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专题二　阅读理解---推理判断题1
高三二轮专题复习
全国卷类型 总题数 细节理解 推理判断 主旨大意 词义猜测
2024 新高考Ⅰ卷 15 9 4 1 1
新高考Ⅱ卷 15 8 5 1 1
甲卷 15 7 6 1 1
乙卷 15 7 6 1 1
2023 新高考Ⅰ卷 15 7 6 1 1
新高考Ⅱ卷
15 8
5
1
1
甲卷 15 10 4 0 1
乙卷
15 7
6
1
1
2022 新高考Ⅰ卷 15 6 7 1 1
新高考Ⅱ卷
15 8
4
1
2
甲卷 15 7 4 3 1
乙卷
15 8
5
1
1
整体上以考查__________和_________为主。
细节理解
推理判断
一、《考试说明》要求
1. 作出简单判
断和推理
2. 理解作者的
意图、观点
和态度
1
每篇文章都会向作者传达某个信息，但这些信息通常并不是明确表达出来的，而是隐含在文章之中。因此，这类问题要求考生在理解文章总体内容的基础上，去领会作者的言外之意。
阅读文章的主要目的是获取信息，即作者所要传达的信息。在实际的阅读活动中，有时需要根据文章提供的事实和线索，进行逻辑推理，推测作者未提到的事实或某事发生的可能性等。
常见设问方式
3.It can be concluded from the passage that________.
3
5.Where does this passage probably come from
5
7.The writer developed the passage/his main idea by_____.
7
2.The passage/author implies that________.
2
4.The main purpose of the passage is____________.
4
6.What's the author's attitude towards...
6
1.We can infer from the passage that ______.
1
正确选项特征
(1)一般根据原文内容， 一步即可推断出结果。
(2)选项中一般不可以出现绝对概念，如 only,never, all,absolutely等。正确答案一般比较模糊，如 often, usually,might,possibly等 。
解题步骤
01
第一步 抓住某 一 段中的关键信息进行逆向或正向推理。
第二步 整合全文(段)中与题目相关的信息进行推断。
第三步 以文中事实为依据，不能凭空想象。
02
03
推理判断之隐含推断题
关键词句细推敲
No.1
一、隐含推断要求
1. 隐含推断
1
推断隐含意义，即要求考生根据文章的某个句子、段落或全文所提供的事实进行逻辑推理，推断出作者没有提到或没有说明的事实或可能发生的事。旨在考查学生透过字面意思去理解作者的言外之意或弦外之音的能力。一般题干主要包括六个动词：infer (推断), indicate (象征，暗示),imply(暗示),suggest (暗示),conclude (得出结论)和assume (假定，设想)
2.常见设问
1.It can be inferred/concluded from the text that
2.What can we infer/learn from...
3.We can learn from the passage that
4.The passage/story...indicates/suggests/implies that
3.解题技巧
01
02
03
根据题干提供的信息，抓住某一段话的关键信息 (关键词语)
定位细节
揣摩细节
1.切勿拿文章中的某一个细节作为推理的结论
2.切勿脱离原文而凭个人看法主观臆断
结论：两个切勿
定位细节分析原文信息，利用逆向思维和正向推理，推断其深层含义
二. 限定段落推断
Languages have been coming and going for thousands of years, but in recent times there has been less coming and a lot more going. When the world was still populated by hunter-gatherers, small, tightly knit (联系) groups developed their own patterns of speech independent of each other. Some language experts believe that 10,000 years ago, when the world had just five to ten million people, they spoke perhaps 12,000 languages between them.
2. What can we infer about languages in hunter-gatherer times
A. They developed very fast.
B. They were large in number.
C. They had similar patterns.
D. They were closely connected.
一. 文章细节推断
Practice (2021 ·全国甲 ·D 片段)
Who is a genius This question has greatly interested humankind for centuries.
