Unit 5 Languages around the world 语法+单词 课件(共53张PPT)人教版(2019)必修第一册

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Unit 5 Languages around the world 语法+单词 课件(共53张PPT)人教版(2019)必修第一册

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(共53张PPT)
Unit5 语法+单词
LANGUAGES AROUND THE WORLD
Learning Objectives
By the end of this period,students will be able to
1.have a good understanding of the basic usages of relatives adverbs,such as
when/where/why
in attributive clauses;
understanding the stuctures in/on/at/which in sttributive clauses is equivalent to where/when
2.masters the basic usages of relative adverbs of attributive clauses in the real situation through self-study and practice.
3.describe favourite things using the proper relative,adverbs of attributive clauses flexibly.
Activity1
Look at these sentences and underline restrictive attributive clauses.What kind of information does each clause communicate.
why
a reason for an action
on which
a location for an action
when
at time for an event
where
a location for an event
by which
a means for an event
语法突破
--定语从句
PartI
一、关系副词引导的定语从句
1.when引导的定语从句
(1)当先行词是表示时间的名词时(如time,day,year,month,week等),且关系词在从句中做时间状语,定语从句用when引导
(2)when可以换成"介词+which"。
I still remember the time when(=in which)I was in college.我仍然记得我上大学的那段时间。
I have fogotten the exact date when(=on which)this country became independent.我忘记了这个国家独立的确切日期了。
特别提醒
当先行词是表示时间的名词时,既可以用when引导定语从句,也可以用that或which引导定语从句,关键要看关系词在定语从句中做何种成分。若关系词在定语从句中充当状语,则用when引导;若关系词在定语从句中充当主语或宾语,则用that或which引导。
Do you remember the days when we chatted with each other all night?你记得我们整夜聊天的那些日子吗?(when在从句中做状语)
2.where引导的定语从句
(1)当先行词是表示地点的名词(如place,room,mountain,airpot等),且关系词在从句中做地点状语时,定语从句用where引导
(2)where可以换成“介词+which”。
This is the hotel where(=in which)they stayed.这就是他们住过的旅馆
特别提醒
1.如果先行词表示抽象地点的名词(如state,condition,point,situation等),且关系词在定语从句中做地点状语,关系词用where。
2.当先行词为地点名词时,如果代替先行词的关系词在定语从句中做主语或宾语,则用that或which引导定语从句。
We have reached a point where a change in needed.我们已经到了需要做出改变的地步。
His father works in a factory which/that makes radio parts.他的父亲在一家生产收音机零件的工厂里工作。
比较:where引导的定语从句和状语从句
①where引导定语从句时,他是关系副词,在定语从句中做地点状语,其前有一个表示地点的先行词。此时,where可换成“介词+which”结构。where引导的定语从句只能位于主句之后或句中,不能位于句首。
Is there a shop around where(=in which)we can buy some fruit?附近有没有一个商店可以让我们在里面买一些水果?
②where引导状语从句时,where为从属连词。where引导的地点状语从句修饰主句中的谓语动词,where前面没有表示地点的名词。此时,where不能换成“介词+which”结构。where引导的地点状语从句可位于主句之间,也可位于主句之后。
Where there is a will,there is a way.有志者事竟成
We should go where we are needed.我们应该到需要我们的地方去
3.why引导的定语从句
(1)当先行词是表示原因的名词reason,且关系词在从句中做原因状语时,定语从句用why引导,且只能引导限制性定语从句
(2)why可以用for which代替。
This is the reason why(=for which)he left in a hurry.这就是他匆匆离去的原因
特别提醒
若代替先行词reason的关系词在定语从句中不做状语,而是充当主语或宾语,则用that或which引导定语从句。
The reason that he told me yesterday is a lie.昨天他告诉我的理由是个谎言。
二.“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句
1.关系代词的选用
在此结构中,先行词指人时关系代词用whom,不能用who/that;先行词指物是关系代词用which,不能用that。
This is the student for whom I bought a book.这就是我给他买书的那个学生。
This is the ship by which I went to Shanghai.这就是我去上海所乘的船。
2.介词的选用
(1)根据定语从句中的谓语动词与介词的习惯搭配来确定介词。
Is this the car for which you paid a high price?这就是你花高价买的车吗?(pay…for sth.)
