为缓和但带有忠告意味。后面直接跟动词原形。
【例句】
I used to read adventure stories, but now I prefer history books. 我过去常常读冒险故事，但现在我更喜欢历史书
You needn't tell Jim the good news because I’ve told him already. 你不必告诉Jim这个好消息，因为我已经告诉他了
It's raining heavily outside. You had better take an umbrella. 外面雨下得很大。你最好带把伞。
二、构词法：形容词后缀 -ous (Suffix: -ous)
【构词规律】
在英语中，后缀 -ous 常常加在名词的后面，用来构成形容词，表示“充满……的，具有……特征的”。
常见词汇示例：
fame (名声) → famous (著名的)
danger (危险) → dangerous (危险的)
mystery (神秘) → mysterious (神秘的)
poison (毒) → poisonous (有毒的)
【例句】
Lu Xun was a famous writer and thinker in China. 鲁迅是中国一位著名的作家和思想家。
三、本单元核心词汇 (Describing classic books)
【文学核心词汇】
本单元围绕“作家与代表作 (Writers and their masterpieces)”展开，重点词汇包括：
1. 文学作品： classic (经典的，名著), masterpiece (代表作，杰作), publish (出版，发行), character (人物，角色), chapter (章，篇，回)。
2. 夏洛的网 (Charlotte's Web) 相关： spider (蜘蛛), web (蜘蛛网), insect (昆虫), blood (血), terrible (可怕的)。
3. 日常短语： change one's mind (改变主意), after all (毕竟，终归), of course (当然)。
二：单元语法知识练习（基于中考真题改编）
I. 单项选择（10道）
1. You ________ tell Jim the good news because I’ve told him already.
A. need
B. needn't
C. can
D. can't
2. I ________ read adventure stories, but now I prefer history books.
A. use to
B. am used to
C. used to
D. used
3. *Charlotte's Web* is a great ________ written by E.B. White.
A. masterpiece
B. background
C. conversation
D. setting
4. It's getting late and quite cold. We had better ________ outside.
A. not stay
B. to not stay
C. not staying
D. don't stay
5. The journey through the forest can be very ________. You have to be careful.
A. danger
B. dangerous
C. dangerously
D. dangers
6. In the 1900s, Lu Xun was an important writer and thinker. He ________ many classic books.
A. replied
B. published
C. imagined
D. shocked
7. My grandpa didn't ________ take a walk after dinner, but now he does it every day.
A. use to
B. used to
C. using to
D. uses to
8. A true friend will never change his ________ easily when you are in trouble.
A. mind
B. head
C. heart
D. voice
9. To understand the story better, you ________ read the background information first.
A. have to
B. has to
C. needn't
D. used to
10. — How many ________ are there in this novel
— There are twenty in total.
A. webs
B. insects
C. chapters
D. settings
II. 语法填空（3篇）
Passage 1 (A Masterpiece: Charlotte's Web)
*Charlotte's Web* is a 11. ________ (classic) book loved by many children. The author, E.B. White, was a very 12. ________ (fame) writer. He 13. ________ (use) to live on a farm, which gave him the idea for this story. The book was 14. ________ (publish) many years ago and became a masterpiece. The main 15. ________ (character) in the book are a pig named Wilbur and a 16. ________ (spider) named Charlotte. Wilbur was afraid of 17. ________ (die). He thought his life was going to be short and 18. ________ (terrible). However, Charlotte made a promise to save him. She worked hard to build 19. ________ (web) with special words in them. 20. ________ all, true friendship can make a big difference in the world.
Passage 2 (Enjoying Classics)
These are classics of literature which have 21. ________ (last) value. For example, the book *Iliad*, which was written about three thousand years ago, shows us the goodness and weakness of human nature. The "Four Books and Five Classics" 22. ________ (write) before the Qin Dynasty. Even today, students are encouraged 23. ________ (read) the works of Confucius. There are also 24. ________ (new) classics than those above, such as *Journey to the West*. Still, many people don't want to read them 25. ________ they are long and have complex plots. But they are great 26. ________ (story). Are you interested 27. ________ learning more about the classics You had better 28. ________ (start) with some simple ones. You 29. ________ (need) worry about the difficult words. 30. ________ (slow) but surely, you will fall in love with them.
Passage 3 (Changes in Reading Habits)
I didn't 31. ________ (use) to like reading when I was young. I thought it was 32. ________ (bore) and took up too much time. But my English teacher advised me 33. ________ (read) some novels. She said, "You 34. ________ better read something interesting first. You don't 35. ________ to read very thick books." Now, I have formed a good habit of reading. I find reading very 36. ________ (use). Sometimes I have too much homework, but I 37. ________ (need) worry, because reading helps me relax. Last week, I read a book about a 38. ________ (mystery) island. The beautiful language and rich history fascinated me. Reading has a lasting 39. ________ (influence) on my life. If you want to change your mind, 40. ________ (perhaps) you can pick up a classic book today!沪外教版七年级下册Unit 7单元语法知识梳理与练习
一：单元语法知识梳理 (Unit 7 Who we are)
一、现在完成时 (Present perfect tense)
【核心规则】
现在完成时主要有两个基本用法：
1. 表示过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响或产生的结果。常与 already (已经，用于肯定句), yet (还，已经，用于否定或疑问句末尾), just (刚刚), ever (曾经), never (从未) 等连用。
2. 表示从过去某个时间开始一直延续到现在的动作或状态。常与 since + 过去的时间点 或 for + 一段时间 连用。
基本结构：主语 + have / has + 动词的过去分词 (p.p.) + 其他.
