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(共26张PPT)
Strategies for guessing word meanings
阅读理解专题——词义猜测题
2021-2024年高考全国卷阅读理解词义猜测题考查一览表
2024年 2023年 2022年 2021年
新高考全国I卷 1短语 shine through 1单词 declutter 1短语 embark on 1单词
decimate
新高考全国II卷 1短语 In the wrong hands 1短语 relate to 1短语 hit home for me 1短语
get up to mischief
全国甲卷 1短语 take this behavior up a notch 1短语 a dab hand 1短语 take the plunge 1短语
safe! safe! safe!
全国乙卷 -------- 1单词 conversation 1单词 maintenance 1单词
concede
特点：猜测词义题属于阅读基础题型，每年必考，有一定难度，但需要有满分意识。
词义猜测提问方式
1. What does the underlined phrase “shine through” in paragraph 2 mean （2024新课标I卷）
2. What does the phrase “In the wrong hands” in paragraph 2 probably mean （2024新课标II卷）3. Which best explains the phrase "take. . . up notch" in paragraph 3 （2024全国甲卷）
4. What does the underlined word “it” in the first paragraph refer to （2024浙江1月卷）
5. What does the underlined word “declutter” in paragraph 3 mean （2023新课标I卷）
6. What do the underlined words “relate to” in paragraph 2 mean （2023新课标I卷）
7. Which is closest in meaning to “a dab hand” in paragraph 1 （2023新课标II卷）
词义猜测命题特点：
1.常以疑问词what、which开头提出问题
2.有四大考查方向：考查短语、生词、句子和代词的语境猜测
选项规律
正确选项特征 逻辑通顺 内容上与词或短语所在的句子、段落有关，符合上下文逻辑；
代词查询 代词指代有时与上文距离较远，需要对前文内容进行总结才能得出结论；
本意延伸 真实的含义与其字面意思无关，在原意的基础上进行延伸或者拓展；
接近原意 采取转述、举例或列举等表达方式，与原句意思最接近。
干扰项特征
1.构词法干扰，指片面地从构词法的角度猜测、思考，不考虑上下文语境，望词生义；
2.句子解释中含有过多原句中已有的词和短语的选项一般是错误选项。
3. 拘泥于字面意思，根据所学过的熟词意义常使考生觉得画线词义背过而忽略上下文主观臆断。
词义猜测做题步骤
一是“找词”--先从题干中提取关键词(题眼)。
二是“定位”--寻找与此关键词相关的段落、语句做好标记。
三是“代入”--仔细比对四个选项与文中细节的细微区别，最后确定答案。
四大技巧
构词法
解释说明法
逻辑关系法
语境法
2
1
4
3
解释说明法
定义，定语从句，同位语，标点
语境法
上下文语境
逻辑关系法
同义，对比，因果关系
构词法
合成，派生，转化
How to guess
一、构词法
Formation
1
2
3
合成法
派生法
转化法（考点熟词生义）
1
合成法
Tip: 合成法：指两个或多个单词按照一定的组合规律组合在一起，形成一个新的单词
mooncake
firework
backyard
birthplace
月饼
daydream
handshake
heartbeat
homesick
烟火
后院
出生地
想家的
心跳
握手
白日梦
2
派生法
Tip: 通过在词根上添加前缀或后缀构造新词。一般讲前缀改变词义不变词性，后缀改变词性不变词义。
前缀和后缀辨析：
super- (超) de- (否定，下降，去除，离开) micro-（极微小的）
re- （再，反复） mis-（误，恶） im-（不）
un-（不，非） in-（不，非） non-（不，非）
-able（能…的 ） -less（不，无） -wards (向)
decode decompose
defame deforest
defrost deform
Guess the meaning of the following words
v.解码:破译
v.分解；腐烂
vt.诽谤；中伤
vt.砍掉树林
vt.解冻
vt.改变/损毀...的外形
转化法（考点熟词生义）
①land
②measure
③position
④promise
⑤cover
⑥express
熟义：n. 土地　v. 着陆　生义：v. 谋得
多义：n. 措施，方法　v. 估量，判定(重要性、价值或影响等)
熟义：n. 位置；职位　生义：n. 立场；观点 v.安置
熟义：n. 诺言　生义：v. 有……的希望；使……有可能
熟义：v. 覆盖、占地　n.封面，盖子　生义：v. 走一段路；足以支付，够付；报道
多义：v. 表达　n. 快车；快递服务
lift
⑦
熟义：电梯 生义： 举起、振奋精神、抬高（价格）、增加（数量）
3
Tip: 转化法：把一种词性用作另一种词性而词形不变。如：water flowers浇花
He wolfed down three bowls of rice.
狼吞虎咽
高考词性活用
--When enough of these errors are averaged together, they cancel each other out, resulting in a more accurate estimate.(2023年新课标I卷D篇)
-- Most frequently, the groups reported that they "shared arguments and reasoned together.”(2023年新课标I卷D篇)
-- As cities balloon with growth, access to nature for people living in urban areas is becoming harder to find.(2023年新课标II卷D篇)
-- Skilled at putting up shelves and piecing together furniture, she never pays someone else to do a job she can do herself. (2023年全国甲卷B篇)
-- Beijing is a city bridging the ancient and the modern.(2023全国乙卷语法填空)
--I often leave early to seek the right destinations so I can set up early to avoid missing the moment l am attempting to photograph. (2023全国乙卷B篇)
--If you want to tell the history of the whole world, a history that does not privilege one part of humanity, you cannot do it through texts
alone, because only some of the world has ever had texts...(2023全国乙卷D篇)
(2016全国卷II , B篇) Encourage this kind of thinking has a downside.I ran the risk of losing those students who had a different style of thinking. Without fail one would declare,“But I ’m just not creative.”