In the dark street,there wasn't a single person to whom she could turn for help.在漆黑的街上,没有一个她可以求助的人。(turn to sb. for help)
(2)根据定语从句的主要形容词与介词的习惯搭配来确定介词。
He brought the result with which the boss was satisfied.他带来了老板满意的结果。(be satisfied with)
(3)根据先行词与介词的习惯搭配来确定介词。先行词往往是表示时间,地点,原因,方式等的词。
Do you still remember the day on which we met for the first time?你还记得我们第一次见面的那天吗?(on the day)
Do you still remember the days during which we studied and laughed together 你还记得我们一起学习,一起嬉笑的那些日子吗?(during the days)
(4)根据句子的意思来确定介词。有些句子的先行词完全一样,定语从句中的谓语动词/主要形容词与介词也不能构成固定搭配,这时,需要根据句子所表达的意思选用不同的介词。
This is the pilot with whom my brother has worked for ten years.这就是和我弟弟一起工作了十年的那位飞行员。
This is the pilot by whom my son was saved.这就是救了我儿子的那位飞行员
3.“介词+关系代词”的特殊情况
(1)介词可以后移,此时关系代词可以省略(省略时,介词必须后移)。
This is the book for which you asked.这是你要的那本书。
This is the book(which/that)you asked for.这是你要的那本书。
特别提醒
有些固定的动词短语一般不能拆开,介词仍放在动词的后面。
Is this the book(which/that)she is looking for 这是她正在寻找的那本书吗
(2)在“介词+关系代词”结构中,若介词短语表示位置,则定语从句往往用倒装语序。常见的这类短语有at the foot of,at the back of,in front of,on the top of等。
They stayed in a big hotel,in front of which was a garden.他们住在一大家大旅馆里,旅馆前面是一个花园。
(3)“名词(代词、数词)+介词of+关系代词”引导的定语从句通常是非限制性定语从句,该结构在定语从句中一般做主语。其中“名词+介词of+关系代词”有时可以用“whose+名词”替换
Her two sons,both of whom work abroad,ring her up every week.她的两个儿子都在国外工作,他们每周都给她打电话。
The building had been repaired,the roof of which(=whose roof)was destroyed again in a big fire.那栋楼房曾经被维修过,但在一场大火中,楼顶又被烧毁了。
三.关系代词与关系副词的选用
定语从句中的引导词用关系代词还是关系副词可以用一下两种方式判断:
四.有关定语从句的拓展--特殊的定语从句
①有些定语从句和先行词之间插入一个短语或别的成分,这种语言现象称为分裂式定语从句
②带有插入语的定语从句
③where做名词可与from连用
④no/where/not+先行词+but(准关系代词)=that…not=who…not没有……不
单元词汇
PartII
1.attitude
n.[C]态度;看法
an attitude to/towards对…的态度/看法
have/show a/an…attitude to/towards…对…持…态度
take/adopt a/an…attitude to/towards…对…采取…态度
an attitude of mind心态问题
attitude前常用good bad positive negative等形容词修饰
辨析同根词
attitude n.态度 altitude n.海拔;高度 latitude n.纬度 longitude n.经度 multitude n.大量;群众
2.refer to
提到;查阅
refer to doing sth.提到做某事
reference n.参考
in/with reference to(所属内容)关于
reference book参考书;工具书
3.despite
prep.即使;尽管
相当于in spite of/although/though/as引导让步状语从句
4.ups and downs
浮沉;兴衰;荣辱
归纳拓展
(1)up and down
①上下波动,起伏
The boat floated up an down onthe water.小船在水面上下浮动
②来回,往复
She was pacing up and down in front of her desk.她在办公桌前踱来踱去
③时好时坏
My relationship with him was up and down.我跟他的关系时好时坏
结构相似短语:back and forth反复来回 in and out进进出出
here and there到处 day and night日日夜夜
5.date back to
(1)dabe back表示“追溯到”,后接表示一段时间的名词。
The skills of cooking in China can date back thousands of years.中国的烹饪技术可以追溯到几千年前。
(2)date back to意为“追溯到,始于",相当于date from,后接时间点。