【易错点：have been to 与 have gone to】
have/has been to：去过某地（已经回来了）。
have/has gone to：去了某地（在途中或已到达，还没回来）。
（正确）He has been to Beijing twice. (他去过北京两次，现在不一定在北京。)
（正确）He has gone to Beijing. (他去北京了，现在不在说话人这里。)
【例句】
I have just made a survey on hobbies for our school project. 我刚为我们的学校项目做了一份关于爱好的调查。
Many international students have come to visit our school since last year. 自去年以来，许多国际学生来参观过我们学校。
Have you decided what to grow for our farming project yet 你决定好为我们的农业项目种什么了吗？
二、构词法：名词后缀 -ity 或 -ty (Suffix: -ity / -ty)
【构词规律】
后缀 -ity 或 -ty 通常加在形容词的后面，用来构成抽象名词，表示“性质、状态或程度”。
常见词汇示例：
creative (有创造力的) → creativity (创造力)
responsible (负责任的) → responsibility (责任，职责)
active (活跃的) → activity (活动)
safe (安全的) → safety (安全)
【例句】
These activities help open my eyes, improve my communication skills and grow my sense of responsibility. 这些活动有助于开拓我的眼界，提高我的沟通技巧并培养我的责任感。
三、本单元核心词汇与语音知识 (Describing identity)
【自我认知与个性词汇】
本单元围绕“认知自我与身份 (Who we are)”展开，探讨了出生顺序(birth order)如何塑造性格。重点词汇包括：
1. 个人身份与特征： identity (身份), feature (特色，特点), unique (独一无二的), difference (差异), order (顺序)。
2. 性格形容词： caring (关心他人的), creative (有创造力的), self-centred (自我中心的), competitive (努力竞争的), willing (乐意的)。
3. 常考短语： out of place (格格不入), make fun of (嘲弄，取笑), shape personality (塑造性格)。
【语音知识：语调 II (Intonation II)】
在我们表达不同的情感或意图时，语调(Intonation)的升降起着关键作用：
当我们提出特殊疑问句(wh- questions)、陈述事实(make statements)或抱怨(complain)时，句末通常使用降调 (go down / falling intonation)。
只有在表示惊讶、鼓励，或者一般疑问句(Yes/No questions)时，通常才使用升调 (go up)。
二：单元语法知识练习（基于中考真题改编）
I. 单项选择（10道）
1. Many international students ________ to visit our school since last year.
A. are coming
B. have come
C. came
D. will come
2. When I first joined the new club, I didn't know anyone and felt completely ________.
A. out of breath
B. out of place
C. out of danger
D. out of order
3. Everyone makes mistakes. It is not polite to ________ others when they do something wrong.
A. take care of
B. get along with
C. make fun of
D. be proud of
4. The art teacher often encourages us to show our ________ in our paintings.
A. creative
B. creating
C. creativity
D. creates
5. — ________ you ever ________ *Charlotte's Web*
— Yes, I read it last year.
A. Do; read
B. Did; read
C. Are; reading
D. Have; read
6. In many families, the birth ________ can shape a child's personality in different ways.
A. order
B. record
C. result
D. limit
7. Every child in the world is ________. There are no two identical (完全相同的) leaves.
A. common
B. boring
C. unique
D. terrible
8. — I haven't finished my geography project ________. What about you
— I have ________ done it.
A. already; yet
B. yet; already
C. still; already
D. yet; still
9. — Where is Mr. Smith I need his help.
— He ________ to Shanghai on business.
A. has been
B. has gone
C. goes
D. went
10. Mary is a very ________ girl. She always thinks of others and is willing to help people in need.
A. self-centred
B. competitive
C. careless
D. caring
II. 语法填空（3篇）
Passage 1 (Finding Identity and Hobbies)
Over the past few years, I 11. ________ (have) some trouble finding my true identity. When I first entered middle school, I felt out of 12. ________ (place). I didn't know what I was good at. Some of my classmates were good at sports, and others were very 13. ________ (create) in art. However, things 14. ________ (change) since I joined the school writing club. I 15. ________ (write) several stories so far. Writing helps me express myself and build my confidence. I have also met many 16. ________ (care) friends there. They never make fun 17. ________ my ideas. Now I realize that everyone is 18. ________ (unique). We don't need to copy others. I am happy that I have found my 19. ________ (hobby) and identity. It is an unforgettable 20. ________ (active) for my self-discovery.
