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《人教版·英语选择性必修 第三册》UNIT 5 重点语法知识归纳
本单元核心语法点为：动词时态复习 (Review of tenses) 与 直接引语和间接引语 (Direct speech & indirect speech)。结合本单元“诗歌 (Poems)”这一文学主题，我们不仅要全面回顾高中阶段学过的重点动词时态，还要熟练掌握如何在转述他人的话语、诗人的观点或提问时，正确进行直接引语到间接引语的转换（包括时态、人称、语序及指示代词等的改变）。
语法知识讲解
语法维度 基本规则与用法 重点提示 / 易错点 例句及翻译
直接引语变间接引语：
时态的变化 当主句的谓语动词是过去时（如 said, told, asked）时，间接引语中的动词时态通常要向过去推移一个时态。 一般现在时 一般过去时
现在进行时 过去进行时
一般过去时/现在完成时 过去完成时
一般将来时 过去将来时 【特例（不降级的情况）】： 当直接引语表达的是客观真理、普遍规律或科学事实时，无论主句是什么时态，间接引语时态不变（仍用一般现在时）。 1. He said, "I am writing a poem."
He said that he was writing a poem. (他在写诗) 2. The teacher said, "The earth moves around the sun."
The teacher said that the earth moves around the sun. (真理不变)
直接引语变间接引语：
句型的变化及语序 1. 陈述句：变为 that 引导的宾语从句。 2. 一般疑问句：变为 if / whether 引导的宾语从句。 3. 特殊疑问句：用原疑问词引导。 4. 祈使句：变为 tell/ask/order sb. (not) to do sth. 【核心易错点：陈述句语序】： 所有的疑问句变间接引语后，必须改为陈述句语序（主语 + 谓语），不能再保留助动词 do/does/did 的倒装形式。 1. She asked, "Where does the poet live "
She asked me where the poet lived. (陈述句语序) 2. "Don't make noise," the librarian said.
The librarian told us not to make noise.
直接引语变间接引语：
人称、时间与指示代词 1. 人称：一随主（第一人称随主句主语变），二随宾（第二人称随主句宾语变），第三人称不更新。 2. 时间/地点：
today that day
tomorrow the next day
yesterday the day before
now then, here there, this that 【注意】： 如果在当地、当天转述，且时间或地点没有发生变化，时间状语和地点状语可以不作改变。 1. "I will read the poem tomorrow," she said to him.
She told him that she would read the poem the next day.
核心时态复习
(Review of Tenses) 综合复习高中核心时态，特别是容易混淆的时态： 1. 过去完成时 (had done)：强调“过去的过去”。 2. 现在完成进行时 (have/has been doing)：强调动作从过去持续到现在，且侧重未完成性或带有感彩。 【标志词辅助判断】： by the time / by the end of past + 过去完成时。 for/since + 时间段/点 + 现在完成（进行）时。 1. They had learned 10 English poems by the end of last term.
（到上学期末，他们已经学了10首英语诗歌。） 2. The writer has been translating the poetry collection all morning.
（作家整个上午都在翻译这本诗集。）
单元语法知识演练
一、单项选择
1. The English teacher asked us ______ during the poetry competition.
A. what we will recite B. what would we recite C. what we would recite D. what will we recite
2. "I have read this book twice," he said to me. He told me that ______ that book twice.
A. he had read B. I have read C. he has read D. I had read
3. Mary asked me ______ Robert Burns' poem "Auld Lang Syne".
A. if I have heard of B. whether had I heard of C. if I had heard of D. whether do I hear of
4. The physics teacher told the students that water ______ at 100 degrees Celsius.
A. had boiled B. boiled C. boils D. was boiling
5. He said, "I'll go to the literature club tomorrow." He said that he ______ go to the literature club ______.
A. will; tomorrow B. would; tomorrow C. would; the next day D. will; the next day
6. "Please don't talk loudly in the library," the librarian said to the boys.
The librarian told the boys ______ loudly in the library.
A. didn't talk B. not to talk C. not talk D. to not talk
7. By the time the professor arrived, the students ______ their discussion on Chinese classical poetry.
A. finished B. have finished C. had finished D. are finishing
8. — You look so tired and exhausted! What happened
— I ______ my poems for the upcoming contest all day.
A. have been revising B. have revised C. had revised D. revise
9. The girl asked the poet ______.
A. when did he publish his first work B. when he had published his first work
C. when had he published his first work D. when he publishes his first work
10. "Can you lend me your dictionary " she asked. She asked me ______ lend her my dictionary.
A. that I could B. if could I C. if I could D. whether I can
二、语法填空：阅读下面短文（关于与诗人的对话转述），在空白处填入括号内单词的正确形式或适当的词。
Yesterday, I attended a poetry reading event and talked to a famous local poet. He told me that he 1.__________ (write) poems since he was a teenager. He said that poetry 2.__________ (be) a universal language that connects people's hearts. I was very curious and asked him what 3.__________ (inspire) him to write his first poem years ago. He explained that the beauty of nature 4.__________ (give) him a lot of ideas when he was young.
I also asked him 5.__________ he planned to publish any new books recently. He smiled and told me that his new book 6.__________ (come) out the next month. Then he advised me 7.__________ (read) more classic poems instead of playing on the phone all day. He pointed out that reading aloud 8.__________ (can) help me feel the rhythm and rhymes better. I promised him that I 9.__________ (try) my best to understand them. Now, I 10.__________ (read) a poem by Robert Frost, and I really love the vivid imagery in it.《人教版·英语选择性必修 第三册》UNIT 5 重点语法知识归纳
本单元核心语法点为：动词时态复习 (Review of tenses) 与 直接引语和间接引语 (Direct speech & indirect speech)。结合本单元“诗歌 (Poems)”这一文学主题，我们不仅要全面回顾高中阶段学过的重点动词时态，还要熟练掌握如何在转述他人的话语、诗人的观点或提问时，正确进行直接引语到间接引语的转换（包括时态、人称、语序及指示代词等的改变）。
语法知识讲解
语法维度 基本规则与用法 重点提示 / 易错点 例句及翻译
直接引语变间接引语：
时态的变化 当主句的谓语动词是过去时（如 said, told, asked）时，间接引语中的动词时态通常要向过去推移一个时态。 一般现在时 一般过去时
现在进行时 过去进行时
一般过去时/现在完成时 过去完成时
一般将来时 过去将来时 【特例（不降级的情况）】： 当直接引语表达的是客观真理、普遍规律或科学事实时，无论主句是什么时态，间接引语时态不变（仍用一般现在时）。 1. He said, "I am writing a poem."
He said that he was writing a poem. (他在写诗) 2. The teacher said, "The earth moves around the sun."
The teacher said that the earth moves around the sun. (真理不变)
直接引语变间接引语：
句型的变化及语序 1. 陈述句：变为 that 引导的宾语从句。 2. 一般疑问句：变为 if / whether 引导的宾语从句。 3. 特殊疑问句：用原疑问词引导。 4. 祈使句：变为 tell/ask/order sb. (not) to do sth. 【核心易错点：陈述句语序】： 所有的疑问句变间接引语后，必须改为陈述句语序（主语 + 谓语），不能再保留助动词 do/does/did 的倒装形式。 1. She asked, "Where does the poet live "
She asked me where the poet lived. (陈述句语序) 2. "Don't make noise," the librarian said.
The librarian told us not to make noise.
直接引语变间接引语：
人称、时间与指示代词 1. 人称：一随主（第一人称随主句主语变），二随宾（第二人称随主句宾语变），第三人称不更新。 2. 时间/地点：
today that day
tomorrow the next day
yesterday the day before
now then, here there, this that 【注意】： 如果在当地、当天转述，且时间或地点没有发生变化，时间状语和地点状语可以不作改变。 1. "I will read the poem tomorrow," she said to him.
She told him that she would read the poem the next day.
核心时态复习
(Review of Tenses) 综合复习高中核心时态，特别是容易混淆的时态： 1. 过去完成时 (had done)：强调“过去的过去”。 2. 现在完成进行时 (have/has been doing)：强调动作从过去持续到现在，且侧重未完成性或带有感彩。 【标志词辅助判断】： by the time / by the end of past + 过去完成时。 for/since + 时间段/点 + 现在完成（进行）时。 1. They had learned 10 English poems by the end of last term.
（到上学期末，他们已经学了10首英语诗歌。） 2. The writer has been translating the poetry collection all morning.
（作家整个上午都在翻译这本诗集。）
单元语法知识演练
一、单项选择
1. The English teacher asked us ______ during the poetry competition.
A. what we will recite B. what would we recite C. what we would recite D. what will we recite
2. "I have read this book twice," he said to me. He told me that ______ that book twice.
A. he had read B. I have read C. he has read D. I had read
3. Mary asked me ______ Robert Burns' poem "Auld Lang Syne".
A. if I have heard of B. whether had I heard of C. if I had heard of D. whether do I hear of
4. The physics teacher told the students that water ______ at 100 degrees Celsius.
A. had boiled B. boiled C. boils D. was boiling
5. He said, "I'll go to the literature club tomorrow." He said that he ______ go to the literature club ______.
A. will; tomorrow B. would; tomorrow C. would; the next day D. will; the next day
6. "Please don't talk loudly in the library," the librarian said to the boys.