The custom dates from/back to the time when men wore swords.这一习俗始于人类佩戴刀剑的时期。
特别提醒
date from/date back to在句子充当谓语时,句子常用一般现在时。该短语一般不能用于进行时,也没有被动形式,常用其v-ing,形式做定语
归纳拓展
(1)相关词语积累:
date v.确定年代;注明日期;与(某人)谈恋爱 n.[C]日期;约会
与date相关的短语
up to date最新的;新式的
set/fix a date确定日期
out of date过时的;过期的
to date到目前为止;迄今为止
6.symbol
n.[C]符号;象征;代号;记号
a/the symbol of… ……的象征
相关词语积累
symbolise v.象征,是……的象征,代表
symbolical adj.象征的;符号的
symbolically adv.有象征意义地
辨析比较,symbol,signal,sign与mark
7.variety
n.[C](植物、语言等的)变体;异体;品种;[U]变化;多样化
a variety of=various=varieties of各种各样的;种种
various adj.各种各样的
vary v.相异;改变
vary in在某方面不同
vary from…to…从…到…方面不同
vary with随…而变化
特别提醒
①a variety of/varieties of/various后接名词复数做主语时,谓语动词常用复数形式
②“the variety of+名词复数”意为“…的品种”,做主语时谓语动词用单数形式
8.major
(1)adj.大的(一般做前置定语);主要的;重要的
The major problem at present is how to overcome all the difficulties.目前的主要问题是如何克服所有的困难。
(2)n.[C]主修课程;专业课;主修学生
Her major is French.他的专业课是法语。
(3)vi.主修;专门研究
major in主修
The student,majoring in economics at college,made a comment on the matter.那个大学专业是经济学的学生对此事做了评论。
归纳拓展
majority n.大多数 minor sdj.较小的 minority n.少数
9.means
n.方式;方法;途径(单复数同形)
means of (doing) sth.(做)某事的方法/方式
by means of借助…手段,依靠…方法
by no means决不;一点也不(置于句首时,句子要部分倒装)
by all means务必;尽一切方法
by this means=in this way=with the method通过这种方式
特别提醒
means单复数同型,单复数同型的名词还有deer(鹿),sheep(物种),species(物种)等。means做主语,又every,each等修饰时,谓语动词用单数形式;由all,several,many等修饰时,谓语动词用复数形式。All possible means have been tried,but not every means works.所有可能的方法都试过了,但并不是每一种方法都奏效
相关词语积累
①meaning n.意思;意义
②meaningful adj.严肃的;重要的;重大的
③meaningless adj.毫无意义的
④meantime/meanwhile与此同时
in the meantime/meanwhile与此同时;在此期间
⑤mean
(1)v.有…的目的,打算
be mean to do旨在做
be mean for打算作…用
mean to do sth.打算做某事
had meant to do sth.本打算做某事(而实际上未做)
(2)v.意思是;意味着
mean doing sth.意味着做某事
What do you mean by… 你…是什么意思?
(3)adj.吝啬的;小气的;刻薄的
be mean with sth.在某事/某物方面吝啬
be mean to sb.对某人刻薄
10.regard
(1)n.尊重,尊敬;注意,关注;[pl.]问候
regard for…对…的尊重
regard to/for…对…的关注
in/with regard to关于,至于
in this/that regard在这/那方面,在这/那一点上
give one's regards(to sb.)代某人(向某人)问好
(2)vt.将…认为,把…视为,看待
regard…as…把…看作…,相当于see…as…
regarding prep.关于,至于
11.appreciate
(1)vt.欣赏,赏识,重视
He appreciates your talent.他赏识你的才能。
(2)vt.理解,意识到,领会
He didn't fully appreciate the significance of signing the contract.他没有完全理解签署这份合同的意义。
(3)vt.感激,感谢,欢迎
appreciate(sb.)doing…感激(某人)做…
I would appreciate it if…(it做形式宾语)如果…,我将不胜感激
We would appreciate you letting us know of any problem.如有任何问题,请告诉我们
I'd appreciate it if you could let me know in advance whether or not you will come.如果你能提前让我知道你是否要来,我将不胜感激
特别提醒
①appreciate不能用于进行时。它表示“感谢”时,常接“事”做宾语,与thank刚好相反,thank常构成“thank sb. for sth.(因某事而感谢某人)”结构试比较
I greatly appreciate you help.我十分感谢你的帮助。