Passage 2 (How Birth Order Shapes You)
Have you ever thought about how birth 21. ________ (order) shapes you Many scientists 22. ________ (study) this interesting topic for years. They believe that being the oldest, middle, or youngest child has an influence on your personality. For example, first-born children are usually responsible and 23. ________ (compete). They want to please their parents and often become leaders. Middle children 24. ________ (be) usually good at communicating since they were young. They are 25. ________ (will) to listen to others and accept 26. ________ (difference). As for the youngest children, they are often fun-loving and have a lot of 27. ________ (creative). They like to make people laugh. Of course, this is not always true for everyone. Your life experiences and environment also play an important 28. ________ (role). Have you 29. ________ (discover) your own personality 30. ________ (already / yet)
Passage 3 (Making a New Friend)
Last term, a new student named Jack came to our class. At first, he 31. ________ (feel) a little lonely because he couldn't speak Chinese well. Some students even laughed at him, which made him very 32. ________ (sadness). But our teacher told us that we should respect others and never make fun of 33. ________ (they). Since then, we 34. ________ (try) our best to help him. We have 35. ________ (invite) him to join our study group. With our help, his Chinese 36. ________ (improve) a lot recently. He has also shared many interesting foreign customs 37. ________ us. We have learned that cultural 38. ________ (diverse / difference) is beautiful. It is our 39. ________ (responsible) to build a friendly class. Now, Jack has become a popular boy, and we have built a strong 40. ________ (friend).
【参考答案与解析】
I. 单项选择
1.【答案】B
【解析】考查现在完成时。句意：自去年以来，许多国际学生来参观过我们学校。根据时间状语“since last year (自从去年)”可知，动作从过去一直持续到现在，需用现在完成时 have/has done。故选B。
2.【答案】B
【解析】考查核心短语。句意：当我刚加入新俱乐部时，我一个人都不认识，感觉完全格格不入。out of place 意为“格格不入的，不在合适位置的”，符合语境。out of breath 气喘吁吁；out of danger 脱离危险。故选B。
3.【答案】C
【解析】考查核心短语。句意：每个人都会犯错。当别人做错事时嘲笑别人是不礼貌的。make fun of 意为“嘲笑，取笑”，是本单元重点短语。故选C。
4.【答案】C
【解析】考查名词后缀 -ity。句意：美术老师经常鼓励我们在画作中展示我们的创造力。show our 后需接名词，creative 的名词形式是 creativity (创造力)。故选C。
5.【答案】D
【解析】考查现在完成时。句意：——你读过《夏洛的网》吗？——是的，我去年读的。询问某人“曾经是否做过某事”对现在有影响，用现在完成时 Have you ever read...。答语强调具体过去时间(last year)，才用了过去时。故选D。
6.【答案】A
【解析】考查核心词汇。句意：在许多家庭中，出生顺序可以通过不同的方式塑造孩子的性格。birth order 意为“出生顺序”，是本单元重点话题词汇。故选A。
7.【答案】C
【解析】考查核心词汇。句意：世界上的每一个孩子都是独一无二的。没有两片完全相同的树子。unique 意为“独一无二的，独特的”。故选C。
8.【答案】B
【解析】考查现在完成时标志词。句意：——我还没有完成地理作业。你呢？——我已经做完了。yet 常用于否定句或疑问句句末，表示“还未”；already 用于肯定句中，表示“已经”。故选B。
9.【答案】B
【解析】考查易错点 have gone to。句意：——史密斯先生去哪儿了？我需要他的帮助。——他去上海出差了。因为现在不在说话人身边，所以用 has gone to 表示“去了某地还没回来”。故选B。
10.【答案】D
【解析】考查性格形容词辨析。句意：玛丽是个非常有爱心的女孩。她总是为别人着想，乐于帮助需要帮助的人。caring 意为“关心他人的”，符合句意；self-centred 自我中心的；competitive 好胜的。故选D。
II. 语法填空
Passage 1 答案及解析：
11. have had。根据时间状语“Over the past few years”可知，应用现在完成时 (have/has + past participle)。
12. place。out of place 意为“格格不入的”，固定短语。
13. creative。be动词后接形容词作表语，意为“有创造力的”。
14. have changed。since引导的时间状语从句，主句用现在完成时，表示事情“已经改变”。
15. have written。根据“so far(到目前为止)”可知，用现在完成时 have written。
16. caring。修饰名词 friends 用形容词 caring (关心他人的)。
17. of。make fun of 意为“嘲笑，取笑”，固定搭配。
18. unique。每个人都是“独一无二的”，填形容词 unique。
19. hobbies。找到我的“爱好（复数）”和身份认同，填 hobbies。
20. activity。本单元 -ity 后缀，active 变为名词 activity (活动)。
Passage 2 答案及解析：
21. order。birth order 意为“出生顺序”，名词作定语。
22. have studied。根据“for years”可知，动作延续至今，用现在完成时 have studied。
petitive。与 responsible 并列，用形容词 competitive (具有竞争力的，好胜的)。
24. have been。根据“since they were young”可知用现在完成时，主语复数填 have been。
25. willing。be willing to do sth. 意为“乐意做某事”，填形容词 willing。
