资源简介

一、知识脉络
二、重难解码
考点 1 词义猜测
1 ．After United Airlines baggage handlers mashed Dave Carroll’s $3,500 guitar during a 2008 flight, he spent months fruitlessly seeking compensation. Then he created a music video
“United Breaks Guitars” and posted it on YouTube. Within three days the video had been viewed by 1.5 million people. Consequently, United’s stock plunged (暴跌).
For Dennis Herhausen, an associate professor of marketing at KEDGE Business School in France, this incident brought new focus to his and his colleagues’ research on digital assets,
“When someone puts up a complaint and other customers enter the conversation, a firestorm can erupt. We wanted to understand this new phenomenon.” Herhausen says.
In his recent study, the researchers looked at 472,995 negative comments posted in the
public Facebook communities of 89 U. S. companies from October 2011 through January 2016.
They used computerized textual analysis to measure the intensity of emotions in each post. To
assess the relationship between a post’s author and the rest ofthe online community, they counted their communications; the higher the number, the stronger the tie and the greater the likelihood
that the person served as an influencer. They also measured the linguistic similarity between each post and the community’s overall content.
Next the researchers analyzed companies’ responses, looking at what the companies had
offered an unhappy customer; measuring the amount of empathy and explanation in each
response. To measure virality (扩散性), they added up the likes, comments, and shares inspired by
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each post and compared the total with the average for the community in which it appeared. As a result of this work, the researchers developed several recommendations to deal with online
complaints.
Companies should respond to negative posts, and fast. “The worst thing you can do is
ignore the customer,” Herhausen says. The responses fell into five main categories: companies suggested moving the conversation to a private channel, apologized, provided an explanation, expressed empathy, and offered compensation.
Which strategy worked best Apologies and requests to switch to a private channel could generally work best at early stage. Offering to compensate an unhappy customer had the opposite effect — a result that took the researchers by surprise. It might cause a complaining customer’s
frustration, the researchers say, but if companies suggest compensation immediately, other members of the community may see it as an opportunity to post a complaint in the hope of receiving something from the company themselves.
In general, early expressions of empathy were more effective than explanations. But there was an important exception: posts reflecting an unusual degree of high-arousal emotions. If
customers are extremely upset, the researchers say, an empathetic reply may feed their agitation, whereas a rational, fact-based explanation often helps cool them down.
Not all complaints can be contained. The study showed that once a complaint had
galvanized (激起) others in the online community, the company’s attempts to disengage by
apologizing or suggesting a channel change were not only ineffective but tended to fuel the
flames. On the contrary, compensation very late in the game may tamp down (压制) virality, but they need to be paired with explanations. Otherwise, they risk being seen as tacit admissions of guilt.
Finally, as a firestorm evolves, the organization should take care to make each response
distinct and to vary the use of empathy and explanation from one message to the next. “In some cases, the people in social media departments follow a script — the replies are always the same,” Grewal says. “That’s a clear sign that the company is not really attending to the situation.”
There’s no one-size-fits-all approach to online complaints, and companies can obtain
considerable benefits from appropriate handling. An effective response strategy can reduce a
negative post’s virality by as much as 11%, the researchers calculate — which could translate to
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hundreds or thousands fewer likes and shares of complaints and limit any enduring damage to the company’s reputation and fortunes.
What does the underlined word “agitation” in Paragraph 7 probably mean
A ．Concern. B ．Depression. C ．Doubt. D ．Anger.
2．Not too long ago, on a cold winter night, there was a teenager who wanted more screen time and a parent who said no. The teenager was advocating for her right to scroll (翻屏) for an
extra 30 minutes. The parent argued that none of her friends’ parents let them have screens after 9 o’clock. “I thought, in this family, we don’t compare ourselves with other people, Dad ” the
teenager replied. The parent — who was me, by the way —just got served. Since they were
young, I have told my kids not to compare themselves with other people. I have argued countless times that comparisons are the “thief of joy”.