Thank you very much for your help.非常感谢你的帮助。
②appreciate后面不能接不定式。另外,appreciate后面不能直接跟if从句,若接if从句,要借助it,即appreciate it if…
appreciation n.欣赏;感激,感谢
appreciative adj.欣赏的;感激的
12.struggle
(1)n.[C]斗争,奋斗,搏斗,努力;[sing.]难事。
a struggle between…and……与…的斗争
It is(not)a struggle to do sth.做某事(不)是件难事
a struggle with sb.(for/against sth.)与某人(为/反对某事)而斗争
a sruggle to do sth.做某事的斗争
(2)v.努力,奋斗,争取,挣扎脱身,搏斗,斗争,抗争
struggle for…为(争取)…而努力/奋斗
sruggle to do sth.努力/争取做某事
struggle with/against同…作斗争
sruggle to one's feet挣扎着站起来
13.point of view
(看待事物的)角度,观点,看法
from a(n)…point of you从……的角度
from one's point of view依照某人的观点,在某人看来
There are different points of view on whether to give up.关于是否放弃有不同的观点
14.equal
(1)n.同等的人,相等物
be without equal/have no equal无与伦比;无敌;无比
He is a player withoit equal.他是个无与伦比的运动员
(2)adj.相同的,同样的,平等的,同等的;(大小、数量、价值等)相等的;(力气、勇气、能力等)相当的;能胜任的,能应付的
be equal to…与…相等;能应付/胜任
be equal in sth.在某方面相等。
Bill is equal to the challenge.彼尔有能力应付这一挑战。
(3)linking verb(大小、数量、价值等)与…相等,等于;vt.比得上,敌得过
A equals B in…A在某方面比得上B
Four plus four equals eight.四加四等于八
equally adv.平等的
equality n.平等
unequal adj.不想等的
15.demand
(1)n.要求;需求
a demand for sth对某物的要求
demand+that从句 …的需求(从句用虚拟语气)
meet the demands for sth.满足对某物的需求
sth. be in great demand某物需求量大/广受欢迎
(2)v.强烈要求;需要
demand sth. of sb.向某人要某物
demand to do sth.要求做某事
demand+that从句 要求…
It is demand that…要求…
}
从句用虚拟语气
16.relate
(1)联系,使有联系,把…联系起来。
relate…to…把…和…联系起来
be relates to…和…有关/有联系
relate to涉及,与…相关,谈到
(2)v.叙述,讲述,讲(故事)
relate sth. to sb.向某人讲述某事
归纳拓展
related adj.相关的,有联系的
relation n.(pl.)(人、团体、国家之间的关系)
in relation to关于
relationship n.(人、团体、国家之间的)关系
relative adj.比较的;相对的 n.亲戚
relatively adv.相对地;相当地
partIII
单元句法
教材p62 There are many reasons why this has been possible,but one of the main factors has been the Chinese writing sysem.有许多原因使这成为可能,但其中很重要的一个因素就是汉字书写体系。
句式剖析
本句为并列复合句。全句由并列连词but连接前后两个分句。在前一个分句中why引导的定语从句修饰先行词reasons,其中why相当于for which,在定语从句中做原因状语
考点精炼
reason后接定语从句的用法
reason做先行词,后接定语从句时:
(1)若关系词在从句中做状语,要用why或for which引导定语从句
The reason why/for which he was late was that he got up late.他迟到的原因是他起晚了。
(2)若关系词在从句中做主语、宾语等,要用which或that引导定语从句。关系词做宾语时可省略。
He gave us a reason that/which sounded reasonable.他给了我们一个理由,这个理由听起来很合理。(关系词在从句中做主语)
The reason(which/that)he gave sounded reasonable.他给出的理由听起来合情合理。(关系词做gave的宾语,可省略)
教材p62.Over the years,the system developed into different forms,as it was a time when people were divided geographically,leading to many varieties of dialects and characters.在那些年间,它已经发展为不同的形式,因为那个时候的人们是按照地域划分的,许多不同的方言和文字符号随之产生。
句式剖析
本句为复合句,句中含有as引导的原因状语从句,在从句中还有when引导的定语从句,修饰先行词a time。另外leading…为现在分词做结果状语
考点提炼
“It was a time when…”句型