26. differences。接受人与人之间的“差异”，可数名词复数 differences。
27. creativity。a lot of 后接名词，本单元 -ity 后缀，填 creativity (创造力)。
28. role。play an important role 意为“扮演重要角色”。
29. discovered。现在完成时 Have you discovered...。
30. yet。现在完成时的疑问句句末，用 yet 表示“已经……了吗”。
Passage 3 答案及解析：
31. felt。根据 at first (起初) 和前文 came 可知，应用一般过去时 felt。
32. sad。make sb. + adj. (使某人……)，填形容词 sad (伤心的)。
33. them。介词 of 后接人称代词的宾格 them。
34. have tried。根据 Since then (从那时起) 可知，应用现在完成时 have tried。
35. invited。现在完成时 have + past participle，填 invited。
36. has improved。根据 recently (最近) 可知用现在完成时，主语 Chinese 是单数，填 has improved。
37. with。share sth. with sb. 意为“和某人分享某事”。
38. difference。cultural difference 意为“文化差异”。
39. responsibility。本单元 -ity后缀，our 后接名词 responsibility (责任)。
40. friendship。build a strong friendship 意为“建立牢固的友谊”。沪外教版七年级下册Unit 7单元语法知识梳理与练习
一：单元语法知识梳理 (Unit 7 Who we are)
一、现在完成时 (Present perfect tense)
【核心规则】
现在完成时主要有两个基本用法：
1. 表示过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响或产生的结果。常与 already (已经，用于肯定句), yet (还，已经，用于否定或疑问句末尾), just (刚刚), ever (曾经), never (从未) 等连用。
2. 表示从过去某个时间开始一直延续到现在的动作或状态。常与 since + 过去的时间点 或 for + 一段时间 连用。
基本结构：主语 + have / has + 动词的过去分词 (p.p.) + 其他.
【易错点：have been to 与 have gone to】
have/has been to：去过某地（已经回来了）。
have/has gone to：去了某地（在途中或已到达，还没回来）。
（正确）He has been to Beijing twice. (他去过北京两次，现在不一定在北京。)
（正确）He has gone to Beijing. (他去北京了，现在不在说话人这里。)
【例句】
I have just made a survey on hobbies for our school project. 我刚为我们的学校项目做了一份关于爱好的调查。
Many international students have come to visit our school since last year. 自去年以来，许多国际学生来参观过我们学校。
Have you decided what to grow for our farming project yet 你决定好为我们的农业项目种什么了吗？
二、构词法：名词后缀 -ity 或 -ty (Suffix: -ity / -ty)
【构词规律】
后缀 -ity 或 -ty 通常加在形容词的后面，用来构成抽象名词，表示“性质、状态或程度”。
常见词汇示例：
creative (有创造力的) → creativity (创造力)
responsible (负责任的) → responsibility (责任，职责)
active (活跃的) → activity (活动)
safe (安全的) → safety (安全)
【例句】
These activities help open my eyes, improve my communication skills and grow my sense of responsibility. 这些活动有助于开拓我的眼界，提高我的沟通技巧并培养我的责任感。
三、本单元核心词汇与语音知识 (Describing identity)
【自我认知与个性词汇】
本单元围绕“认知自我与身份 (Who we are)”展开，探讨了出生顺序(birth order)如何塑造性格。重点词汇包括：
1. 个人身份与特征： identity (身份), feature (特色，特点), unique (独一无二的), difference (差异), order (顺序)。
2. 性格形容词： caring (关心他人的), creative (有创造力的), self-centred (自我中心的), competitive (努力竞争的), willing (乐意的)。
3. 常考短语： out of place (格格不入), make fun of (嘲弄，取笑), shape personality (塑造性格)。
【语音知识：语调 II (Intonation II)】
在我们表达不同的情感或意图时，语调(Intonation)的升降起着关键作用：
当我们提出特殊疑问句(wh- questions)、陈述事实(make statements)或抱怨(complain)时，句末通常使用降调 (go down / falling intonation)。
只有在表示惊讶、鼓励，或者一般疑问句(Yes/No questions)时，通常才使用升调 (go up)。
二：单元语法知识练习（基于中考真题改编）
I. 单项选择（10道）
1. Many international students ________ to visit our school since last year.
A. are coming
B. have come
C. came
D. will come
2. When I first joined the new club, I didn't know anyone and felt completely ________.
A. out of breath
B. out of place
C. out of danger
D. out of order
3. Everyone makes mistakes. It is not polite to ________ others when they do something wrong.
A. take care of
B. get along with
C. make fun of
D. be proud of
4. The art teacher often encourages us to show our ________ in our paintings.
A. creative
B. creating
C. creativity
D. creates
5. — ________ you ever ________ *Charlotte's Web*
— Yes, I read it last year.
A. Do; read
B. Did; read
C. Are; reading
D. Have; read
6. In many families, the birth ________ can shape a child's personality in different ways.
A. order
B. record
C. result
D. limit
7. Every child in the world is ________. There are no two identical (完全相同的) leaves.
A. common
B. boring
C. unique
D. terrible
8. — I haven't finished my geography project ________. What about you
— I have ________ done it.