Although my daughter didn’t win, she did help expose one of the worst pieces of advice I have ever given. In my defence, I did what we’ve all done before, which is to repeat received
wisdom without exploring the nuances. But now is the time to set the record straight, which starts with questioning the idea that all social comparison is unhealthy.
Social comparisons do, of course, often get us into emotional trouble. But they can be
harnessed (利用) for our betterment if we understand how they work. The social comparisons we make — ones that lead us to feel good or bad about ourselves — are vital to our ability to thrive (成长). Science provides a guide we can use to harness the way we perform these comparisons to reduce their negative emotional impacts.
Comparing yourself with someone who is outperforming you could result in feelings of envy if you focus on the things they have and you don’t, or it can be energizing and inspiring if
you use these comparisons as a source of motivation, for example, “If they can achieve that, so
can I.” Comparing yourself with someone who is doing worse than you could result in fear and
worry if you think about how you could fall into similar circumstances, or it can draw out feelings of gratitude and appreciation if you use that comparison to broaden your views — for example,
“Wow, things could be much worse; I’m doing great.”
What I wish I taught my daughter earlier are these nuances. How we feel about ourselves rests not just on whom we compare ourselves with but also on how we think about that
comparison. That’s something we all have control over.
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What does the word “nuances” underlined in Paragraph 2 most probably mean
A ．Major achievements. B ．Complex feelings.
C ．Significant impacts. D ．Fine differences.
3 ．Preparing Cities for Robot Cars
The possibility of self-driving robot cars has often seemed like a futurist’s dream, years
away from materializing in the real world. Well, the future is apparently now. The California Department of Motor Vehicles began giving permits in April for companies to test truly
self-driving cars on public roads. The state also cleared the way for companies to sell or rent out self-driving cars, and for companies to operate driverless taxi services. California, it should be
noted, isn’t leading the way panies have been testing their vehicles in cities across the country. It’s hard to predict when driverless cars will be everywhere on our roads. But however long it takes, the technology has the potential to change our transportation systems and our cities, for better or for worse, depending on how the transformation is regulated.
While much of the debate so far has been focused on the safety of driverless cars (and
rightfully so), policymakers also should be talking about how self-driving vehicles can help reduce traffic jams, cut emissions (排放) and offer more convenient, affordable mobility options. The
arrival of driverless vehicles is a chance to make sure that those vehicles are environmentally friendly and more shared.
Do we want to copy — or even worsen — the traffic of today with driverless cars Imagine a future where most adults own individual self-driving vehicles. They tolerate long, slow journeys to and from work on packed highways because they can work, entertain themselves or sleep on the ride, which encourages urban spread. They take their driverless car to an appointment and set the empty vehicle to circle the building to avoid paying for parking. Instead of walking a few blocks
to pick up a child or the dry cleaning, they send the self-driving minibus. The convenience even leads fewer people to take public transport — an unwelcome side effect researchers have already found in ride-hailing (叫车) services.
A study from the University of California at Davis suggested that replacing petrol-powered private cars worldwide with electric, self-driving and shared systems could reduce carbon
emissions from transportation 80% and cut the cost of transportation infrastructure (基础设施)
and operations 40% by 2050. Fewer emissions and cheaper travel sound pretty appealing. The first
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commercially available driverless cars will almost certainly be fielded by ride-hailing services,
considering the cost of self-driving technology as well as liability and maintenance issues (责任与维护问题). But driverless car ownership could increase as the prices drop and more people
become comfortable with the technology.
Policymakers should start thinking now about how to make sure the appearance of
driverless vehicles doesn’t extend the worst aspects of the car-controlled transportation system we have today. The coming technological advancement presents a chance for cities and states to
develop transportation systems designed to move more people, and more affordably. The car of the future is coming. We just have to plan for it.
What does the underlined word “fielded” in Paragraph 4 probably mean
A ．Employed.