The librarian told the boys ______ loudly in the library.
A. didn't talk B. not to talk C. not talk D. to not talk
7. By the time the professor arrived, the students ______ their discussion on Chinese classical poetry.
A. finished B. have finished C. had finished D. are finishing
8. — You look so tired and exhausted! What happened
— I ______ my poems for the upcoming contest all day.
A. have been revising B. have revised C. had revised D. revise
9. The girl asked the poet ______.
A. when did he publish his first work B. when he had published his first work
C. when had he published his first work D. when he publishes his first work
10. "Can you lend me your dictionary " she asked. She asked me ______ lend her my dictionary.
A. that I could B. if could I C. if I could D. whether I can
二、语法填空：阅读下面短文（关于与诗人的对话转述），在空白处填入括号内单词的正确形式或适当的词。
Yesterday, I attended a poetry reading event and talked to a famous local poet. He told me that he 1.__________ (write) poems since he was a teenager. He said that poetry 2.__________ (be) a universal language that connects people's hearts. I was very curious and asked him what 3.__________ (inspire) him to write his first poem years ago. He explained that the beauty of nature 4.__________ (give) him a lot of ideas when he was young.
I also asked him 5.__________ he planned to publish any new books recently. He smiled and told me that his new book 6.__________ (come) out the next month. Then he advised me 7.__________ (read) more classic poems instead of playing on the phone all day. He pointed out that reading aloud 8.__________ (can) help me feel the rhythm and rhymes better. I promised him that I 9.__________ (try) my best to understand them. Now, I 10.__________ (read) a poem by Robert Frost, and I really love the vivid imagery in it.
【参考答案与解析】
一、单项选择
1. C 【解析】考查间接引语。主句谓语动词 asked 为过去时，宾语从句需向过去降级变为过去将来时 (would recite)；同时，所有疑问句变间接引语必须使用陈述句语序（主语+谓语），故选 what we would recite。
2. A 【解析】考查直接引语变间接引语。主句动词 told 为过去时，引语中的现在完成时 (have read) 需变为过去完成时 (had read)。第一人称 I 根据“一随主”原则变为 he。指示代词 this 变为 that。故选 A。
3. C 【解析】考查间接引语（一般疑问句）。一般疑问句变间接引语用 if 或 whether 引导，后面必须接陈述句语序。主句 asked 是过去时，从句需用过去完成时。故选 if I had heard of。
4. C 【解析】考查间接引语的特例。当间接引语表达的是客观真理、自然现象（水在100摄氏度沸腾）时，无论主句是什么时态，从句都必须保留一般现在时 (boils)。
5. C 【解析】考查间接引语。主句为过去时，will 需变为 would；时间状语 tomorrow 在间接引语中必须相应变为 the next day 或 the following day。故选 C。
6. B 【解析】考查祈使句变间接引语。祈使句变间接引语的句型为 tell/ask/order sb. (not) to do sth.，否定形式在不定式符号 to 前面加 not。故选 not to talk。
7. C 【解析】考查时态复习（过去完成时）。By the time + 一般过去时从句，主句通常使用过去完成时 (had done)，表示在教授到达之前，讨论已经完成。故选 C。
8. A 【解析】考查时态复习（现在完成进行时）。根据“You look so tired”以及时间状语 all day 可知，强调动作从过去一直持续到现在，并且为了解释眼前疲惫的原因，需用现在完成进行时 have been revising。
9. B 【解析】考查间接引语语序和时态。疑问词 when 后需用陈述句语序，排除A和C。主句动词 asked 是过去时，从句原本的一般过去时（published）需向过去推移为过去完成时（had published）。故选 B。
10. C 【解析】考查间接引语（一般疑问句）。原句为一般疑问句，需用 if/whether 引导；主句 asked 是过去时，can 变为 could；同时必须保持陈述句语序 (I could)。故选 C。
二、语法填空
1. had been writing / had written 【解析】考查间接引语时态降级。直接引语为“I have been writing / have written... since...”，由于主句谓语 told 是过去时，因此需要降级为过去完成进行时或过去完成时。结合语境填 had been writing 更佳，强调持续性。
2. is 【解析】考查间接引语特例。诗歌是一种跨越心灵的通用语言，这被视为客观真理或普遍现象，因此时态不受主句 past tense 影响，保持一般现在时 is。
3. had inspired 【解析】考查间接引语时态降级。我问他过去“是什么启发了他”，直接引语中本来是一般过去时 (What inspired...)，由于主句 asked 为过去时，从句降级为过去完成时 had inspired。
4. had given 【解析】考查间接引语时态降级。直接引语为“... gave me... when I was young”，转述时一般过去时降级为过去完成时 had given。
5. if / whether 【解析】考查间接引语连接词。原话应是一般疑问句“Do you plan to publish... ”，转化为宾语从句时，需用 if 或 whether 引导，表示“是否”。
6. would come 【解析】考查间接引语时态降级。原话中含有 next month 且表将来 (will come out)，转述时主句为 told，所以 will 降级为过去将来时 would come。
7. to read 【解析】考查祈使句变间接引语及固定搭配。advise sb. to do sth. 意为“建议某人做某事”，不定式 to read 作宾语补足语。
8. could 【解析】考查间接引语时态降级。主句 pointed out 是过去时，原话中的情态动词 can 需降级变为 could。
9. would try 【解析】考查间接引语时态降级。我向他保证我“将”尽力去理解。原话为“I will try...”，主句 promised 为过去时，will 降级为 would try。
10. am reading 【解析】考查时态复习（现在进行时）。句首有明确的时间标志词 Now（现在），表示动作此时此刻正在发生，使用现在进行时 am reading。《人教版·英语选择性必修 第三册》UNIT 4 重点语法知识归纳
本单元核心语法点为：现在完成进行时 (The present perfect continuous tense)。结合本单元“逆境与勇气 (Adversity and Courage)”的主题，现在完成进行时常用于描述探险家们克服困难、长久坚持的过程。它主要表示动作从过去某一时间开始，一直延续到现在，可能刚刚终止，也可能仍在继续。该时态特别强调动作的持续性、未完成性以及往往带有的感彩（如赞叹、抱怨、疲惫等）。
语法知识讲解
语法点 基本构成与用法 重点提示 / 易错点 例句及翻译
基本结构及
常见时间状语 肯定句：主语 + have/has been + doing 常见时间标志词：
for + 时间段, since + 时间点
how long, all day/morning, these days, recently, lately 等。 【语用功能】： 强调动作自过去某一时刻一直不间断地持续到现在。 1. The dog has been barking for about two hours.
（这只狗已经叫了大约两个小时了。——教材原句） 2. What have you been doing recently
（你最近一直在忙些什么？——教材原句）
与“现在完成时”
的核心区别 1. 现在完成进行时：侧重动作的持续过程和未完成性。 2. 现在完成时：侧重动作的完成以及对现在造成的结果/影响。 【经典对比】： I have been reading the book. (一直在读，还没读完) I have read the book. (已经读了，读完了) 1. We have been exploring the Antarctic for months. (我们已经在南极探险好几个月了。——还在探险) 2. We have explored three islands so far. (到目前为止我们已经探索了三个岛屿。——强调数量和结果)
表达强烈的
感彩 有时现在完成进行时动作虽然已经结束，但为了解释眼前的原因或状态，或是为了表达某种强烈的情感（如疲惫、抱怨、赞赏等），常用此结构。 【情景判断】： 通常根据上下文的线索（如：Look at your dirty clothes! / You look exhausted.）来判断填入现在完成进行时。 1. You look tired! Have you been working all day
（你看起来好累！你是一整天都在工作吗？——解释疲惫的原因） 2. Timmy is holding a table tennis bat and his short hair is damp with sweat. He has been playing table tennis.
（蒂米拿着乒乓球拍，短发被汗水浸湿。他刚才一直在打乒乓球。——解释流汗的原因）
不可用于此
时态的动词 表示状态、心理活动、拥有或瞬间完成的动词（如 be, have, know, like, notice, stop, see, hear 等）一般不用于进行时态，因此也不能用于现在完成进行时。 【易错点】： 这些词表示持续到现在的状态时，必须退一步使用现在完成时 (have/has done)。 1. I have known him since we were kids.
（绝对不能说 I have been knowing him...） 2. We have had this compass for years.
（绝对不能说 We have been having...）
单元语法知识演练
一、单项选择
1. My nephew Sam ______ comic books since he was five. Now he has more than two hundred of them.
A. has collected B. has been collecting C. is collecting D. collected
2. — You look totally worn out! What's wrong
— I ______ on the expedition report all day, and I still haven't finished it.