In the sciences and arts,those praised as geniuses were most often white men,of European origin.Perhaps this is not a surprise.It's said that history is written by the victors,and those victors set the standards for admission to the genius club.When contributions were made by geniuses outside the club—women,or people of a different color or belief—they were unacknowledged and rejected by others.
1.What does the author think of victors' standards for joining the genius club
A.They're unfair B.They're conservative.
C.They're objective. D.They're strict.
Practice
A build-it-yourself solar still (蒸馏器) is one of the best ways to obtain drinking water in areas where the liquid is not readily available. Developed by two doctors in the U.S. Department of Agriculture, it’s an excellent water collector. Unfortunately, you must carry the necessary equipment with you, since it’s all but impossible to find natural substitutes. The only components required, though, are a 5’×5’ sheet of clear or slightly milky plastic, six feet of plastic tube, and a container—perhaps just a drinking cup—to catch the water. These pieces can be folded into a neat little pack and fastened on your belt.
3. What do we know about the solar still equipment from the first paragraph
A. It’s delicate. B. It’s expensive.
C. It’s complex. D. It’s portable.
Practice
Bertocchini agrees and hopes her team’s findings might one day help employ the enzyme (酶) to break down plastics in landfills. But she expects using the chemical in some kind of industrial process—not simply “millions of worms thrown on top of the plastic.”
4. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that the chemical
might .
A. help to raise worms
B. help make plastic bags
C. be used to clean the oceans.
D. be produced in factories in future
Does this mean that plants talk to each other Scientists don’t know. Maybe the first plant just made a cry of pain or was sending a message to its own branches, and so, in effect, was talking to itself. Perhaps the neighbors just happened to “overhear” the cry. So information was exchanged, but it wasn’t a true, intentional back and forth.
Charles Darwin, over 150 years ago, imagined a world far busier, noisier and more intimate (亲密的) than the world we can see and hear. Our senses are weak. There’s a whole lot going on.
5. What can we infer from the last paragraph
A.The world is changing faster than ever.
B. People have stronger senses than before.
C. The world is more complex than it seems.
D. People in Darwin’s time were imaginative.
二. 限定段落推断
Tips：
细读每个句子
细读每个选项
找到近似推断
Practice
By the end of his lifetime, Frost had become a famous and beloved American poet. His poems describe the everyday details of rural life and reveal his complexity, independent spirit, and often humorous view of the world. Frost’s biographer (传记作者) wrote of him: “He was a loner who liked company; a poet of isolation (孤独) who sought a mass audience; an outsider who sought to fit in...While preferring to stay at home, he traveled more than any poet of his generation to give lectures and readings, even though he remained frightened of public speaking to the end.”
6. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that .
A. poets of Frost’s time didn’t like giving lectures
B. Frost’s poetry is very complex but entertaining
C. there is apparent contradiction in Frost’s character
D. Frost’s biographer wasn’t honest about his experience
推理判断之观点态度题
“忠于措辞”定选项
No.2
三、推断情感态度
1. 全国一卷对“情感态度推断”的考查：
1
2020.1 A篇 推断小时候遇到的一个图书管理员Mrs. Calloway的性格特点
2018.6 C篇 推断Friedman对美国未来发展的态度
2016.10 A篇 推断Kate冒着生民危险救人路上的情况
2016.10 C篇 推断员工对远程工作的态度
推断态度观点
What's the writer's attitude towards...
推断人(事)物品质
Which of the following words best describe...
关注首段首尾句，推断文章主题，确定作者或某个人 物的观点
关注but后表示观点态度的语句，推断作者或文中人 物的观点
关注作者所举的例子或所引用的话语，推测作者或 文中人物的态度倾向
关注文章语言的褒贬，推测作者的态度
不要用本人的观点代替作者的态度
关注首段首尾句，推断文章主题，确定作者或某个人 物的观点
不要用本人的观点代替作者的态度
解题技巧
01
关注首段首尾句，推断文章主题，确定作者或某个人 物的观点
02
关注but后表示观点态度的语句，推断作者或文中人物的观点
03
关注作者所举的例子或所引用的话语，推测作者或文中人物的倾向
04
关注文章语言的褒贬，推测作者的态度
05
1. 推断人(事)物品质语篇的结构
抓住人物的
言行举止
1. 推断人(事)物品质
I never knew anyone who’d grown up in Jackson without being afraid of Mrs. Calloway, our librarian. She ran Jackson’s Carnegie Library absolutely by herself. SILENCE in big black letters was on signs hung everywhere. If she thought you were dressed improperly, she sent you straight back home to change your clothes. I was willing; I would do anything to read.