B ．Replaced.
C ．Shared.
D ．Reduced.
考点 2 短语猜测
4 ．The notion that we live in someone else’s video game is irresistible to many. Searching the term “simulation hypothesis” (模拟假说) returns numerous results that debate whether the
universe is a computer simulation — a concept that some scientists actually take seriously.
Unfortunately, this is not a scientific question. We will probably never know whether it’s true. We can, instead, use this idea to advance scientific knowledge.
The 18th-century philosopher Kant argued that the universe ultimately consists of
things-in-themselves that are unknowable. While he held the notion that objective reality exists, he said our mind plays a necessary role in structuring and shaping our perceptions. Modern sciences
have revealed that our perceptual experience of the world is the result of many stages of
processing by sensory systems and cognitive (认知的) functions in the brain. No one knows
exactly what happens within this black box. If empirical (实证的) experience fails to reveal reality, reasoning won’t reveal reality either since it relies on concepts and words that are contingent on
our social, cultural and psychological histories. Again, a black box.
So, if we accept that the universe is unknowable, we also accept we will never know if we
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live in a computer simulation. And then, we can shift our inquiry from “Is the universe a computer simulation ” to “Can we model the universe as a computer simulation ” Modelling reality is
what we do. To facilitate our comprehension of the world, we build models based on conceptual metaphors (隐喻) that are familiar to us. In Newton’s era, we imagined the universe as a clock. In Einstein’s, we uncovered the standard model of particle (粒子) physics.
Now that we are in the information age, we have new concepts such as the computer,
information processing, virtual reality, and simulation. Unsurprisingly, these new concepts inspire us to build new models of the universe. Models are not the reality, however. There is no point in
arguing if the universe is a clock, a set of particles or an output of computation. All these models are tools to deal with the unknown and to make discoveries. And the more tools we have, the more effective and insightful we can become.
It can be imagined that comparable to the process of building previous scientific models, developing the “computer simulation” metaphor-based model will also be a hugely rewarding exercise.
What does the phrase “contingent on” underlined in Paragraph 2 probably mean
A ．Accepted by.
B ．Determined by.
C ．Awakened by.
D ．Discovered by.
5 ．
However, less than 10 percent of polyolefin products are recycled annually, resulting in mountains of waste destined for landfills or being burnt. That’s because while other plastics are typically broken down with catalysts, breaking down polyolefin is difficult due to its tough
carbon-carbon molecular bonds (分子键). “Polyolefins don’t have any weak links. Every bond is incredibly strong and chemically unreactive,” said Yosi Kratish, a chemist at Northwestern
University.
Meanwhile, burning polyolefins requires temperatures as high as 700℃ . “Everything can be burned, of course,” said Kratish. “But we wanted to find an elegant way to add the minimum
amount of energy to obtain the maximum value product.” A potential solution combining
hydrogen gas and a catalyst can deconstruct polyolefin plastic into useful hydrocarbons, but the
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process also involves high temperatures and expensive catalysts. But Kratish’s team found a workaround.
Unlike rare metals, engineers discovered that an alternative called cationic nickel (阳离
子镍) is cheap and easy to collect. Other nickel-based catalysts include multiple reaction sites.
Cationic nickel’s single-site variant allows it to function more like a precise sharp knife. Instead of breaking down all of a plastic’s structure, this option specifically targets those carbon-carbon
bonds at a much lower temperature and with half the hydrogen gas pressure.
“That is amazing. It’s definitely not something anybody expected” Kratish said. If proven to be scalable (可规模化) and efficient, the new catalyst could largely cut down the need for
plastic pre-sorting while also reducing the amount of microplastics released into the environment every day.
What does “an elegant way” in paragraph 4 refer to
A ．Combining hydrogen gas with cationic nickel. B ．Deconstructing polyolefins into hydrocarbons.
C ．Burning polyolefins at a high temperature. D ．Breaking down all of a plastic’s structure.