“It was a time when…”意为“那段时间…”为固定句式。在此固定句式中,a time是先行词,when为关系副词,引导定语从句,并在从句中做时间状语。有时也用“There was a time when…”(曾经有一段时间…)
It was a time when people weren't so hung up about health.那时人们不太关注健康。
There was a time when he was very disappointed and wanted to leave here.他曾经有一段时间很失望,想离开这里
教材p62.That writing system was of great importance in uniting the Chinese people and culture.这个统一的书写体系在凝聚中国人民和文化方面至关重要。
句式剖析:本句为简单句,句中含有be of +n.结构
考点提炼
of+名词结构
of+名词结构在句中可做表语、后置定语、宾语补足语。该结构可分为两类
(1)不可以转化成形容词的:此时,“of+名词”结构用来说明句子主语在重量、大小、颜色、类别等方面的特征。这类名词有color,size,age,height,weight,shape,type,kind,price,quality等,名词前可用different,the same,a(n)等来修饰
(2)可以转化为同根形容词的:此时“of+名词”结构用来说明句子主语所具有的作用、重要性或意义等。这类名词有value,use,importance,help,significance,benefit,beauty等。名词前可用no,some,any,little,much,great等词修饰用来表示程度。
Dictionaries are of great help(=very help)to English learners.字典对英语学习者来说是很有帮助的
特别提醒
of+名词和同根形容词的转换如下
of significance=signifucant有重大意义的
of importance=important重要的
of value=valuable宝贵的,很有用的
of benefit=beneficial有利的,有用的
of help=helpful有帮助的
of use=useful有用的
教材p64.Add a preposition where necessary.在需要的地方加一个介词
句法剖析
本句为复合句,主句为祈使句,where necessary为状语从句的省略形式,补充完整为where it is necessary
考点精炼
状语从句的省略
(1)在时间状语从句,让步状语从句,条件状语从句,方式状语从句中,如果从句中的主语和主句的主语一致,同时从句的谓语含有be动词,可省略该从句的主语和be动词,这是从句可以出现以下结构
①连词+名词/形容词/介词短语
②连词+现在分词/过去分词/不定式
while/When(I was)on my way to work,I met her.我在上班的路上遇见了她
While(he was)a little boy,he was always ready to help others.当他还是个小男孩时,他总是乐于助人。
Work hard when(you are)young,or you'll regret.年轻时要努力工作,否则你会后悔的
He stood up as if(he were)to say something.他站起来好像要说什么
(2)当从句中的主语与主句的主语不一致,但从句的主语是it,从句中又含有be动词的某种形式,可以把it和 be动词一起省略
If(it is)necessary,I'll come tomorrow.如果有必要的话,我明天就来
特别提醒
高考对状语从句的省略考察主要是让考生判断连词后面用哪种非谓语动词形式,解这类题的关键是要弄清楚从句中的动词与其逻辑主语(即主句的主语)之间的关系,如果是逻辑上的主谓关系通常用现在分词,如果是逻辑上的动宾关系则通常用过去分词
Don't come in until(you are)asked.不叫你不要进来
Be careful when(you are)crossing the street.过马路时要小心
教材p66.I used to get high marks in English,but now I'm having a lot of trouble with my listening.我以前英语常常拿高分,但是现在我在听力上遇到了很大的麻烦
考点提炼
have trouble with结构
have trouble with是固定搭配,此处的trouble是不可数名词,意为“问题,困难”其前可用great,some,much,no等修饰
have trouble with sb.与某人闹矛盾
have trouble with sth.在某方面困难
归纳拓展
have difficulty with sth.在某方面有困难
have trouble difficulty/problems(in)doing sth.做某事有困难
have a hard/difficult time(in)doing sth.做某事有困难
考向追踪
在试题中有时会把“have trouble/difficulty (in)doing sth.”结构中的trouble/difficulty提前作为先行词,其后跟一个省略关系词的定语从句,让我们选择定语从句中非谓语动词的形式。其实这类题考查的还是该结构本身,但因in可以省略,而且又加入了定语从句,句子结构变得复杂,从而加大了试题的难度
John is talking about the difficulty he had learning to write Chinese character at first.约翰正在谈论他刚开始学写汉字是遇到过的困难
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