Mrs. Calloway made her own rules about books. You could not take back a book to the library on the same day you’d taken it out; it made no difference to her that you’d read every word in it and needed another to start. You could take out two books at a time and two only...
21. Which of the following best describes Mrs. Calloway
A. Quiet. B. Strict
C. Humorous. D. Considerate.
Tips：
找到所问人物
定位一言一行
关注修饰词
Practice
In wind and rain she started on her difficult way. Soon she was at the bridge that crossed the Des Monies River. a bridge also built of wood, just like the bridge across Honey Creek. The storm has not washed this away, but there was no footpath across it. She would have to cross it by stepping from sleeper (枕木) to sleeper. With great care she began the dangerous crossing, sometimes on her hands and knees, hardly daring to look down between the sleeper into the wild flood waters below. If she should slip, she would fall between the sleepers, into the rapidly flowing steam.
At last—she never knew how long it had taken her—she felt solid ground under her feet...
22. Which of the following words best describes Kate's journey
A. Fruitless. B. Boring. C. Well-planned. D. Risky.
Practice
Today, Dakin’s organization, WomensTrust, provides loans and scholarships to over 1,000 women in several villages in Ghana. It also brings medical supplies and care to health clinics in the area. The people of Ghana have benefited greatly from WomensTrust, and many of the volunteers have found meaningful work in the final third of their lives.
23.Which of the following best describes Dakin
A. Inspiring and devoted. B. Mature and simple.
C. Tough and frustrated. D. Carefree and positive.
2. 推断态度观点题的设问
· What’s the writer’s attitude towards the Yellowstone wolf project
· What’s Friedman’s attitude towards America's future
以下两题都是考查态度观点。请你思考下，设问角度或是解题角度是否相同？
宏观态度
观点
微观态度
观点
favorable赞同的，有利的；positive积极的，肯 定的；approving赞成的；reasonable合理的； enthusiastic热情的
2. 表示态度观点的单词
支持、肯定：favorable赞同的，有利的；positive积极的，肯 定的；approving赞成的；reasonable合理的； enthusiastic热情的；instructive 有启发性的
反对、否定：critical 批评的；negative否定的；disapproving不 赞成的；impractical不实际的；radical激进的； prejudiced有成见的；concerned/worried 担心的；depressed 沮丧的
中立、客观：objective客观的；neutral中立的；indifferent 漠不关心的；unconcerned漠不关心的
1. 微观态度观点题
“Caregiving may be thought also as an activity that keeps caregivers physically and mentally active,” said Professor Arpino. Adding that previous studies that caregiving may improve cognitive functioning, mental and physical health.
Arpino noted, however, that caregiving is not the only activity that can improve health, and too many caring responsibilities can take away from other beneficial activities like working, being in social clubs, or volunteering.
You could take out two books at a time and two only...
1. What’s Arpino’s attitude toward caregiving
A. Doubtful. B. Objective.
C. Negative. D. Favorable.
Tips：
找到所问人物
定位所说的话
关注信号词
微观态度观点
Kazakhstan announced plans to bring wild tigers back to their historical range in the Ili-Balkhash region, and singed an agreement with WWF to conduct a tiger reintroduction program. “It not only will bring wild tigers back to their ancestral home, but also protect the unique ecosystem of the Ili-Balkhash region,” said Askar Myrzakhmetov, the Minster of Agriculture of the Republic of Kazakhstan.