A. already; yet
B. yet; already
C. still; already
D. yet; still
9. — Where is Mr. Smith I need his help.
— He ________ to Shanghai on business.
A. has been
B. has gone
C. goes
D. went
10. Mary is a very ________ girl. She always thinks of others and is willing to help people in need.
A. self-centred
B. competitive
C. careless
D. caring
II. 语法填空（3篇）
Passage 1 (Finding Identity and Hobbies)
Over the past few years, I 11. ________ (have) some trouble finding my true identity. When I first entered middle school, I felt out of 12. ________ (place). I didn't know what I was good at. Some of my classmates were good at sports, and others were very 13. ________ (create) in art. However, things 14. ________ (change) since I joined the school writing club. I 15. ________ (write) several stories so far. Writing helps me express myself and build my confidence. I have also met many 16. ________ (care) friends there. They never make fun 17. ________ my ideas. Now I realize that everyone is 18. ________ (unique). We don't need to copy others. I am happy that I have found my 19. ________ (hobby) and identity. It is an unforgettable 20. ________ (active) for my self-discovery.
Passage 2 (How Birth Order Shapes You)
Have you ever thought about how birth 21. ________ (order) shapes you Many scientists 22. ________ (study) this interesting topic for years. They believe that being the oldest, middle, or youngest child has an influence on your personality. For example, first-born children are usually responsible and 23. ________ (compete). They want to please their parents and often become leaders. Middle children 24. ________ (be) usually good at communicating since they were young. They are 25. ________ (will) to listen to others and accept 26. ________ (difference). As for the youngest children, they are often fun-loving and have a lot of 27. ________ (creative). They like to make people laugh. Of course, this is not always true for everyone. Your life experiences and environment also play an important 28. ________ (role). Have you 29. ________ (discover) your own personality 30. ________ (already / yet)
Passage 3 (Making a New Friend)
Last term, a new student named Jack came to our class. At first, he 31. ________ (feel) a little lonely because he couldn't speak Chinese well. Some students even laughed at him, which made him very 32. ________ (sadness). But our teacher told us that we should respect others and never make fun of 33. ________ (they). Since then, we 34. ________ (try) our best to help him. We have 35. ________ (invite) him to join our study group. With our help, his Chinese 36. ________ (improve) a lot recently. He has also shared many interesting foreign customs 37. ________ us. We have learned that cultural 38. ________ (diverse / difference) is beautiful. It is our 39. ________ (responsible) to build a friendly class. Now, Jack has become a popular boy, and we have built a strong 40. ________ (friend).沪外教版七年级下册Unit 8单元语法知识梳理与练习
一：单元语法知识梳理 (Unit 8 Road to success)
一、过去进行时 (Past continuous tense)
【核心规则】
过去进行时用来表示在过去某一时刻或某一段时间内正在进行或发生的动作。
基本结构：主语 + was / were + 动词的现在分词 (-ing) + 其他.
常见的时间状语有：at 8:00 last night (昨晚八点), at that time (在那时), at that moment (在那一刻) 等。
【when 与 while 的区别】
在复合句中，常使用 when 和 while 来连接过去进行时与一般过去时：
1. when (当……时)：后接的动作可以是短暂性动作，也可以是延续性动作。通常 when 引导的从句用一般过去时，主句用过去进行时。
【例句】Mary was drawing a picture when her dad got home yesterday evening. 昨天晚上当她爸爸到家时，玛丽正在画画。
2. while (在……期间)：后接的动作必须是延续性动作，通常强调主句和从句的动作同时发生。while 引导的从句常用过去进行时。
【例句】While the students were discussing the problem, the teacher came in. 学生们正在讨论问题时，老师进来了。
【课本例句】
When I called him last weekend, he was practising on past exam papers. 上周末我给他打电话时，他正在做历年试卷的练习。
He started reading at 20:00 and finished at 20:15. So, at 20:10 he was reading. 他在20:00开始阅读，20:15结束。所以，在20:10的时候他正在阅读。
二、本单元核心词汇 (Describing success and failure)
【成功与失败核心词汇】
本单元探讨了“成功的关键 (The key to success)”，重点词汇包括：
1. 目标与成就： success (成功 n.), succeed (成功 v.), achieve (实现，达到), achievement (成就), goal (目标), improve (提高)。
2. 挑战与挫折： challenge (挑战), fail (失败 v.), mistake (错误), pity (遗憾), ups and downs (起起落落)。
3. 品质与精神： persistence (坚持，锲而不舍), resilience (适应力，韧性), smart (聪明的), fear (害怕)。
4. 重点短语： make an effort (努力), sink or swim (不自救必沉沦/成败全靠自己), in front of (在……前面), fall apart (崩溃，破裂)。
三、语音知识与日常用语 (Intonation III)
【语音知识：语调 III (Intonation III)】
在英语发音中，语调（Intonation）传递着重要的情感和意图：
当我们提出特殊疑问句 (wh- questions)、陈述事实 (make statements)、鼓励某人 (encourage someone) 或者抱怨 (complain) 时，我们句子末尾的语调通常要降调 (go down / falling intonation)。
【例句】Never give up! (↘降调)
Don't be too hard on yourself. (↘降调)