A.mistake B. drawback C.difficulty D.burden
对接高考
downside是由“down（向下）+ side（方面）”构成的合成词，并且后文提到“作者冒着失去那些有不同思维风格的学生的风险”。因此，我们可以猜测该词的意思是“不足，缺点”。
1
2
3
下定义
定语从句
同位语
二、解释说明法
Explanation
4
标点符号
1
2
3
下定义
定语从句
同位语
猜一猜：
1.Pantomime is a short play in which no words are spoken.
2.The herdsman , who looks after sheep, earns about 6500 yuan a year.
3.You may borrow from the library any periodicals: News Weekly,Reader’s Digest,The New Yorkers.
哑剧
牧羊人
Tips:下定义：is, mean, refers to, namely 等后的内容是对前面解释说明或由that is (to say), in other words, to put it another way 引出的解释性的短语来解释生词。
定语从句：尤其注意which/who后的非限制性定语从句。
同位语：同位语是对其前的内容进行解释说明。
4
标点符号
标点符号：冒号、破折号和括号等标点符号，可表示解释说明。
举例子：根据for example,for instance,such as,like,include,including 后的内容猜测。
期刊
(2022年全国乙卷, C篇）
That includes huge savings in maintenance costs and better protection of railway personnel(人员的） safety. It is calculated that European railways alone spend approximately 20 billion euros(欧元) a year on maintenance, including sending maintenance staff, often at night, to inspect and repair the rail infrastructure(基础设施). That can be dangerous work that could be avoided with drones(无人机) assisting the crews’ efforts.
A. Personnel safety. B.Assistance from drones.
C. inspection and repair. D.Construction of infrastructure.
解释说明法：(2021·全国甲卷阅读C)
三、逻辑关系法
Logical Relation
1
2
3
同义或近义关系
对比关系
因果关系
同义或近义关系
猜一猜
1.Mr.Green loves to talk, and his brothers are similarly loquacious.
对接高考：（2015四川卷第44题）
And it is not just robins that are being kept awake by artificial light. Blackbirds and seagulls are also being more nocturnal.
44. What does the underlined word “nocturnal” in Paragraph 5 mean？
A. Active at night. B. Inactive at night.
C. Active during the day. D. Inactive during the day.
健谈的
Tip:利用上下文中出现的同义或近义词或短语猜测词义。常见信号词：and, or, also, as...as, just as, like,too,either, similarly等
1
对比关系
Tip: 利用对比或转折的信号词，或反义词猜测词义。常见信号词：but, yet, despite, however, while, unlike，on the other hand, on the contrary, in contrast, rather than, instead (of)等
2
对接高考：2020新高考Ⅰ卷第33题
According to a recent study in the Journal of Consumer Research, both the size and consumption habits of our eating companions can influence our food intake. And contrary to existing research that says you should avoid eating with heavier people who order large portions(份), it’s the beanpoles with big appetites you really need to avoid.
33. What does the underlined word “beanpoles” in paragraph 1 refer to
A. Big eaters. B. Overweight persons.
C. Picky eaters. D. Tall thin persons.
因果关系
3
Tip: 利用因果关系猜词义，常见的词或短语：since, as, because, for, so,
so..that, thus, consequently, therefore, accordingly, hence, due to, owing to,
thanks to, because of, on account of, result in, as a result of等
对接高考：（2019全国II卷第25题）
I guess that there’s probably some demanding work schedule, or social anxiety around stepping up to help for an unknown sport. She may just need a little persuading. So I try again and tug at the heartstrings. I mention the single parent with four kids running the show and I talk about the dad coaching a team that his kids aren’t even on … At this point the unwilling parent speaks up, “Alright. Yes, I’ll do it.”
25. What does the underlined phrase “tug at the heartstrings” in Paragraph 2 mean？
A. Encourage team work. B. Appeal to feeling.
C. Promote good deeds. D. Provide advice.
四、语境法
Context
1
2
上下文
就近原则
[对接高考]（2022新高考II卷第24题）
We journalists live in a new age of storytelling, with many new multimedia tools. Many young people don't even realize it's new. For them, it’s just normal.
This hit home for me as I was sitting with my 2-year-old grandson on a sofa over the Spring Festival holiday. I had brought a children's book to read. It had simple words and colorful pictures—a perfect match for his age.
24. What do the underlined words “hit home for me” mean in paragraph 2
A. Provided shelter for me. B. Became very clear to me.
C. Took the pressure off me. D. Worked quite well on me.
上下文法：俗话说，“词不离句，句不离文”。特定的 ________往往是推测词义不可忽视的重要因素。
上下文
1
就近原则判指代
Tip:代词指代题原则上从上文寻找线索，确定答案。基本点是单数还是复数，指人还是指物。
2
对接高考：（2022新高考II卷第30题）
"We need something on the books that can change people's behavior,” said Félix W. Ortiz, who pushed for the state's 2001 ban on hand-held devices by drivers. If the Textalyzer bill becomes law, he said, "people are going to be more afraid to put their hands on the cell phone."
30. What does the underlined word "something" in the last paragraph refer to
A. Advice. B. Data. C. Tests. D. Laws.
Summary
核查
对比
分析
定位
确认需猜测的词、短语或句子在文中的位置
仔细对比，找出与原句意思吻合的选项
细读与画线句有意义关联的信息句，合理推断画线句的句意
将初选定的答案代入原句，再读以确定答案
Summary
举例子
Thanks for listening!

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