2.What is Askar Myrzakhmetov’s attitude toward the tiger reintroduction
program
A.Doubtful. B. Favorable. C. Concerned. D. Disapproving.
微观态度观点
Practice
Today, though, the nurseries mean a lot to many hospital visitors and family members. Dotti James claims that “the nursery window has become a destination for parents and families from other parts of the hospital experiencing a health crisis...Standing outside the nursery, seeing the babies...can give hope to families trying to deal successfully with something difficult.” It’s pretty much a universal truth that healthy babies are an immediate mood booster.
3. What’s Dotti James’s attitude toward newborn nurseries
A. Positive. B. Concerned.
C. Disapproving. D. Disapproving.
微观态度观点
Practice
2. 宏观态度观点题
One afternoon last week, I saw three tearful children from my son's school being comforted by teachers. That morning, my 11 year old had stomach pains, retching (干呕) into a bowl. Talking to other mothers later, I heard about other children with stomachache or difficulty sleeping the night before.
What caused so much pain Sports day. Sports day might be necessary at a highly competitive independent school, but not at a village primary school. For the children who can fly like the wind , sports day causes no problem. For those who are overweight or just not good at sport, it is a nightmare. Even for those who enjoy running but fall halfway down the track in front of the entire school and their parents, it can prove a disaster.
I wish that sports day could be abandoned and replaced with some other less competitive event. Perhaps an afternoon of team games, with a few races for those who want them, would be less stressful for the children and a lot more fun to watch.
4. What is the author's attitude towards sports day
A.Critical. B. Neutral.
C. Positive. D. Ambiguous.
Tips：
纵观分析全文
看作者有没有表达自己的
想法(think/believe等词)
3. 关注信号词
宏观态度观点
“Old wives’ tales” are beliefs passed down from one generation to another. For example, most of us remember our parents’ telling us to eat more of certain foods or not to do certain things. Is there any truth in these teachings Some of them agree with present medical thinking, but others have not passed the test of time.
Did your mother ever tell you to eat your carrots because they are good for your eyes Scientists now report that eating carrots can help prevent a serious eye disease called macular degeneration...
Even though science can tell us that some of our traditional beliefs don’t hold water, there is still a lot of truth in the old wives’ tales. After all, much of this knowledge has been accumulated from thousands of years of experience in family health care...
4. What is the author‘s attitude towards “Old wives’ tales”
A. Subjective. B. Objective.
C. Curious. D. Dissatisfied.
宏观态度观点
Practice
推理判断之写作意图题
文体特点推意图
No.3
1.整篇文章的写作目的/意图：
(1)The author writes this passage in order to____.
(2)The purpose of the text is to_____.
(3)What is the main purpose of the passage
(4)The author of the story wants/intends to tell us that______.
2.某处细节的写作目的/意图：
(1)The author uses...in the first paragraph to______.
(2)The author uses the example of...to________.
(3)The author writes the last paragraph in order to________.
(4)In writing Paragraph 1,the author aims to_____.
故事类: to tell a story/to share a(n).…experience/to amuse/to entertain readers
广告类应用文：to sell a product/to attract visitors/to persuade/to promote
科普类说明文：to introduce/to explain/to inform
文化类：to inform
议论文：to present/ to prove / to analyze / to show/ to persuade
新闻类: to inform/to report
解题技巧：
1. 看主旨：根据不同文体特点确定主题句，把握文章主旨，推断写作意图
2. 定细节：立足题干所指段落，锁定关键信息，利用该段上下文内容确定某一段落或细节的写作意图
3.看写作手法：在文章开头提出问题或介绍与主题有关的其他事物(to bring in/to introduce the topic)
举例或引用某人的话(to support/to show)
(2021 · 全国甲卷，C)When I was 9,we packed up our home in Los Angeles and arrived at Heathrow,London on a gray January morning.Everyone in the family settled quickly into the city except me.Without my beloved beaches and endless blue-sky days,I felt at a loss and out of place. Until I made a discovery.