【易混词辨析：every day 与 everyday】
every day (副词短语)：“每天”，在句中作时间状语。
everyday (形容词)：“日常的，每天的”，在句中作定语，修饰名词（如 everyday life 日常生活）。
二：单元语法知识练习（基于中考真题改编）
I. 单项选择（10道）
1. Mary ________ a picture when her dad got home yesterday evening.
A. draws
B. was drawing
C. is drawing
D. will draw
2. The mobile phone ________ when I was making a cake with my mother.
A. rang
B. rings
C. is ringing
D. is going to ring
3. Gui Haichao works hard and has finally ________ in achieving his goal of entering space.
A. failed
B. dropped
C. succeeded
D. missed
4. Don't worry. We can learn from our ________ and do better next time.
A. mistakes
B. chances
C. interests
D. shapes
5. While I ________ down the street, I met my old friend, Peter.
A. walk
B. walked
C. am walking
D. was walking
6. ________ the students were discussing the problem, the teacher came in.
A. Unless
B. While
C. If
D. Since
7. Come on! You’ll discover a new side of yourself when you get through all the ________.
A. difficulties
B. backgrounds
C. advantages
D. jokes
8. Persistence (坚持) and resilience (适应力) are key factors to ________.
A. museum
B. success
C. rocket
D. screen
9. I read an English story ________ to improve my reading skills. I think reading is an important part of ________ life.
A. every day; everyday
B. everyday; every day
C. every day; every day
D. everyday; everyday
10. In English, when we encourage someone (e.g. "Never give up!"), our voices usually ________ at the end of the sentences.
A. go up
B. go down
C. keep flat
D. sound weak
II. 语法填空（3篇）
Passage 1 (A Hardworking Student)
Haohao was hoping 11. ________ (improve) his maths grade from a C to a B. When I called him last weekend, he 12. ________ (practise) on past exam papers. He wanted to be better prepared for the next exam. In fact, he 13. ________ (work) hard all term. He checked his class notes and textbook every day. Whenever he 14. ________ (have) a maths problem, he asked his classmates for help. Often, while the other students 15. ________ (play) outside, he 16. ________ (read) in the classroom. Through his persistence and 17. ________ (resilient), he finally 18. ________ (succeed) in the final exam. His story tells us that a temporary (暂时的) 19. ________ (fail) is not the end of the world. We can learn from our 20. ________ (mistake) and achieve our goals.
Passage 2 (The True Meaning of Success)
What does it take to 21. ________ (success) Many teenagers have different ideas. Some think success means 22. ________ (win) a competition or getting good grades. But 23. ________ (actual), success is more about making an 24. ________ (effort) and overcoming difficulties. For example, a girl named Amy 25. ________ (take) a swimming test yesterday. While she 26. ________ (swim), she felt very tired and almost gave up. But she kept on pushing herself. When she finally 27. ________ (reach) the finish line, people cheered for her. Even though she didn't get the first prize, her persistence was her biggest 28. ________ (achieve). We will all face ups and 29. ________ (down) in our lives. A true winner is someone who never gives up when 30. ________ (face) with challenges.
Passage 3 (Sink or Swim)
Last night, Xiaoming read a story called "Sink or swim". He started 31. ________ (read) at 20:00 and finished at 20:15. So, at 20:10 he 32. ________ (read). 33. ________ (be) his parents reading, too No, they weren't. They 34. ________ (do) the housework together. After reading, Xiaoming shared the story with his family. The story is about a boy who learned to face 35. ________ (challenge) bravely. In the past, the boy 36. ________ (be) afraid of water. One day, while he 37. ________ (walk) by the river, a little dog fell into the water. Without thinking, he jumped in. While he 38. ________ (save) the dog, he forgot his 39. ________ (fear). He realized that he had to be strong. The experience changed him 40. ________ (deep). He learned that he must rely on himself.