6．One of China’s first female sea-rescue pilots looks back in pride at 300-plus missions and promises to save more lives. When the perfect storm brews (酝酿) over the boundless sea and
lives are in danger, a crew of highly trained professionals embarks on a mission impossible to
search for and rescue survivors from the rough waters. Wan Qiuwen is one of them. And, she’s a woman.
The 36-year-old from Shanghai has broken the glass ceiling to become one of China’s
first two female rescue helicopter pilots who respond to search and rescue missions involving
cargo ship snags (货船遇险), vessel accidents, medical emergencies and special marine operations. The demanding nature of the profession had always favored male candidates until the rules were
changed for the first and only time. She says, “Rescue at sea can be both challenging and terrifying. If you don’t think and act fast, people may die.”
...
Now, a mother of a boy, when people ask her if she will continue to fly once her child
grows up, Wan’s response is affirmative. “This profession is about saving lives and I am a rescue pilot, once and always.”
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What do the underlined words “broken the glass ceiling” probably mean
A ．Winning wide praise. B ．Making a personal breakthrough.
C ．Disobeying rules of her career. D ．Breaking barriers preventing women’s advancement.
考点 3 指代猜测
7 ．Music psychologists have found that more than 90% of the population experience
earworms, and they are beginning to understand how they work, why they happen, what they tell us about the brain, and even how to stop them.
A song becomes an earworm when the mind will repeat parts of it indefinitely. It happens because the way music recall is organized in the mind is not like a sound file or tape recording that plays from beginning to end. Rather, the music is efficiently organized into “pockets” based on
familiarity and similarity, with some pockets recycled where possible. This is the most crucial part of the earworm story.
...
What does the underlined word “they” in paragraph 1 refer to
A ．Earworms. B ．Mental functions.
C ．Psychologists. D ．Ordinary people.
8 ．
The results showed that the supplement group had a 55% higher incidence of arterial
calcification compared to the non-user group. Further cell culture experiments revealed that
excessive vitamin D promotes the deposit of calcium in smooth muscle cells of blood vessels, a key step in calcification. “This doesn’t mean vitamin D is harmful at recommended levels, but consistently exceeding them might be,” Martinez noted.
Vitamin D over-supplementation is common. Many adults take it for presumed benefits like improved mood or immunity, often without medical guidance. “There’s a misconception that if a little is good, more must be better,” said Martinez. Additionally, foods like milk and orange juice are often fortified with vitamin D in many countries, potentially contributing to high overall
intake.
Dr. James Lee from Stanford University commented, “This study provides a crucial
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warning against self-prescribed high-dose supplements. However, as the participants were primarily older adults, the findings may not be generalizable to younger populations. More research is needed.”
What does the underlined word “them” in paragraph 1 refer to
A ．Blood vessels. B ．Recommended levels.
C ．Smooth muscle cells. D ．Non-users.
9 ．There are up to 30 students at any given time in Ho’s class. She generally works with
their regular teachers to get lessons and tests being used at their home schools. Some teachers
don’t give the kids any assignments; they express sympathy instead. “I feel like it is a disservice to the kids,” Ho says. “They think their teachers don’t care about their schoolwork.”
What does the underlined word “it” refer to in paragraph 4
A ．Offering regular lessons. B ．Paying extra attention.
C ．Assigning no schoolwork. D ．Showing no sympathy.
考点 4 句意猜测
10 ．Once again the Captain’s will won. Silent, the men returned to their posts. But Captain Columbus was worried because he knew in his heart that a day would come when his words
would no longer help. Before that day, he would see land.
Not an eye closed that night. The Captain stood on the high poop (艉楼) and with sleepless eyes he tried hard to look into the darkness ahead.
Then, two hours before midnight, the miracle happened. A far-off light struck his eyes. It wavered (摇曳) once or twice, moving quickly on the horizon, like a fisherman’s boat on the
waves.