A. have been working B. had worked C. worked D. have worked
3. Shackleton and his men demonstrated great courage. People ______ their remarkable story of survival ever since.
A. praise B. praised C. had been praising D. have been praising
4. — How long ______ the famous explorer
— For more than 10 years.
A. have you been knowing B. have you known C. did you know D. do you know
5. The rescue team ______ for the lost hikers in the extreme cold for three days, but they haven't found any clues yet.
A. are searching B. have been searching C. searched D. search
6. I ______ the book about Ernest Shackleton's *Endurance*, but I haven't reached the final chapter yet.
A. read B. was reading C. have been reading D. have read
7. Sorry I'm late! ______ long
A. Did you wait B. Do you wait C. Have you been waiting D. Had you waited
8. Climate change is a serious problem. Scientists ______ the rising temperatures in the Antarctic for decades.
A. studied B. are studying C. have been studying D. had studied
9. The company ______ an advertising campaign to promote its corporate image recently.
A. launched B. has been launching C. will launch D. launches
10. Perce Blackborow is a young man who secretly boarded the ship. Since then, he ______ his best to help the crew survive the adversity.
A. tried B. tries C. is trying D. has been trying
二、语法填空：阅读下面短文，在空白处填入括号内单词的正确形式。
Sir Ernest Shackleton was an outstanding leader. His expedition to Antarctica on the ship *Endurance* shows us what true courage is. For over a century, people 1.__________ (praise) his incredible perseverance. Recently, our history teacher 2.__________ (tell) us fascinating stories about this great explorer in class.
Since last week, my classmates and I 3.__________ (read) a book about how Shackleton and his men survived in the freezing environment. "I 4.__________ (search) for more information about Perce Blackborow online all afternoon," my deskmate said. Perce was a young Welsh sailor who secretly boarded the ship. He showed great endurance when the ship was crushed by ice. I 5.__________ (know) his name since middle school, but I never knew his full story until now. Since I read his diary, I 6.__________ (think) about what I would do in such bitter adversity.
Actually, human beings 7.__________ (explore) the extreme environments on Earth for centuries. Scientists 8.__________ (work) hard to understand the harsh nature better. Even today, many researchers 9.__________ (live) in the research stations in Antarctica despite the bitter cold. As for us students, we 10.__________ (learn) how to face adversity with a positive attitude from these great explorers ever since we started this unit.《人教版·英语选择性必修 第三册》UNIT 4 重点语法知识归纳
本单元核心语法点为：现在完成进行时 (The present perfect continuous tense)。结合本单元“逆境与勇气 (Adversity and Courage)”的主题，现在完成进行时常用于描述探险家们克服困难、长久坚持的过程。它主要表示动作从过去某一时间开始，一直延续到现在，可能刚刚终止，也可能仍在继续。该时态特别强调动作的持续性、未完成性以及往往带有的感彩（如赞叹、抱怨、疲惫等）。
语法知识讲解
语法点 基本构成与用法 重点提示 / 易错点 例句及翻译
基本结构及
常见时间状语 肯定句：主语 + have/has been + doing 常见时间标志词：
for + 时间段, since + 时间点
how long, all day/morning, these days, recently, lately 等。 【语用功能】： 强调动作自过去某一时刻一直不间断地持续到现在。 1. The dog has been barking for about two hours.
（这只狗已经叫了大约两个小时了。——教材原句） 2. What have you been doing recently
（你最近一直在忙些什么？——教材原句）
与“现在完成时”
的核心区别 1. 现在完成进行时：侧重动作的持续过程和未完成性。 2. 现在完成时：侧重动作的完成以及对现在造成的结果/影响。 【经典对比】： I have been reading the book. (一直在读，还没读完) I have read the book. (已经读了，读完了) 1. We have been exploring the Antarctic for months. (我们已经在南极探险好几个月了。——还在探险) 2. We have explored three islands so far. (到目前为止我们已经探索了三个岛屿。——强调数量和结果)
表达强烈的
感彩 有时现在完成进行时动作虽然已经结束，但为了解释眼前的原因或状态，或是为了表达某种强烈的情感（如疲惫、抱怨、赞赏等），常用此结构。 【情景判断】： 通常根据上下文的线索（如：Look at your dirty clothes! / You look exhausted.）来判断填入现在完成进行时。 1. You look tired! Have you been working all day
（你看起来好累！你是一整天都在工作吗？——解释疲惫的原因） 2. Timmy is holding a table tennis bat and his short hair is damp with sweat. He has been playing table tennis.
（蒂米拿着乒乓球拍，短发被汗水浸湿。他刚才一直在打乒乓球。——解释流汗的原因）
不可用于此
时态的动词 表示状态、心理活动、拥有或瞬间完成的动词（如 be, have, know, like, notice, stop, see, hear 等）一般不用于进行时态，因此也不能用于现在完成进行时。 【易错点】： 这些词表示持续到现在的状态时，必须退一步使用现在完成时 (have/has done)。 1. I have known him since we were kids.
（绝对不能说 I have been knowing him...） 2. We have had this compass for years.
（绝对不能说 We have been having...）
单元语法知识演练
一、单项选择
1. My nephew Sam ______ comic books since he was five. Now he has more than two hundred of them.
A. has collected B. has been collecting C. is collecting D. collected
2. — You look totally worn out! What's wrong
— I ______ on the expedition report all day, and I still haven't finished it.
A. have been working B. had worked C. worked D. have worked
3. Shackleton and his men demonstrated great courage. People ______ their remarkable story of survival ever since.
A. praise B. praised C. had been praising D. have been praising
4. — How long ______ the famous explorer
— For more than 10 years.
A. have you been knowing B. have you known C. did you know D. do you know
5. The rescue team ______ for the lost hikers in the extreme cold for three days, but they haven't found any clues yet.
A. are searching B. have been searching C. searched D. search
6. I ______ the book about Ernest Shackleton's *Endurance*, but I haven't reached the final chapter yet.
A. read B. was reading C. have been reading D. have read
7. Sorry I'm late! ______ long
A. Did you wait B. Do you wait C. Have you been waiting D. Had you waited
8. Climate change is a serious problem. Scientists ______ the rising temperatures in the Antarctic for decades.
A. studied B. are studying C. have been studying D. had studied
9. The company ______ an advertising campaign to promote its corporate image recently.
A. launched B. has been launching C. will launch D. launches
10. Perce Blackborow is a young man who secretly boarded the ship. Since then, he ______ his best to help the crew survive the adversity.
A. tried B. tries C. is trying D. has been trying
二、语法填空：阅读下面短文，在空白处填入括号内单词的正确形式。
Sir Ernest Shackleton was an outstanding leader. His expedition to Antarctica on the ship *Endurance* shows us what true courage is. For over a century, people 1.__________ (praise) his incredible perseverance. Recently, our history teacher 2.__________ (tell) us fascinating stories about this great explorer in class.
Since last week, my classmates and I 3.__________ (read) a book about how Shackleton and his men survived in the freezing environment. "I 4.__________ (search) for more information about Perce Blackborow online all afternoon," my deskmate said. Perce was a young Welsh sailor who secretly boarded the ship. He showed great endurance when the ship was crushed by ice. I 5.__________ (know) his name since middle school, but I never knew his full story until now. Since I read his diary, I 6.__________ (think) about what I would do in such bitter adversity.
Actually, human beings 7.__________ (explore) the extreme environments on Earth for centuries. Scientists 8.__________ (work) hard to understand the harsh nature better. Even today, many researchers 9.__________ (live) in the research stations in Antarctica despite the bitter cold. As for us students, we 10.__________ (learn) how to face adversity with a positive attitude from these great explorers ever since we started this unit.