【参考答案与解析】
I. 单项选择
1.【答案】B
【解析】考查过去进行时。句意：昨天晚上，当她的爸爸回家时，玛丽正在画画。when引导的时间状语从句动作（got home）发生时，主句动作（画画）正在进行，所以主句用过去进行时 was/were doing。故选B。
2.【答案】A
【解析】考查动词时态 (when与while的关联)。句意：我和妈妈正在做蛋糕时，手机响了。when 引导主句，表示“在那时突然……”，从句是“I was making a cake”（正在进行），手机“响了”是瞬间发生的动作，应用一般过去时 rang。故选A。
3.【答案】C
【解析】考查核心动词。句意：桂海潮努力工作，最终成功实现了进入太空的目标。succeed in doing sth. 意为“成功做某事”。故选C。
4.【答案】A
【解析】考查名词辨析。句意：别担心，我们可以从错误中学习，下次做得更好。learn from mistakes 意为“从错误中吸取教训”。故选A。
5.【答案】D
【解析】考查过去进行时。句意：当我在街上走时，我遇到了我的老朋友彼得。while 引导的从句通常用进行时，表示动作正在延续。主语是I，用 was walking。故选D。
6.【答案】B
【解析】考查连词辨析。句意：学生们正在讨论问题时，老师进来了。从句是 were discussing 延续性动作的过去进行时，通常用 while 引导。故选B。
7.【答案】A
【解析】考查名词辨析。句意：加油！当你克服所有困难时，你会发现自己全新的一面。difficulty 意为“困难，挑战”，符合本单元“克服困难走向成功”的主题。故选A。
8.【答案】B
【解析】考查核心名词。句意：坚持和适应力是通向成功的关键因素。success 意为“成功”，key factors to success (通向成功的关键因素)。故选B。
9.【答案】A
【解析】考查易混词辨析。every day 意为“每天”，作时间状语；everyday 意为“日常的”，作定语修饰名词 life。故选A。
10.【答案】B
【解析】考查语音语调。在英语中，陈述句、特殊疑问句、祈使句（如鼓励或抱怨）的句末通常使用降调 (go down / falling intonation)。故选B。
II. 语法填空
Passage 1 答案及解析：
11. to improve。hope to do sth. 意为“希望做某事”。
12. was practising。When 引导时间状语从句，主句表示在那个时刻正在进行的动作，用过去进行时。
13. was working / worked。结合语境，可指整个学期他都在努力（或过去一直在努力），填 worked 或 was working 均可接受。
14. had。描述过去的习惯或状态，用一般过去时 had。
15. were playing。while 引导的从句通常用过去进行时，表示其他学生当时正在外面玩。
16. was reading。与前文对应，表示同时在进行的动作，他正在教室里读书。
17. resilience。与 persistence (名词) 并列，用 resilient 的名词形式 resilience (韧性，适应力)。
18. succeeded。时态为一般过去时，succeed 的过去式为 succeeded。
19. failure。形容词 temporary 之后接名词 failure (失败)。
20. mistakes。learn from mistakes 是复数惯用法，意为“从错误中学习”。
Passage 2 答案及解析：
21. succeed。不定式符号 to 之后接动词原形 succeed (成功)。
22. winning。mean doing sth. 意味着做某事，或在介词/动名词并列结构中填 winning。
23. actually。作状语修饰整个句子，填副词 actually (实际上)。
24. effort。make an effort 意为“努力，付出努力”。
25. took。根据 yesterday 可知时态为一般过去时，take 的过去式为 took。
26. was swimming。While 引导的延续性动作，用过去进行时 was swimming。
27. reached。When 引导的瞬间动作，表示“到达”的那一刻，用一般过去时 reached。
28. achievement。biggest 后接名词，achieve 的名词形式为 achievement (成就)。
29. downs。ups and downs 意为“起起落落，沉浮”，固定短语。
30. faced。be faced with 意为“面临”，此处省略了主语和 be 动词，用过去分词 faced 作状语。
Passage 3 答案及解析：
31. reading / to read。start doing/to do sth. 意为“开始做某事”。
32. was reading。特指过去某一个时间点 (at 20:10) 正在进行的动作，用过去进行时。
33. Were。主语是 his parents (复数)，过去进行时的一般疑问句，句首首字母大写 Were。
34. were doing。他们当时正在做家务，用过去进行时 were doing。
35. challenges。face challenges 意为“面对挑战”，通常用复数形式。
36. was。描述过去的状态，主语 the boy 为单数，填 was。
37. was walking。while 引导的动作，表示正在河边走的时候，用 was walking。
38. was saving。while 引导的动作，表示在救狗的过程中，用 was saving。
39. fear / fears。forgot his fear 意为“忘记了他的恐惧”。
40. deeply。修饰动词 changed，需用副词 deeply (深深地)。沪外教版七年级下册Unit 8单元语法知识梳理与练习
一：单元语法知识梳理 (Unit 8 Road to success)
一、过去进行时 (Past continuous tense)
【核心规则】
过去进行时用来表示在过去某一时刻或某一段时间内正在进行或发生的动作。
基本结构：主语 + was / were + 动词的现在分词 (-ing) + 其他.