What’s the meaning of the underlined sentence “Not an eye closed that night”
A ．Captain Columbus had been awake for the whole night.
B ．Captain Columbus kept an eye closed that night.
C ．Captain Columbus had one eye open that night.
D ．Captain Columbus had slept heavily for the whole night.
11 ．When 76-year-old Antoinette-Marie Williams played 17-year-old Emmett Daniels in chess for the first time, she gave Daniels a run for his money. Paired through DOROT, a New
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York organization which was launched in 1976, they are a perfect match. “I was a good opponent for him. I don’t think he expected it.” Williams told the CVS Health blog Fortune Well. Their
weekly games have led Daniels and Williams to a cross-generational relationship that they both enjoy. Williams and Daniels’ relationship disproves the idea that people of different generations have little in common.
What does the underlined sentence in paragraph 1 probably mean
A ．She had a running race with Daniels.
B ．Daniels felt disappointed.
C ．Daniels had a tough win.
D ．She gave Daniels money as a gift of greeting.
12 ．When it comes to napping, one size definitely doesn’t fit all. If you are sleep deprived, a nap can be helpful or even essential for making it through the day. However, for those with other sleep issues, a nap may make it harder to fall asleep at night. For most of us, the timing and length of
our nap will largely determine how beneficial it is to our sleep routine.
What does the underlined sentence in paragraph 2 mean
A ．A nap benefits all the people.
B ．Not all the people fit napping.
C ．A nap works on one with sleep problems.
D ．A nap works for you if you're lacking sleep.
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1 ．D
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了研究人员针对网络投诉所开展的研究及其应对建议。
词句猜测题。根据第七段中“But there was an important exception: posts reflecting an unusual degree of high-arousal emotions. If customers are extremely upset, the researchers say, an empathetic reply may feed their agitation, whereas a rational, fact-based explanation often helps
cool them down. (但有一个重要例外：那些反映出异常强烈情绪的帖子。研究人员表示，如果顾客极度不满，共情的回复可能会加剧他们的 agitation ，而理性、基于事实的解释通常有助于平复他们的情绪。)”可知，agitation 与“极度不满”和“ 需要平复”对应，应指“愤怒” 的意思，与选项 D 一致。故选 D 项。
2 ．D
【导语】这是一篇议论文。探讨了社会比较并非全然有害，通过调整看待比较的方式，它可以转化为促进自我成长的积极力量。
【小题 1】词句猜测题。根据第二段“In my defence, I did what we’ve all done before, which is to repeat received wisdom without exploring the nuances. But now is the time to set the record
straight, which starts with questioning the idea that all social comparison is unhealthy. (为自己辩护一下，我做了我们所有人都做过的事，就是重复那些大家都认可的观点，却没有探究其中的 。但现在是时候纠正这个观点了，首先要质疑所有社会比较都是不健康的这一想法)”可知，作者之前只是重复普遍观点，没有深入探究不同情况，现在要重新审视，所以 nuances意思可能是“细微差别” 。故选 D。