【参考答案与解析】
一、单项选择
1. B 【解析】考查现在完成进行时。句意为“我侄子Sam从五岁起就一直在收集漫画书……”，since 引导过去的时间点，且后文表示现在仍拥有漫画书，说明动作从过去一直持续到现在，且强调“收集”这一过程的延续，用 has been collecting（出自教材练习原句）。
2. A 【解析】考查现在完成进行时与现在完成时的区别。根据 haven't finished it (还没写完) 可知动作尚未完成；且为了解释 “You look totally worn out (你看起来累坏了)” 的原因，强调一直以来的动作状态，应用现在完成进行时 have been working。
3. D 【解析】考查现在完成进行时。ever since (从那以后一直) 是现在完成(进行)时的标志词，表示人们一直在赞扬他们的故事，填 have been praising。
4. B 【解析】考查不能用现在完成进行时的动词。know 表示持续的状态，没有进行时态（不能用 have been knowing），因此在表示“认识多久了”时，必须退一步用现在完成时 have known。
5. B 【解析】考查现在完成进行时。根据 for three days 和 haven't found any clues yet 可知，搜救行动从三天前开始，一直持续到现在且仍在进行，用 have been searching。
6. C 【解析】考查现在完成进行时。根据 but I haven't reached the final chapter yet (还没读到最后一章) 可知，读这本书的动作还没有完成，侧重读书的过程，用 have been reading。
7. C 【解析】考查现在完成进行时。交际英语常见表达，由于对方迟到，询问对方“你一直等了很久吗？”，强调等待的动作从过去一直持续到说话的此刻，用 Have you been waiting。
8. C 【解析】考查现在完成进行时。for decades 提示动作持续了数十年，且科学家们关于气候变化的研究目前仍在继续，用 have been studying。
9. B 【解析】考查现在完成进行时。recently（最近）常与现在完成进行时搭配，表示公司最近一直在开展广告宣传活动。用 has been launching（出自教材练习原句）。
10. D 【解析】考查现在完成进行时。Since then (从那以后) 提示用现在完成时或现在完成进行时，强调他一直努力帮助船员度过逆境的持续性，用 has been trying。
二、语法填空
1. have been praising / have praised 【解析】考查现在完成进行时。时间状语 For over a century 提示动作从过去延续到现在，填 have been praising 强调一直以来的赞美。
2. has been telling 【解析】考查现在完成进行时。Recently 表示“最近”，结合语境，历史老师最近一直在课堂上讲探险家的故事，主语是 history teacher，填 has been telling。
3. have been reading 【解析】考查现在完成进行时。Since last week 提示动作从上周开始一直持续到现在，强调读书这一过程的延续，填 have been reading。
4. have been searching 【解析】考查现在完成进行时。时间状语 all afternoon（整个下午）强调动作持续了整个下午直至说话时，用现在完成进行时 have been searching。
5. have known 【解析】考查状态动词。know 是表示状态的动词，不能用于进行时态。根据 since middle school 需用现在完成时 have known。
6. have been thinking 【解析】考查现在完成进行时。Since I read his diary 提示从读完日记起，就“一直在思考”如果自己在那种逆境中会怎么做，填 have been thinking。
7. have been exploring 【解析】考查现在完成进行时。for centuries 提示人类几个世纪以来一直在探索地球上的极端环境，且探索从未停止，填 have been exploring。
8. have been working 【解析】考查现在完成进行时。承接上文语境，科学家们一直努力想要更好地了解严酷的大自然，动作仍在持续，填 have been working。
9. have been living / live 【解析】考查现在完成进行时或一般现在时。结合语境“时至今日，许多研究人员一直居住在南极的科考站”，填 have been living 强调延续的状态（填一般现在时 live 表示现阶段客观事实亦可接受）。
10. have been learning 【解析】考查现在完成进行时。ever since we started this unit 提示从开始学这个单元起，就一直在学习如何用积极的态度面对逆境，侧重学习过程的延续，填 have been learning。《人教版·英语选择性必修 第三册》UNIT 3 重点语法知识归纳
本单元核心语法点为：关系从句/定语从句复习 (Review of relative clauses)。本单元结合“环境保护 (Environmental Protection)”这一主题，全面复习限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别、关系代词与关系副词的精准选择，以及“介词+关系代词”的高级用法。准确运用定语从句可以使我们在探讨环保、灾害等复杂话题时，句子表达更加严谨、生动和地道。
语法知识讲解
语法点 基本规则与用法 重点提示 / 易错点 例句及翻译
限制性与非限制性定语从句 1. 限制性：对先行词起修饰限制作用，不用逗号隔开，不可缺少。 2. 非限制性：对先行词起补充说明作用，用逗号隔开，去掉后主句意思仍完整。 【非限制性从句“三不”原则】： 1. 绝不能用 that 引导； 2. 关系词作宾语时也不可省略； 3. 绝不能用 why 引导。 1. We should protect the natural areas which/that are home to wildlife.
（我们应该保护那些作为野生动物家园的自然区域。——限制性） 2. Global warming, which is caused by human activities, is a serious threat.
（全球变暖是由人类活动引起的，它是一个严重的威胁。——非限制性）
关系代词与
关系副词的选择 1. 关系代词：(who, whom, whose, which, that) 在从句中必须作主语、宾语或定语。 2. 关系副词：(when, where, why) 在从句中作时间、地点、原因状语。 【核心解题技巧】： 看定语从句中是否缺少主语或宾语。缺主宾用代词，不缺主宾用副词。不可盲目只看先行词。 1. He could not forget the time when his village struggled with a serious air problem.
（他忘不了他的村子与严重空气问题作斗争的那段日子。——不缺成分用when） 2. He could not forget the time that/which he spent in the village.
（他忘不了在村子里度过的那段时光。——缺spent的宾语用that/which）
介词 + 关系代词 在定语从句中，如果关系代词作介词的宾语，可以将介词提前至关系代词之前。结构为：介词 + which (指物) / whom (指人)。 【易错点】： 1. 介词后绝对不能接 that 或 who。 2. 介词的选择取决于：①从句中的固定搭配；②先行词的习惯搭配；③从句表达的逻辑意义。 1. We need to find a way by which we can reduce water pollution.
（我们需要找到一种能减少水污染的方法。） 2. The expert to whom we turned for help is Ben Drake.
（我们向其求助的那位专家是本·德雷克。——turn to sb. for help）
as 引导的定语从句 as 可引导限制性定语从句（搭配 such...as, the same...as）和非限制性定语从句（常置于句首，译为“正如”）。 【固定句型】： As is known to all, ...（众所周知……） As is expected, ...（正如预料的那样……） 1. As is known to all, the Li River is an amazing tourist destination.
（众所周知，漓江是一个迷人的旅游胜地。——非限制性定语从句） 2. Don't use such chemical pesticides as will harm the land.
（不要使用会伤害土地的此类化学农药。）
单元语法知识演练
一、单项选择
1. The Li River and its amazing surrounding scenery is one of the best tourist destinations ______ attracts millions of visitors every year.
A. which B. that C. where D. who
2. In the 1990s, garbage from a nearby city was brought to the village, ______ made the air quality terrible.
A. which B. that C. what D. where
3. Do you still remember the days ______ we spent together participating in the tree-planting campaign
A. when B. where C. which D. what
4. The expert ______ Ben interviewed on the radio said that smog was a severe problem in Britain.
A. to whom B. whose C. which D. whom
5. We should establish a nature reserve ______ endangered animals and plants can be well protected.
A. which B. where C. that D. when
6. ______ is known to all, human activities are the main cause of the increasing amount of greenhouse gas emissions.
A. It B. What C. As D. Which
7. The environmental protection project, ______ we have devoted so much time and energy, finally proved to be a great success.
A. which B. to which C. for which D. that
8. Over the next few years, dozens of pig farms were set up in the village, the smell of ______ was making everyone sick.
A. which B. whom C. them D. that
9. The students came up with several new solutions, ______ seemed to be very practical for garbage disposal.
A. all of them B. all of which C. all of what D. that
10. Earth provides enough to satisfy every man's needs, but not every man's greed, ______ is a famous quote by Gandhi.
A. what B. that C. as D. which
二、语法填空：阅读下面短文，在空白处填入适当的关系词。
Qi Mu lives in a beautiful village 1.__________ environment has greatly improved over the past few years. He feels quite pleased because the villagers are living in harmony with nature once more. However, he can not forget about an earlier time 2.__________ his village was struggling with a serious air quality problem.
In the 1990s, garbage 3.__________ came from a nearby city was usually brought to the village. The villagers, 4.__________ wondered how to make use of it, soon found that garbage could be used to feed pigs. Over the next few years, dozens of pig farms were set up in the village. But then nobody wanted to open their windows. The terrible smell 5.__________ the garbage and pig waste produced was making them sick. The numbers of mosquitoes and flies, 6.__________ were horrifying, also caused many diseases. Under such circumstances, no single women wanted to marry anyone 7.__________ lived here.
Later, the local government took effective measures to deal with the pollution, 8.__________ finally solved the problem completely. Now, the village has become a popular tourist destination 9.__________ people can enjoy the beauty of nature. 10.__________ is known to all, protecting the environment means protecting ourselves.《人教版·英语选择性必修 第三册》UNIT 3 重点语法知识归纳
本单元核心语法点为：关系从句/定语从句复习 (Review of relative clauses)。本单元结合“环境保护 (Environmental Protection)”这一主题，全面复习限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别、关系代词与关系副词的精准选择，以及“介词+关系代词”的高级用法。准确运用定语从句可以使我们在探讨环保、灾害等复杂话题时，句子表达更加严谨、生动和地道。
语法知识讲解
语法点 基本规则与用法 重点提示 / 易错点 例句及翻译
限制性与非限制性定语从句 1. 限制性：对先行词起修饰限制作用，不用逗号隔开，不可缺少。 2. 非限制性：对先行词起补充说明作用，用逗号隔开，去掉后主句意思仍完整。 【非限制性从句“三不”原则】： 1. 绝不能用 that 引导； 2. 关系词作宾语时也不可省略； 3. 绝不能用 why 引导。 1. We should protect the natural areas which/that are home to wildlife.
（我们应该保护那些作为野生动物家园的自然区域。——限制性） 2. Global warming, which is caused by human activities, is a serious threat.
