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(共16张PPT)
Unit 1
Laugh out loud!
Using language
Non-defining attributive clauses
Look at the sentences from the reading passage and answer the questions.
What do “where”, “which” and “when” refer to in each sentence
Grammar: Non-defining attributive clauses
非限制性定语从句
I like the boy.
I like the boy who is cleaning the room.
I like John, who is cleaning the room.
限制性定语从句, 修饰限制先行词, 翻译为“的”
非限制性定语从句, 补充说明主句, 翻译时另起一句
Grammar: Non-defining attributive clauses
非限制性定语从句
1. 形式和功能不同
限制性定语从句的主句和从句之间不用逗号隔开，如果把从句去掉,句意会发生变化，甚至不能成立；
My sister who works in Shanghai sends me an email almost every day.
（既然需要限定，说明我的姐姐很多，除了在上海工作的姐姐，还有其他姐姐，删去后从句表意不明。）
非限制性定语从句的主句和从句之间用逗号隔开，省略从句对句意没有太大影响。
My sister, who works in Shanghai, sends me an email almost every day.
（既然不需要限定，说明我只有一个姐姐，删去从句后句意依然明确。）
Grammar: Non-defining attributive clauses
非限制性定语从句
2. 翻译不同
一般把限制性定语从句翻译在它所修饰的先行词之前；
He is the man whose car was stolen.
他就是汽车被窃的那个人。
非限制性定语从句通常与主句分开翻译。
I’ve invited Mary, who lives in the next flat.
我邀请了Mary，她就住在隔壁。
Grammar: Non-defining attributive clauses
非限制性定语从句
3. 先行词不同
限制性定语从句的先行词常常是名词或代词；
He who laughs last, laughs best.
非限制性定语从句的先行词可以是名词或代词，也可以是短语或整个句子。
Charles Smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year.
They rely on themselves, which is much better.
先行词是代词
先行词是名词
先行词是句子
限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句的区别
限制性 非限制性
形式上 不用逗号 用逗号
意义上 去掉后主句意思不完整 去掉后主句意思完整
作用 修饰限制 补充说明
先行词 词(n/pron)/短语 词/短语/整个主句
关系词 关系代词作宾时可省 whom作宾时可用who代 不用that, why引导
所有关系代词均不可省
翻译 先译从句再译先行词， ……的…… 先译先行词后译从句，形成两个分句
指人 指物 所属
限制性 who, whom, that which, that, as whose
非限制性 who, whom which, as whose
关系词
This is the man (whom/who/that) we are talking about.
The young man had a new girlfriend, whom he wanted to impress.
Her father, who has a lot of money, wishes her to study abroad.
非限制性定语从句需要注意的问题
1. 非限制性定语从句常常位于句末,但也可位于句中, 这时前后都需要用逗号隔开。
The children, who wanted to play football, were disappointed when it rained.
那些孩子都想踢足球,（因而）因下雨感到失望。
2.“介词+关系代词”也可以引导非限制性定语从句。
先行词指人时关系代词用whom, 不可用who/that; 先行词指物时, 关系代词用which, 不能用that。
This is the student, for whom I bought a book.
They live in a house, of which the windows are made of glass.
[温馨提示] “介词+which/whom”引导的定语从句中介词的确定:
(1)根据从句中动词、形容词等与介词的习惯搭配来确定。
Do you know the girl with/to whom the teacher talked just now
你认识刚才和老师谈话的那个女孩吗 (talk意为“交谈”时,常与with或to搭配)
(2)根据定语从句中先行词与介词的习惯搭配来确定。
They are collecting information in preparation for the day on which the two sides sit down and talk. 他们正在收集信息为双方坐下来和谈的那一天做准备。
(3)根据语义表达的需要来确定。
Knowledge is the wings with which we realize our dreams.
知识是我们借以实现梦想的翅膀。(with表示用某种手段、工具)
关系词as和which的区别
As everyone knows, China is a country with a long history.
She is a great hero, as is described in the report.
He invited me to dinner, which made me very happy.
This novel, which I have read three times, is very touching.
as和which在引导非限制性定语从句时可代替整个主句。
as和which引导非限制性定语从句时的位置不同: as引导的定语从句可置于___________________，而which引导的非限制性定语从句不可放在_______________________________。
句首、句中、句后
句首，只能放在句中、句后
注意：
as引导非限制性定语从句时，常用于下列一些固定结构中:
a) as is expected (不出所料);
b) as is mentioned above (正如上面所提到的) ;
c) as we all know/as is known to all( 众所周知) ;
d) as is reported (正如所报道的) ;
e)as is often the case (这是常有的事)等。
用适当的关系词填空
1.　　 is known to everybody,the moon travels around the earth once every
month.
2.English is a language shared by several diverse cultures,each of 　　　　
uses it differently.
3.She gave another piece of advice, 　　　　 I think was of great help to the
research work.
4.She showed the visitors around the museum, 　　　　 construction had
taken more than three years.
5.The number of smokers, 　　 is reported,has dropped by 17 percent in just
one year.
As
which
which
whose
as
用适当的介词+关系词填空
1. The factory _________ his father works is faraway from my hometown.
2. In the dark street, there wasn’t a single person_________ she could turn for
help.
3. This is Mr. Smith, _________ factory we work.
4. We stood at the top of the hill, ___________ we can see the town.
to whom
in which
in whose
from where
Read the passage and rewrite the tips using non-defining attributive clauses. Add more tips to the list if you can.
Go for a walk in the countryside, where you can enjoy the beautiful views and a peaceful atmosphere.
Spend time with your family and friends, which will activate chemicals in your brain to make you feel happier.
Try to accept your mistakes, through which you can learn a lot.
Close your eyes and picture the future, where you’ve made your dreams come true.
Complete the joke with the sentence parts in the box using who / which and put commas in the correct position.
has lost his patience by now
he thinks will impress Holmes
is lying next to him
he finds annoying
, who is lying next to him
, which he finds annoying
, which he thinks will impress Holmes
, who has lost his patience by now

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