常见的时间状语有：at 8:00 last night (昨晚八点), at that time (在那时), at that moment (在那一刻) 等。
【when 与 while 的区别】
在复合句中，常使用 when 和 while 来连接过去进行时与一般过去时：
1. when (当……时)：后接的动作可以是短暂性动作，也可以是延续性动作。通常 when 引导的从句用一般过去时，主句用过去进行时。
【例句】Mary was drawing a picture when her dad got home yesterday evening. 昨天晚上当她爸爸到家时，玛丽正在画画。
2. while (在……期间)：后接的动作必须是延续性动作，通常强调主句和从句的动作同时发生。while 引导的从句常用过去进行时。
【例句】While the students were discussing the problem, the teacher came in. 学生们正在讨论问题时，老师进来了。
【课本例句】
When I called him last weekend, he was practising on past exam papers. 上周末我给他打电话时，他正在做历年试卷的练习。
He started reading at 20:00 and finished at 20:15. So, at 20:10 he was reading. 他在20:00开始阅读，20:15结束。所以，在20:10的时候他正在阅读。
二、本单元核心词汇 (Describing success and failure)
【成功与失败核心词汇】
本单元探讨了“成功的关键 (The key to success)”，重点词汇包括：
1. 目标与成就： success (成功 n.), succeed (成功 v.), achieve (实现，达到), achievement (成就), goal (目标), improve (提高)。
2. 挑战与挫折： challenge (挑战), fail (失败 v.), mistake (错误), pity (遗憾), ups and downs (起起落落)。
3. 品质与精神： persistence (坚持，锲而不舍), resilience (适应力，韧性), smart (聪明的), fear (害怕)。
4. 重点短语： make an effort (努力), sink or swim (不自救必沉沦/成败全靠自己), in front of (在……前面), fall apart (崩溃，破裂)。
三、语音知识与日常用语 (Intonation III)
【语音知识：语调 III (Intonation III)】
在英语发音中，语调（Intonation）传递着重要的情感和意图：
当我们提出特殊疑问句 (wh- questions)、陈述事实 (make statements)、鼓励某人 (encourage someone) 或者抱怨 (complain) 时，我们句子末尾的语调通常要降调 (go down / falling intonation)。
【例句】Never give up! (↘降调)
Don't be too hard on yourself. (↘降调)
【易混词辨析：every day 与 everyday】
every day (副词短语)：“每天”，在句中作时间状语。
everyday (形容词)：“日常的，每天的”，在句中作定语，修饰名词（如 everyday life 日常生活）。
二：单元语法知识练习（基于中考真题改编）
I. 单项选择（10道）
1. Mary ________ a picture when her dad got home yesterday evening.
A. draws
B. was drawing
C. is drawing
D. will draw
2. The mobile phone ________ when I was making a cake with my mother.
A. rang
B. rings
C. is ringing
D. is going to ring
3. Gui Haichao works hard and has finally ________ in achieving his goal of entering space.
A. failed
B. dropped
C. succeeded
D. missed
4. Don't worry. We can learn from our ________ and do better next time.
A. mistakes
B. chances
C. interests
D. shapes
5. While I ________ down the street, I met my old friend, Peter.
A. walk
B. walked
C. am walking
D. was walking
6. ________ the students were discussing the problem, the teacher came in.
A. Unless
B. While
C. If
D. Since
7. Come on! You’ll discover a new side of yourself when you get through all the ________.
A. difficulties
B. backgrounds
C. advantages
D. jokes
8. Persistence (坚持) and resilience (适应力) are key factors to ________.
A. museum
B. success
C. rocket
D. screen
9. I read an English story ________ to improve my reading skills. I think reading is an important part of ________ life.
A. every day; everyday
B. everyday; every day
C. every day; every day
D. everyday; everyday
10. In English, when we encourage someone (e.g. "Never give up!"), our voices usually ________ at the end of the sentences.
A. go up
B. go down
C. keep flat
D. sound weak
II. 语法填空（3篇）
Passage 1 (A Hardworking Student)
Haohao was hoping 11. ________ (improve) his maths grade from a C to a B. When I called him last weekend, he 12. ________ (practise) on past exam papers. He wanted to be better prepared for the next exam. In fact, he 13. ________ (work) hard all term. He checked his class notes and textbook every day. Whenever he 14. ________ (have) a maths problem, he asked his classmates for help. Often, while the other students 15. ________ (play) outside, he 16. ________ (read) in the classroom. Through his persistence and 17. ________ (resilient), he finally 18. ________ (succeed) in the final exam. His story tells us that a temporary (暂时的) 19. ________ (fail) is not the end of the world. We can learn from our 20. ________ (mistake) and achieve our goals.
Passage 2 (The True Meaning of Success)
What does it take to 21. ________ (success) Many teenagers have different ideas. Some think success means 22. ________ (win) a competition or getting good grades. But 23. ________ (actual), success is more about making an 24. ________ (effort) and overcoming difficulties. For example, a girl named Amy 25. ________ (take) a swimming test yesterday. While she 26. ________ (swim), she felt very tired and almost gave up. But she kept on pushing herself. When she finally 27. ________ (reach) the finish line, people cheered for her. Even though she didn't get the first prize, her persistence was her biggest 28. ________ (achieve). We will all face ups and 29. ________ (down) in our lives. A true winner is someone who never gives up when 30. ________ (face) with challenges.
Passage 3 (Sink or Swim)
Last night, Xiaoming read a story called "Sink or swim". He started 31. ________ (read) at 20:00 and finished at 20:15. So, at 20:10 he 32. ________ (read). 33. ________ (be) his parents reading, too No, they weren't. They 34. ________ (do) the housework together. After reading, Xiaoming shared the story with his family. The story is about a boy who learned to face 35. ________ (challenge) bravely. In the past, the boy 36. ________ (be) afraid of water. One day, while he 37. ________ (walk) by the river, a little dog fell into the water. Without thinking, he jumped in. While he 38. ________ (save) the dog, he forgot his 39. ________ (fear). He realized that he had to be strong. The experience changed him 40. ________ (deep). He learned that he must rely on himself.

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