（全球变暖是由人类活动引起的，它是一个严重的威胁。——非限制性）
关系代词与
关系副词的选择 1. 关系代词：(who, whom, whose, which, that) 在从句中必须作主语、宾语或定语。 2. 关系副词：(when, where, why) 在从句中作时间、地点、原因状语。 【核心解题技巧】： 看定语从句中是否缺少主语或宾语。缺主宾用代词，不缺主宾用副词。不可盲目只看先行词。 1. He could not forget the time when his village struggled with a serious air problem.
（他忘不了他的村子与严重空气问题作斗争的那段日子。——不缺成分用when） 2. He could not forget the time that/which he spent in the village.
（他忘不了在村子里度过的那段时光。——缺spent的宾语用that/which）
介词 + 关系代词 在定语从句中，如果关系代词作介词的宾语，可以将介词提前至关系代词之前。结构为：介词 + which (指物) / whom (指人)。 【易错点】： 1. 介词后绝对不能接 that 或 who。 2. 介词的选择取决于：①从句中的固定搭配；②先行词的习惯搭配；③从句表达的逻辑意义。 1. We need to find a way by which we can reduce water pollution.
（我们需要找到一种能减少水污染的方法。） 2. The expert to whom we turned for help is Ben Drake.
（我们向其求助的那位专家是本·德雷克。——turn to sb. for help）
as 引导的定语从句 as 可引导限制性定语从句（搭配 such...as, the same...as）和非限制性定语从句（常置于句首，译为“正如”）。 【固定句型】： As is known to all, ...（众所周知……） As is expected, ...（正如预料的那样……） 1. As is known to all, the Li River is an amazing tourist destination.
（众所周知，漓江是一个迷人的旅游胜地。——非限制性定语从句） 2. Don't use such chemical pesticides as will harm the land.
（不要使用会伤害土地的此类化学农药。）
单元语法知识演练
一、单项选择
1. The Li River and its amazing surrounding scenery is one of the best tourist destinations ______ attracts millions of visitors every year.
A. which B. that C. where D. who
2. In the 1990s, garbage from a nearby city was brought to the village, ______ made the air quality terrible.
A. which B. that C. what D. where
3. Do you still remember the days ______ we spent together participating in the tree-planting campaign
A. when B. where C. which D. what
4. The expert ______ Ben interviewed on the radio said that smog was a severe problem in Britain.
A. to whom B. whose C. which D. whom
5. We should establish a nature reserve ______ endangered animals and plants can be well protected.
A. which B. where C. that D. when
6. ______ is known to all, human activities are the main cause of the increasing amount of greenhouse gas emissions.
A. It B. What C. As D. Which
7. The environmental protection project, ______ we have devoted so much time and energy, finally proved to be a great success.
A. which B. to which C. for which D. that
8. Over the next few years, dozens of pig farms were set up in the village, the smell of ______ was making everyone sick.
A. which B. whom C. them D. that
9. The students came up with several new solutions, ______ seemed to be very practical for garbage disposal.
A. all of them B. all of which C. all of what D. that
10. Earth provides enough to satisfy every man's needs, but not every man's greed, ______ is a famous quote by Gandhi.
A. what B. that C. as D. which
二、语法填空：阅读下面短文，在空白处填入适当的关系词。
Qi Mu lives in a beautiful village 1.__________ environment has greatly improved over the past few years. He feels quite pleased because the villagers are living in harmony with nature once more. However, he can not forget about an earlier time 2.__________ his village was struggling with a serious air quality problem.
In the 1990s, garbage 3.__________ came from a nearby city was usually brought to the village. The villagers, 4.__________ wondered how to make use of it, soon found that garbage could be used to feed pigs. Over the next few years, dozens of pig farms were set up in the village. But then nobody wanted to open their windows. The terrible smell 5.__________ the garbage and pig waste produced was making them sick. The numbers of mosquitoes and flies, 6.__________ were horrifying, also caused many diseases. Under such circumstances, no single women wanted to marry anyone 7.__________ lived here.
Later, the local government took effective measures to deal with the pollution, 8.__________ finally solved the problem completely. Now, the village has become a popular tourist destination 9.__________ people can enjoy the beauty of nature. 10.__________ is known to all, protecting the environment means protecting ourselves.
【参考答案与解析】
一、单项选择
1. B 【解析】考查限制性定语从句。先行词是 one of the best tourist destinations（最高级修饰），当先行词被最高级修饰时，关系代词只能用 that，在从句中作主语。
2. A 【解析】考查非限制性定语从句。逗号隔开，先行词是前面整个句子（垃圾被运到村里这件事），在从句中作主语，非限制性定语从句中指代整个句子只能用 which。
3. C 【解析】考查关系代词与关系副词的区别。先行词是 the days，在定语从句中作谓语动词 spent 的宾语（spend time doing sth.），缺宾语必须用关系代词 which 或 that。不能用 when。
4. D 【解析】考查关系代词。先行词是 The expert（人），在定语从句中作 interviewed（采访）的宾语，用 whom（或 who / that / 省略）。
5. B 【解析】考查关系副词。先行词是 a nature reserve（自然保护区，表地点），在从句中作地点状语（濒危动植物能在自然保护区里被保护），从句结构完整，用 where。
6. C 【解析】考查 as 引导的非限制性定语从句。As is known to all 是固定句型，意为“众所周知”，as 引导非限制性定语从句，指代后面整个句子的内容。
7. B 【解析】考查“介词+关系代词”。先行词是 project，从句中的固定搭配是 devote time and energy to sth.（把时间精力致力于某事），介词 to 提前，所以用 to which。
8. A 【解析】考查非限制性定语从句中的介词+which。逗号隔开，先行词是 pig farms，表示“养猪场的气味（the smell of the pig farms）”，介词 of 之后指物只能用 which，不能用 them（否则就成了并列句缺连词）。
9. B 【解析】考查代词/数词+of+which/whom。逗号后为非限制性定语从句，先行词是 solutions（物），用 all of which 表示“其中所有的解决方案”。不能用 all of them，因为没有并列连词 and。
10. D 【解析】考查非限制性定语从句。逗号后，指代前面整句话（地球能满足人类的需求而非贪婪这句话），在从句中作主语，用 which。as 作主语时一般用于 As is known/expected 等结构或位于句首，此处位于句末顺接，用 which 更合适。
二、语法填空
1. whose 【解析】考查定语从句关系词。先行词是 a beautiful village，在从句中作 environment 的定语，表示“这个村庄的环境（the village's environment）”，用 whose 表所属关系。
2. when 【解析】考查定语从句关系词。先行词是 an earlier time（时间），在从句中作时间状语（村子在那段时间面临空气问题），从句主宾表完整，填 when。
3. that/which 【解析】考查定语从句关系词。先行词是 garbage（物），在从句中作主语，用 that 或 which。
4. who 【解析】考查非限制性定语从句。逗号隔开，先行词是 The villagers（人），在从句中作主语，只能填 who，不可用 that。
5. that/which/不填 【解析】考查定语从句关系词。先行词是 The terrible smell，在从句中作 produced 的宾语，填 that 或 which，也可省略。
6. which 【解析】考查非限制性定语从句。逗号隔开，先行词是 mosquitoes and flies（蚊子和苍蝇，物），在从句中作主语，非限制性定语从句指物用 which。
7. who/that 【解析】考查定语从句关系词。先行词是不定代词 anyone（人），在从句中作主语，通常用 who 引导，也可用 that。
8. which 【解析】考查非限制性定语从句。逗号隔开，指代前面“政府采取有效措施”这件事，在从句中作主语，填 which。
9. where 【解析】考查定语从句关系词。先行词是 tourist destination（旅游胜地，表地点），在从句中作地点状语，从句结构完整，填 where。
10. As 【解析】考查 as 引导的非限制性定语从句。As is known to all 是固定用法（众所周知），as 代指后面“保护环境就是保护我们自己”这句话，位于句首首字母大写。《人教版·英语选择性必修 第三册》UNIT 2 重点语法知识归纳
本单元核心语法点为：动词不定式（3）作主语 (Infinitives as the subject)。在上一单元中我们初步复习了不定式作表语和主语的用法，本单元结合“健康生活方式 (Healthy Lifestyle)”这一主题，进一步深化对**动词不定式作主语（特别是使用形式主语 It）**的掌握，学会运用该语法结构来表达观点、提出建议和评价事物。
语法知识讲解
语法点 基本规则与用法 重点提示 / 易错点 例句及翻译
不定式直接作主语 将动词不定式短语直接置于句首作主语。 通常表示一次性的、具体的或将来的动作，多用于格言或较正式的文体中。 【主谓一致】： 不定式作主语时，谓语动词必须使用单数形式。 1. To change bad habits is never easy, even with many attempts.
（改变坏习惯从来都不容易，即使尝试很多次。——教材原句） 2. To form a healthy lifestyle requires discipline.
（养成健康的生活方式需要自律。）
it 作形式主语 当不定式短语较长时，为避免“头重脚轻”，通常把真正的主语（不定式）后置，而在句首使用 It 作形式主语。 【常用句型】： 1. It is + adj. + to do sth. 2. It takes (sb.) + time/effort + to do sth. 3. It is + n. + to do sth. 1. It is essential to be disciplined and not just rely on such passive activities.