3 ．A
【导语】这是一篇议论文。文章讨论了机器人汽车在城市运行的可能性。
词义猜测题。划线词句前文“Fewer emissions and cheaper travel sound pretty
appealing.(更少的排放和更便宜的旅行听起来很有吸引力。)”说明人们更喜欢排放少、更便 宜的旅行，如果有这样的交通工具，肯定会被人们使用，而无人驾驶汽车则具备这些优点，从而推知划线词句“The first commercially available driverless cars will almost certainly be
fielded by ride-hailing services, considering the cost of self-driving technology as well as liability and maintenance issues(责任与维护问题). (考虑到自动驾驶技术的成本以及责任和维护问题，几乎可以肯定，首批商用无人驾驶汽车将被 fielded 由叫车服务公司。)其中划线词是“被应用，投入使用” 的意思。故选 A。
答案第 1 页，共 5 页
4 ．B
【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章主要讨论了哲学家对于宇宙的认知和信息时代下的作者对于宇宙争论的看法。
词句猜测题。根据第二段“If empirical (实证的) experience fails to reveal reality,
reasoning won’t reveal reality either since it relies on concepts and words that are contingent on
our social, cultural and psychological histories. Again, a black box.(如果经验不能揭示现实，推理也不会揭示现实，因为它依赖于 contingent on我们的社会、文化和心理历史的概念和词语)”可知，句中 that 引导限制性定语从句，指代先行词 concepts and words，且结合常识，概念和词语取决于我们的社会、文化和心理历史， 推测划线短语表示“取决于” ，与 determined by 意义相近。故选 B 项。
5 ．A
【导语】本文是一篇新闻报道。主要介绍聚烯烃塑料回收难的原因， 以及科研团队发现阳离子镍催化剂能低成本、低能耗分解该塑料，为其回收提供新方案。
词句猜测题。根据第二段中的“A potential solution combining hydrogen gas and a
catalyst can deconstruct polyolefin plastic into useful hydrocarbons, but the process also involves
high temperatures and expensive catalysts. But Kratish’s team found a workaround.(一种将氢气
与催化剂结合的潜在解决方案可以将聚烯烃塑料分解为有用的碳氢化合物，但该过程也需要高温和昂贵的催化剂。不过克拉蒂什的团队找到了一种变通方法。)”，第三段中的“Unlike rare metals, engineers discovered that an alternative called cationic nickel (阳离子镍) is cheap and
easy to collect. Other nickel-based catalysts include multiple reaction sites. Cationic nickel’s
single-site variant allows it to function more like a precise sharp knife. Instead of breaking down
all of a plastic’s structure, this option specifically targets those carbon-carbon bonds at a much
lower temperature and with half the hydrogen gas pressure.(与稀有金属不同，工程师们发现一 种名为阳离子镍的替代品价格低廉且易于获取。其他镍基催化剂有多个反应位点， 而阳离子镍的单一位点变体使其运作起来更像一把精准的尖刀。这种方法不会分解塑料的全部结构，而是能在更低的温度和一半的氢气压力下精准靶向那些碳-碳分子键。)”可知，Kratish 团队 找到的变通方法是用阳离子镍替代原有昂贵催化剂，与氢气结合来分解聚烯烃塑料，这一方法契合其想要的“投入最少能量获得最大价值产物” 的要求，即文中的“an elegant way”，因此划线短语表示“将氢气与阳离子镍相结合”，与 A 选项意义一致。故选 A 项。
6 ．D
答案第 2 页，共 5 页
【导语】本文是一篇新闻报道。主要介绍中国首批女性海上救援飞行员万秋雯，她突破职业壁垒完成三百余次救援任务，且立志继续坚守救援岗位拯救生命。
词句猜测题。根据第二段中的“The 36-year-old from Shanghai has broken the glass
ceiling to become one of China’s first two female rescue helicopter pilots who respond to search
and rescue missions involving cargo ship snags (货船遇险), vessel accidents, medical
emergencies and special marine operations. The demanding nature of the profession had always
favored male candidates until the rules were changed for the first and only time. (这位 36 岁的上海女性 ，成为中国首批两名女性救援直升机飞行员之一，负责执行货船遇险、船舶事故、