Southbank,at an eastern bend in the Thames,is the center of British skateboarding,where the continuous crash- ing of skateboards left your head ringing.I loved it.I soon made friends with the local skaters.We spoke our own lan- guage.And my favorite:Safe.Safe meant cool.It meant hello.It meant don't worry about it.Once,when trying a certain trick on the beam(横杆),I fell onto the stones,damaging a nerve in my hand,and Toby came over,helping me up:Safe,man.Safe.A few minutes later,when I landed the trick,my friends beat their boards loud,shouting:"Safe! Safe!Safe! And that's what mattered—landing tricks,being a good skater.
When I was 15,my family moved to Washington.I tried skateboarding there,but the locals were far less welcoming. Within a couple of years,I'd given it up.
When I returned to London in 2004,I found myself wandering down to Southbank,spending hours there.I've traveled back several times since,most recently this past spring.The day was cold but clear;tourists and Londoners stopped to watch the skaters.Weaving( 穿 梭 )among the kids who rushed by on their boards,I found my way to the beam.Then a rail-thin teenager,in a baggy white T-shirt, skidded ( 滑 )up to the beam.He sat next to me.He seemed not to notice the man next to him.But soon I caught a few of his glances."I was a local here 20 years ago,"I told him. Then,slowly,he began to nod his head. “Safe,man.Safe.”
31.What message does the author seem to convey in the text
A.Children should learn a second language.
B.Sport is necessary for children's health.
C.Children need a sense of belonging.
D.Seeing the world is a must for children.
推理判断之文章出处/读者对象题
内容细节巧判断
No.4
1. 文章出处
推断文章出处，即通过阅读材料，感知内容，从而推断材料的来源。
1. Where is the text probably from
2. In which section of a newspaper may this text appear
3.The text is written mainly for
4.Who are the intended readers of the passage
science fiction children’s literature an advertisement
a science report a research plan a science magazine
a book review autobiography a business report
an exhibition guide an announcement an official report
a biology textbook a health magazine a research paper
a travel brochure a guidebook a novel a diary
1. 高考中出现的文本出处
记叙类文本
说明类文本
应用类文本
autobiography a science report a guidebook
science fiction a research plan an advertisement
a novel a science magazine an announcement
a diary a health magazine an exhibition guide
children’s literature a research paper a travel brochure
a business report
a book review
an official report
a biology textbook
Tips：
分辨文体特征
判断文本类型
关注文本出处
1.文章前面有日期、地点或通讯社名称 →newspaper
2.推销介绍新产品→advertisement
3.文章中有click here等网络用语→ website
4.旅游胜地方面的介绍→travel guide
5.时尚、名人或娱乐方面的介绍→magazine/journal/entertainment section
6.科普知识→science report
7.文化教育类文章→education section
Practice
Bertocchini agrees and hopes her team’s findings might one day help employ the enzyme (酶) to break down plastics in landfills. But she expects using the chemical in some kind of industrial process—not simply “millions of worms thrown on top of the plastic.”
By the end of his lifetime, Frost had become a famous and beloved American poet. His poems describe the everyday details of rural life and reveal his complexity, independent spirit, and often humorous view of the world. Frost’s biographer (传记作者) wrote of him: “He was a loner who liked company; a poet of isolation (孤独) who sought a mass audience; an outsider who sought to fit in...While preferring to stay at home, he traveled more than any poet of his generation to give lectures and readings, even though he remained frightened of public speaking to the end.”
A science magazine
A biography
请判断以下两篇文章的出处
解题步骤：
1.从第一段入手。实用类说明文只要考生把握好第一段即主题段内容, 顺藤摸瓜, 即可推断下段内容应该是主题段中尚未提及的内容。
2.从最后一段入手。有时候, 作者在最后一段提到一个话题, 但是没有充分说明, 因此需要在下一段就此问题深入分析、论述或讨论。所以考生学会依据最后一段甚至最后一句话进行推断也不失为明智选择。
(2022新高考I卷第21题)
【原文】 Grading Policies for Introduction to Literature
Grading Scale
90-100, A; 80-89, B; 70-79, C; 60-69, D; Below 60, E.