（做到自律而不仅仅依赖被动活动是至关重要的。） 2. It took him a long time to recover from the flu.
（他花了很长时间才从流感中康复。）
引出逻辑主语
(for sb. vs of sb.) 在 It 作形式主语的句型中，可以引出不定式的逻辑主语，即“对某人来说做某事”。 【经典辨析】： for sb.：形容词说明的是**事情的性质**（如 easy, difficult, hard, necessary, important 等）。 of sb.：形容词说明的是**人的品格或特征**（如 kind, nice, clever, stupid, polite, selfish 等）。 1. It is important for us to eat healthy food.
（吃健康的食物对我们来说很重要。——important修饰eat healthy food这件事） 2. It is very kind of you to give me advice on my diet.
（你能给我关于饮食的建议真是太好了。——kind修饰you这个人的品质）
疑问词 + 不定式
作主语 疑问词（what, which, who, when, where, how 等）加上动词不定式可以构成短语作主语。 【注意谓语单数】： “疑问词+不定式”作主语时，句子的谓语动词也必须用单数形式。 1. How to break the cycle of a bad habit is a difficult question.
（如何打破坏习惯的循环是一个难题。） 2. When to start the fitness plan has not been decided yet.
（何时开始健身计划还未决定。）
单元语法知识演练
一、单项选择
1. ______ out of the "cue-routine-reward" cycle of a bad habit is never an easy task.
A. Break B. To break C. Broken D. Broke
2. It is highly necessary ______ teenagers to keep a balance between their studies and their personal life.
A. of B. for C. with D. to
3. It was really selfish ______ him to leave his teammates behind when they encountered difficulties during the expedition.
A. of B. for C. on D. about
4. I think it is essential ______ disciplined and not just rely on your parents for everything.
A. being B. be C. to be D. been
5. ______ to replace a negative routine with a positive one is a question that psychologists are trying to answer.
A. What B. Why C. Where D. How
6. It usually takes a person around 21 days ______ a new habit, according to some studies.
A. form B. to form C. forming D. formed
7. To tell you the truth, ______ yoga classes is my new plan to stay in shape and relax my mind.
A. to take B. take C. taken D. to taking
8. ______ a long time absorbed in computer games ______ harmful to your mental and physical health.
A. To spend; are B. Spend; is C. To spend; is D. Spent; are
9. It is very clever ______ Mary to figure out how the magic trick was performed so quickly.
A. for B. to C. with D. of
10. What to eat and how much ______ every day are the two most important factors in losing weight.
A. to exercise B. exercising C. exercised D. exercise
二、语法填空：阅读下面短文，在空白处填入括号内单词的正确形式或适当的词。
Having a healthy lifestyle is what everyone wishes for. However, 1.__________ (change) a bad habit is never easy. Many teenagers feel stressed out by their studies and get absorbed in playing computer games. It is essential 2.__________ them to realise the importance of physical and mental health. According to psychologists, a habit is a cycle composed of a "cue", a "routine", and a "reward". How 3.__________ (break) the cycle is what we need to focus on.
First, it is necessary 4.__________ (identify) the cue that triggers your bad habit. Then, 5.__________ (replace) the negative routine with a positive one is the key. For example, if you feel stressed, it is a good idea 6.__________ (go) for a run instead of eating junk food. It might take you weeks 7.__________ (adapt) to the new routine. It is very brave 8.__________ you to step out of your comfort zone and challenge yourself. 9.__________ (develop) a healthy habit takes time and discipline, so you must be patient. Ultimately, 10.__________ is possible to take control of your own life and become a better version of yourself.
【参考答案与解析】
一、单项选择
1. B 【解析】考查动词不定式作主语。句意为“打破坏习惯的‘提示-惯常行为-奖励’循环绝非易事”。置于句首作主语，表示具体的动作，用不定式 To break。
2. B 【解析】考查不定式的逻辑主语。句型 It is necessary for sb. to do sth. 中，necessary 修饰的是“保持平衡”这件事本身的性质，故用 for。
3. A 【解析】考查不定式的逻辑主语。句型 It is selfish of sb. to do sth. 中，selfish（自私的）修饰的是 him（他这个人）的品格特征，故用 of。
4. C 【解析】考查形式主语。It is essential to do sth.（做某事是至关重要的）为固定句型，it作形式主语，真正的主语是不定式 to be disciplined。
5. D 【解析】考查“疑问词 + 不定式”作主语。句意为“如何用积极的惯常行为代替消极的惯常行为是心理学家们正努力回答的问题”。表示“如何做”，用 How。
6. B 【解析】考查形式主语。It takes sb. some time to do sth. 是固定句型，意为“做某事花费某人多少时间”，it为形式主语，真正的主语是不定式 to form。
7. A 【解析】考查不定式作主语。句意为“说实话，上瑜伽课是我保持体形和放松身心的新计划”。不定式短语 to take yoga classes 作主语。
8. C 【解析】考查不定式作主语及主谓一致。动词不定式（短语）作主语时，谓语动词必须使用单数形式 is，故选 To spend; is。
9. D 【解析】考查不定式的逻辑主语。clever（聪明的）修饰的是 Mary 的性格特征，说明她这个人很聪明，故用 of。
10. A 【解析】考查“疑问词 + 不定式”的平行结构。与前面的 What to eat 并列，共同作句子的主语，表示“锻炼多少”，用 how much to exercise。
二、语法填空
1. to change / changing 【解析】考查不定式/动名词作主语。位于句首作主语，首字母大写。本单元核心语法为不定式作主语，故填 To change 最为切合教材要求。
2. for 【解析】考查不定式的逻辑主语。essential（至关重要的）说明的是事件的性质，因此用 for sb. to do sth. 结构。
3. to break 【解析】考查“疑问词 + 不定式”结构。how to break the cycle 意为“如何打破这个循环”，在句中作主语。
4. to identify 【解析】考查形式主语。It is necessary to do sth. 为固定句型，真正的主语是不定式 to identify。
5. to replace 【解析】考查不定式作主语。置于句首作主语，表示具体或将来的动作，首字母需大写，填 To replace。
6. to go 【解析】考查形式主语。it is a good idea to do sth. 意为“做某事是个好主意”，不定式 to go 作真正的主语。
7. to adapt 【解析】考查固定句型。It takes sb. some time to do sth. 中，不定式 to adapt 作真正的主语。
8. of 【解析】考查不定式的逻辑主语。brave（勇敢的）用来形容“你”的性格品质，故用 It is brave of you to do sth. 结构。
9. To develop 【解析】考查不定式作主语。置于句首作主语，表示“养成一个健康的习惯”，首字母大写，填 To develop。
10. it 【解析】考查形式主语。指代后面的不定式短语 to take control of your own life...，需在句首填入形式主语 it。《人教版·英语选择性必修 第三册》UNIT 2 重点语法知识归纳
本单元核心语法点为：动词不定式（3）作主语 (Infinitives as the subject)。在上一单元中我们初步复习了不定式作表语和主语的用法，本单元结合“健康生活方式 (Healthy Lifestyle)”这一主题，进一步深化对**动词不定式作主语（特别是使用形式主语 It）**的掌握，学会运用该语法结构来表达观点、提出建议和评价事物。
语法知识讲解
语法点 基本规则与用法 重点提示 / 易错点 例句及翻译
不定式直接作主语 将动词不定式短语直接置于句首作主语。 通常表示一次性的、具体的或将来的动作，多用于格言或较正式的文体中。 【主谓一致】： 不定式作主语时，谓语动词必须使用单数形式。 1. To change bad habits is never easy, even with many attempts.
（改变坏习惯从来都不容易，即使尝试很多次。——教材原句） 2. To form a healthy lifestyle requires discipline.
（养成健康的生活方式需要自律。）
it 作形式主语 当不定式短语较长时，为避免“头重脚轻”，通常把真正的主语（不定式）后置，而在句首使用 It 作形式主语。 【常用句型】： 1. It is + adj. + to do sth. 2. It takes (sb.) + time/effort + to do sth. 3. It is + n. + to do sth. 1. It is essential to be disciplined and not just rely on such passive activities.
（做到自律而不仅仅依赖被动活动是至关重要的。） 2. It took him a long time to recover from the flu.
（他花了很长时间才从流感中康复。）
引出逻辑主语
(for sb. vs of sb.) 在 It 作形式主语的句型中，可以引出不定式的逻辑主语，即“对某人来说做某事”。 【经典辨析】： for sb.：形容词说明的是**事情的性质**（如 easy, difficult, hard, necessary, important 等）。 of sb.：形容词说明的是**人的品格或特征**（如 kind, nice, clever, stupid, polite, selfish 等）。 1. It is important for us to eat healthy food.
（吃健康的食物对我们来说很重要。——important修饰eat healthy food这件事） 2. It is very kind of you to give me advice on my diet.