医疗紧急情况和特殊海上行动的搜救任务。这份高要求的职业此前一直更青睐男性从业者，相关规定直到这次才迎来首次也是唯一一次调整。)”可知，该职业此前一直由男性主导，女性难以进入，万秋雯成为首批女性从业者，打破了这种阻碍女性在该职业发展的壁垒，因此划线短语表示“打破阻碍女性发展的壁垒” ，与 D 选项意义一致。故选 D 项。
7 ．C
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了音乐心理学家对“耳虫”现象的研究，包括其形成原因、对大脑的启示以及如何停止耳虫等。
词句猜测题。根据第一段中的“Music psychologists have found that more than 90% of the population experience earworms, and they are beginning to understand how they work, why
they happen, what they tell us about the brain, and even how to stop them.(音乐心理学家发现，超过 90%的人都有过“耳虫”经历，并且他们正开始研究“耳虫”是如何产生的，它们为什么会发生，它们告诉我们关于大脑的事情，甚至如何阻止它们)”可知，they 指代前文提到的 Music psychologists（音乐心理学家），即心理学家们在研究“耳虫”，且他们会告诉人们关于大脑的知识。A 选项“耳虫”、B 选项“ 心理功能”、C 选项“ 心理学家”、D 选项“普通人”。故选 C 项。
8 ．B
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述过量补充维生素 D 的危害及相关研究结论，同时提及该研究的局限性。
词句猜测题。根据第一段“This doesn’t mean vitamin D is harmful at recommended
levels, but consistently exceeding them might be. (这并不意味着在推荐剂量下维生素 D 会有害，但长期持续超过它们则可能有害。)”结合英语代词指代原则，“them”应指代前文出现的复数名词。前句中“recommended levels(推荐摄入量)”是唯一符合逻辑的复数名词。故选 B。
9 ．C
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【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要讲的是 Ho 的班级里学生情况，她与常规教师合作获取课程和测试内容，但一些教师不给孩子布置作业只表达同情，Ho 认为这对孩子不利，因为孩子会觉得老师不关心他们的学业 。
词句猜测题。根据划线词所在句“Some teachers don’t give the kids any assignments; they express sympathy instead. “I feel like it is a disservice to the kids,” Ho says.(有些老师根本不给学生布置作业，而是选择给予孩子们安慰。“我觉得这样做对孩子们是不有害的。”Ho说道。)”可推知，其中的“it”指的是不给孩子们布置作业这件事。故选 C。
10 ．A
【导语】本文是一篇记叙文。文章简要讲述了在航行中哥伦布船长面临着船员们很不安的局面，于是整晚不睡坚持瞭望，终于在深夜发现远处的闪光。
词句猜测题。根据画线句的下文“The Captain stood on the high poop (艉楼) and with sleepless eyes he tried hard to look into the darkness ahead. (船长站在高高的船尾楼上，睁着一双难以入睡的眼睛，努力望着前方的黑暗。)”可知，船长整晚都没睡，在坚持瞭望，由此可知，画线句表示“哥伦布船长整晚都没有睡觉” 。故选 A 项。
11 ．C
【导语】这是一篇说明文。主要介绍了 Antoinette-Marie Williams 和 Emmett Daniels 在下棋方面的情况。
词句猜测题。根据第一段中““I was a good opponent for him. I don’t think he expected it.” （“对他来说，我是一个很好的对手。我想他也没想到会这样。”）可知，对于 17 岁的 Emmett Daniels 来说，他没有想到 76 岁的 Antoinette-Marie Williams 在围棋方面的技艺高超，因此画线句的含义为“Daniels 赢得很辛苦。”选项 C 符合题意，故选 C。
12 ．B
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了午睡对不同人群的影响及午睡的时间和时长如何影响其效用。
词句猜测题。根据划线部分下文“If you are sleep deprived, a nap can be helpful or even essential for making it through the day. However, for those with other sleep issues, a nap may
make it harder to fall asleep at night. For most of us, the timing and length of our nap will largely determine how beneficial it is to our sleep routine. (如果你睡眠不足，小睡对度过一天很有帮助，甚至是必不可少的。然而，对于那些有其他睡眠问题的人来说，午睡可能会让他们在晚上更难入睡。对我们大多数人来说，午睡的时间和时间长短在很大程度上决定了它对我们日常睡
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眠的有益程度。)”可知，小睡这种方式不一定适合所有人。由此可推知，划线部分“When it comes to napping, one size definitely doesn’t fit all.”表达的意思是“ 不是所有的人都适合午睡”。故选 B。
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