Essays (60%)
Your four major essays will combine to form the main part of the grade for this course: Essay 1 = 10%; Essay 2 = 15%; Essay 3 = 15%; Essay 4 = 20%.
Group Assignments (30%)
Students will work in groups to complete four assignments (作业) during the course. All the assignments will be submitted by the assigned date through Blackboard, our online learning and course management system.
Daily Work/In-Class Writings and Tests/Group Work/Homework (10%)
…
Late Work
…
21. Where is this text probably taken from
A. A textbook. B. An exam paper. C. A course plan. D. An academic article.
Practice
推理判断之预测下段题
顺藤摸瓜巧推断
No.5
解题步骤：
1.从第一段入手。实用类说明文只要考生把握好第一段即主题段内容, 顺藤摸瓜, 即可推断下段内容应该是主题段中尚未提及的内容。
2.从最后一段入手。有时候, 作者在最后一段提到一个话题, 但是没有充分说明, 因此需要在下一段就此问题深入分析、论述或讨论。所以考生学会依据最后一段甚至最后一句话进行推断也不失为明智选择。
解题步骤：从最后一段入手。有时候, 作者在最后一段提到一个话题, 但是没有充分说明, 因此需要在下一段就此问题深入分析、论述或讨论。所以考生学会依据最后一段甚至最后一句话进行推断也不失为明智选择。
解题步骤：
1.从第一段入手。实用类说明文只要考生把握好第一段即主题段内容, 顺藤摸瓜, 即可推断下段内容应该是主题段中尚未提及的内容。
2.从最后一段入手。有时候, 作者在最后一段提到一个话题, 但是没有充分说明, 因此需要在下一段就此问题深入分析、论述或讨论。所以考生学会依据最后一段甚至最后一句话进行推断也不失为明智选择。
(2023全国乙卷第33题)
【原文】According to a new study from market analysts, 1 in 5 Britons say that watching cookery programmes on TV has encouraged them to try different food. Almost one third say they now use a wider variety of ingredients (配料) than they used to, and just under 1 in 4 say they now buy better quality ingredients than before. One in four adults say that TV chefs have made them much more confident about expanding their cookery knowledge and skills, and young people are also getting more interested in cooking. The UK’s obsession (痴迷) with food is reflected through television scheduling. Cookery shows and documentaries about food are broadcast more often than before. With an increasing number of male chefs on TV, it’s no longer“uncool”for boys to like cooking.
33. What might the author continue talking about
A. The art of cooking in other countries. B. Male chefs on TV programmes.
C. Table manners in the UK. D. Studies of big eaters.
Practice
解题步骤：
1.从第一段入手。实用类说明文只要考生把握好第一段即主题段内容, 顺藤摸瓜, 即可推断下段内容应该是主题段中尚未提及的内容。
2.从最后一段入手。有时候, 作者在最后一段提到一个话题, 但是没有充分说明, 因此需要在下一段就此问题深入分析、论述或讨论。所以考生学会依据最后一段甚至最后一句话进行推断也不失为明智选择。
(2011安徽卷第63题)
【原文】For many centuries, people used windmills to grind (磨碎) wheat into flour or pump water from deep underground when electricity was discovered in the 1ate 1800s,people living in remote areas began to use them to produce electricity. This al1owed them to people in almost all1 areas of the United States, windmills were rarely used. During the course 1970s, people started becoming concerned about the pollution that is created when coal and gas are burned to produce electricity. People also realized that the supply of coal and gas would not last forever. Then, wind was rediscovered, though it means higher coasts. Today, there is a global movement to supply more and more of our electricity through the use of wind.
63. What would the author probably discuss in the paragraph that follows
A. The advantage of wind power.
B. The design of wind power plants.
C. The worldwide movement to save energy.
D. The global trend towards producing power from wind.
Practice

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