（你能给我关于饮食的建议真是太好了。——kind修饰you这个人的品质）
疑问词 + 不定式
作主语 疑问词（what, which, who, when, where, how 等）加上动词不定式可以构成短语作主语。 【注意谓语单数】： “疑问词+不定式”作主语时，句子的谓语动词也必须用单数形式。 1. How to break the cycle of a bad habit is a difficult question.
（如何打破坏习惯的循环是一个难题。） 2. When to start the fitness plan has not been decided yet.
（何时开始健身计划还未决定。）
单元语法知识演练
一、单项选择
1. ______ out of the "cue-routine-reward" cycle of a bad habit is never an easy task.
A. Break B. To break C. Broken D. Broke
2. It is highly necessary ______ teenagers to keep a balance between their studies and their personal life.
A. of B. for C. with D. to
3. It was really selfish ______ him to leave his teammates behind when they encountered difficulties during the expedition.
A. of B. for C. on D. about
4. I think it is essential ______ disciplined and not just rely on your parents for everything.
A. being B. be C. to be D. been
5. ______ to replace a negative routine with a positive one is a question that psychologists are trying to answer.
A. What B. Why C. Where D. How
6. It usually takes a person around 21 days ______ a new habit, according to some studies.
A. form B. to form C. forming D. formed
7. To tell you the truth, ______ yoga classes is my new plan to stay in shape and relax my mind.
A. to take B. take C. taken D. to taking
8. ______ a long time absorbed in computer games ______ harmful to your mental and physical health.
A. To spend; are B. Spend; is C. To spend; is D. Spent; are
9. It is very clever ______ Mary to figure out how the magic trick was performed so quickly.
A. for B. to C. with D. of
10. What to eat and how much ______ every day are the two most important factors in losing weight.
A. to exercise B. exercising C. exercised D. exercise
二、语法填空：阅读下面短文，在空白处填入括号内单词的正确形式或适当的词。
Having a healthy lifestyle is what everyone wishes for. However, 1.__________ (change) a bad habit is never easy. Many teenagers feel stressed out by their studies and get absorbed in playing computer games. It is essential 2.__________ them to realise the importance of physical and mental health. According to psychologists, a habit is a cycle composed of a "cue", a "routine", and a "reward". How 3.__________ (break) the cycle is what we need to focus on.
First, it is necessary 4.__________ (identify) the cue that triggers your bad habit. Then, 5.__________ (replace) the negative routine with a positive one is the key. For example, if you feel stressed, it is a good idea 6.__________ (go) for a run instead of eating junk food. It might take you weeks 7.__________ (adapt) to the new routine. It is very brave 8.__________ you to step out of your comfort zone and challenge yourself. 9.__________ (develop) a healthy habit takes time and discipline, so you must be patient. Ultimately, 10.__________ is possible to take control of your own life and become a better version of yourself.
【参考答案与解析】
一、单项选择
1. B 【解析】考查动词不定式作主语。句意为“打破坏习惯的‘提示-惯常行为-奖励’循环绝非易事”。置于句首作主语，表示具体的动作，用不定式 To break。
2. B 【解析】考查不定式的逻辑主语。句型 It is necessary for sb. to do sth. 中，necessary 修饰的是“保持平衡”这件事本身的性质，故用 for。
3. A 【解析】考查不定式的逻辑主语。句型 It is selfish of sb. to do sth. 中，selfish（自私的）修饰的是 him（他这个人）的品格特征，故用 of。
4. C 【解析】考查形式主语。It is essential to do sth.（做某事是至关重要的）为固定句型，it作形式主语，真正的主语是不定式 to be disciplined。
5. D 【解析】考查“疑问词 + 不定式”作主语。句意为“如何用积极的惯常行为代替消极的惯常行为是心理学家们正努力回答的问题”。表示“如何做”，用 How。
6. B 【解析】考查形式主语。It takes sb. some time to do sth. 是固定句型，意为“做某事花费某人多少时间”，it为形式主语，真正的主语是不定式 to form。
7. A 【解析】考查不定式作主语。句意为“说实话，上瑜伽课是我保持体形和放松身心的新计划”。不定式短语 to take yoga classes 作主语。
8. C 【解析】考查不定式作主语及主谓一致。动词不定式（短语）作主语时，谓语动词必须使用单数形式 is，故选 To spend; is。
9. D 【解析】考查不定式的逻辑主语。clever（聪明的）修饰的是 Mary 的性格特征，说明她这个人很聪明，故用 of。
10. A 【解析】考查“疑问词 + 不定式”的平行结构。与前面的 What to eat 并列，共同作句子的主语，表示“锻炼多少”，用 how much to exercise。
二、语法填空
1. to change / changing 【解析】考查不定式/动名词作主语。位于句首作主语，首字母大写。本单元核心语法为不定式作主语，故填 To change 最为切合教材要求。
2. for 【解析】考查不定式的逻辑主语。essential（至关重要的）说明的是事件的性质，因此用 for sb. to do sth. 结构。
3. to break 【解析】考查“疑问词 + 不定式”结构。how to break the cycle 意为“如何打破这个循环”，在句中作主语。
4. to identify 【解析】考查形式主语。It is necessary to do sth. 为固定句型，真正的主语是不定式 to identify。
5. to replace 【解析】考查不定式作主语。置于句首作主语，表示具体或将来的动作，首字母需大写，填 To replace。
6. to go 【解析】考查形式主语。it is a good idea to do sth. 意为“做某事是个好主意”，不定式 to go 作真正的主语。
7. to adapt 【解析】考查固定句型。It takes sb. some time to do sth. 中，不定式 to adapt 作真正的主语。
8. of 【解析】考查不定式的逻辑主语。brave（勇敢的）用来形容“你”的性格品质，故用 It is brave of you to do sth. 结构。
9. To develop 【解析】考查不定式作主语。置于句首作主语，表示“养成一个健康的习惯”，首字母大写，填 To develop。
10. it 【解析】考查形式主语。指代后面的不定式短语 to take control of your own life...，需在句首填入形式主语 it。《人教版·英语选择性必修 第三册》UNIT 1 重点语法知识归纳
本单元核心语法点为：动词不定式（2）（3）作表语和主语 (Infinitives as the predicative and the subject) 。动词不定式（Infinitives）是重要的非谓语动词形式之一，由“（to）+ 动词原形”构成 。除前面学过的不定式作宾语、宾补、定语、状语等用法外，不定式在句中还可以用作主语和表语 。
语法知识讲解
语法点 基本规则与用法 重点提示 / 易错点 教材例句及翻译
不定式作主语
(置于句首) 不定式作主语位于句首常出现于正式文体中 。 多表示具体的、一次性的或未来的动作。 【主谓一致】： 不定式短语作主语时，谓语动词必须使用单数形式。 1. To help others gives a person satisfaction.
（帮助他人给人带来满足感。） 2. To prevent harmful habits like these from dominating a teenager’s life is essential.
（防止像这样的不良习惯主导青少年的生活是必不可少的。）
it 作形式主语 用作主语的动词不定式及其短语常出现在谓语动词之后，这时需在句首用形式主语 it 指代它 。 【常见句型】： It is + adj./n. + (for sb.) to do sth. 这种结构可以避免句子“头重脚轻”。 1. As a chef, it was my duty to cook...
（作为一名厨师，做饭是我的职责……） 2. It was easy to imagine the danger ahead of them.
（很容易想象他们面临的危险。）
不定式作表语 位于连系动词（如 be 动词）之后，用于解释、说明主语的具体内容 。 【常见主语】： 常用于主语是 aim, purpose, way, plan, duty, wish, idea 等名词的句子中。 1. Perhaps the best way to understand Western art is to look at the development of Western painting over the centuries.
（也许了解西方艺术最好的方法就是回顾几个世纪以来西方绘画的发展。） 2. In this work, Monet’s aim was to convey the light and movement in the scene.
（在这幅作品中，莫奈的目的是传达场景中的光线和运动。）
“疑问词 + 不定式”结构 动词不定式可与疑问词 when, where, how, what, which, who 等组合，构成不定式短语 。 【句法功能】： 该结构在句中主要用作主语、宾语和表语 。 1. When to start has not been decided yet.
（什么时候开始还没有决定。——作主语） 2. Do you know where to find Tom
（你知道去哪儿找汤姆吗？——作宾语） 3. My main concern is how to get there on time.
（我最关心的是如何准时到达那里。——作表语）
单元语法知识演练
一、单项选择
1. It was easy ______ the danger ahead of them in the deep forest.
A. imagine B. imagining C. to imagine D. imagined
2. In this work, Monet's aim was ______ the light and movement in the scene.
A. convey B. conveying C. conveyed D. to convey
3. Perhaps the best way to understand Western art is ______ at the development of Western painting over the centuries.
A. to look B. looking C. look D. looked
4. ______ others always gives a person a deep sense of satisfaction.
A. Help B. To help C. Helped D. Have helped
5. My main concern is ______ there on time despite the heavy traffic.
A. how to get B. what to get C. where to get D. when getting
6. ______ to start the school's annual art exhibition has not been decided yet.
A. What B. Who C. Where D. When
7. As a chef, it was my duty ______, so I tried to vary the meals in whatever way I could.
A. cook B. cooking C. to cook D. cooked
8. ______ harmful habits like these from dominating a teenager's life ______ essential.
A. Preventing; are B. To prevent; are C. To prevent; is D. Prevent; is
9. After arriving in Paris, the students didn't know ______ to find the famous Louvre Museum.
A. where B. what C. which D. why
10. The main purpose of art education in schools is ______ students' ability to appreciate beauty.
A. to developing B. develop C. developed D. to develop
二、语法填空：阅读下面短文，在空白处填入括号内单词的正确形式。
Art is a universal language. 1.__________ (understand) Western art requires us to look at its history. For many people, it is difficult 2.__________ (appreciate) abstract paintings at first glance. However, 3.__________ (visit) art galleries regularly gives a person a better sense of beauty. When you stand in front of a masterpiece, the first thing to do is 4.__________ (observe) the details.
You might wonder how 5.__________ (interpret) the artist's true feelings. A good way is 6.__________ (read) the background information on the wall. It is also helpful 7.__________ (discuss) your thoughts with friends. Often, the painter's aim is 8.__________ (convey) a specific mood rather than a realistic image. Therefore, 9.__________ (keep) an open mind is essential. If you don't know where 10.__________ (start), just let your heart guide you!《人教版·英语选择性必修 第三册》UNIT 1 重点语法知识归纳
本单元核心语法点为：动词不定式（2）（3）作表语和主语 (Infinitives as the predicative and the subject) 。动词不定式（Infinitives）是重要的非谓语动词形式之一，由“（to）+ 动词原形”构成 。除前面学过的不定式作宾语、宾补、定语、状语等用法外，不定式在句中还可以用作主语和表语 。
语法知识讲解
语法点 基本规则与用法 重点提示 / 易错点 教材例句及翻译
不定式作主语
(置于句首) 不定式作主语位于句首常出现于正式文体中 。 多表示具体的、一次性的或未来的动作。 【主谓一致】： 不定式短语作主语时，谓语动词必须使用单数形式。 1. To help others gives a person satisfaction.
（帮助他人给人带来满足感。） 2. To prevent harmful habits like these from dominating a teenager’s life is essential.
（防止像这样的不良习惯主导青少年的生活是必不可少的。）
it 作形式主语 用作主语的动词不定式及其短语常出现在谓语动词之后，这时需在句首用形式主语 it 指代它 。 【常见句型】： It is + adj./n. + (for sb.) to do sth. 这种结构可以避免句子“头重脚轻”。 1. As a chef, it was my duty to cook...
（作为一名厨师，做饭是我的职责……） 2. It was easy to imagine the danger ahead of them.
（很容易想象他们面临的危险。）
不定式作表语 位于连系动词（如 be 动词）之后，用于解释、说明主语的具体内容 。 【常见主语】： 常用于主语是 aim, purpose, way, plan, duty, wish, idea 等名词的句子中。 1. Perhaps the best way to understand Western art is to look at the development of Western painting over the centuries.
（也许了解西方艺术最好的方法就是回顾几个世纪以来西方绘画的发展。） 2. In this work, Monet’s aim was to convey the light and movement in the scene.
（在这幅作品中，莫奈的目的是传达场景中的光线和运动。）
“疑问词 + 不定式”结构 动词不定式可与疑问词 when, where, how, what, which, who 等组合，构成不定式短语 。 【句法功能】： 该结构在句中主要用作主语、宾语和表语 。 1. When to start has not been decided yet.
（什么时候开始还没有决定。——作主语） 2. Do you know where to find Tom
（你知道去哪儿找汤姆吗？——作宾语） 3. My main concern is how to get there on time.
（我最关心的是如何准时到达那里。——作表语）
单元语法知识演练
一、单项选择
1. It was easy ______ the danger ahead of them in the deep forest.
A. imagine B. imagining C. to imagine D. imagined
2. In this work, Monet's aim was ______ the light and movement in the scene.
A. convey B. conveying C. conveyed D. to convey
3. Perhaps the best way to understand Western art is ______ at the development of Western painting over the centuries.
A. to look B. looking C. look D. looked
4. ______ others always gives a person a deep sense of satisfaction.
A. Help B. To help C. Helped D. Have helped
5. My main concern is ______ there on time despite the heavy traffic.
A. how to get B. what to get C. where to get D. when getting
6. ______ to start the school's annual art exhibition has not been decided yet.
A. What B. Who C. Where D. When
7. As a chef, it was my duty ______, so I tried to vary the meals in whatever way I could.
A. cook B. cooking C. to cook D. cooked
8. ______ harmful habits like these from dominating a teenager's life ______ essential.
A. Preventing; are B. To prevent; are C. To prevent; is D. Prevent; is
9. After arriving in Paris, the students didn't know ______ to find the famous Louvre Museum.
A. where B. what C. which D. why
10. The main purpose of art education in schools is ______ students' ability to appreciate beauty.
A. to developing B. develop C. developed D. to develop
二、语法填空：阅读下面短文，在空白处填入括号内单词的正确形式。
Art is a universal language. 1.__________ (understand) Western art requires us to look at its history. For many people, it is difficult 2.__________ (appreciate) abstract paintings at first glance. However, 3.__________ (visit) art galleries regularly gives a person a better sense of beauty. When you stand in front of a masterpiece, the first thing to do is 4.__________ (observe) the details.
You might wonder how 5.__________ (interpret) the artist's true feelings. A good way is 6.__________ (read) the background information on the wall. It is also helpful 7.__________ (discuss) your thoughts with friends. Often, the painter's aim is 8.__________ (convey) a specific mood rather than a realistic image. Therefore, 9.__________ (keep) an open mind is essential. If you don't know where 10.__________ (start), just let your heart guide you!
【参考答案与解析】
一、单项选择
1. C 【解析】考查形式主语。It is + adj. + to do sth. 为固定句型，it作形式主语，真正的主语是不定式 to imagine 。
2. D 【解析】考查动词不定式作表语。主语是 aim（目的），系动词 was 后面应用不定式 to convey 作表语，解释目的的具体内容 。
3. A 【解析】考查动词不定式作表语。主语是 the best way，系动词 is 后接不定式 to look 作表语 。
4. B 【解析】考查动词不定式作主语。句子缺少主语，置于句首且表示特定的动作或正式语体，用不定式 To help 作主语 。
5. A 【解析】考查“疑问词 + 不定式”作表语。句意为“我最关心的是如何准时到达那里”。how to get there 表示“如何到达”，作系动词 is 的表语 。
6. D 【解析】考查“疑问词 + 不定式”作主语。句意为“何时开始学校的年度艺术展还没有决定”。结合句意“何时开始”，应填入疑问副词 When 。
7. C 【解析】考查形式主语。it was my duty to do sth. 意为“做某事是我的职责”，it 为形式主语，to cook 为真正的主语 。
8. C 【解析】考查不定式作主语及主谓一致。动词不定式（短语）作主语时，谓语动词需用单数形式，故选 To prevent; is 。
9. A 【解析】考查“疑问词 + 不定式”作宾语。know 后面接宾语，根据句意“不知道去哪里找卢浮宫”，应选 where 。
10. D 【解析】考查不定式作表语。主语是 The main purpose（主要目的），后接动词不定式 to develop 作表语，解释目的的具体内容。
二、语法填空
1. To understand 【解析】考查不定式作主语。位于句首作主语，表示“去理解西方艺术（这件事）”，首字母需大写 。
2. to appreciate 【解析】考查不定式作真正的主语。it is difficult to do sth. 是固定句型，it是形式主语 。
3. to visit 【解析】考查不定式作主语。置于句首作主语，表示“定期参观美术馆”，首字母需大写 。（注：此处填 visiting 作动名词主语在语法上也正确，但基于本单元不定式作主语的训练重点，填 to visit 更为切合）。
4. to observe 【解析】考查不定式作表语。主语是 the first thing to do，系动词 is 后面需用不定式 to observe 作表语，解释要做的第一件事是什么。
5. to interpret 【解析】考查“疑问词 + 不定式”作宾语。how to interpret 意为“如何解读”，在句中作 wonder 的宾语 。
6. to read 【解析】考查不定式作表语。主语是 A good way，后接不定式 to read 作表语，解释好方法是什么 。
7. to discuss 【解析】考查不定式作真正的主语。It is helpful to do sth.，it 作形式主语，真正的主语是不定式 to discuss 。
8. to convey 【解析】考查不定式作表语。主语是 the painter's aim（画家的目的），后接不定式 to convey 作表语 。
9. To keep 【解析】考查不定式作主语。置于句首作主语，首字母大写 。（同理，keeping 亦可，本单元侧重 To keep）。
10. to start 【解析】考查“疑问词 + 不定式”作宾语。where to start 意为“从哪里开始”，作 know 的宾语 。

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