资源简介

一、知识脉络
二、重难解码
考点 1 社会问题与社会现象
Few things delight children, or irritate their parents, as much as screen time. Parents nag their children to put down their digital devices and pick up a book or a football. Some countries are banning social media for under-16s.
The worry may be focused on the wrong age group. Now a new generation of grandparents are adding to their screen time with smartphones, iPads and game consoles. The result is epic
screen sessions, which take up more than half of their waking hours.
The digitization of old age is a good thing. Facebook and WhatsApp bring daily updates
from old friends and faraway grandchildren. Zoom transports church, book clubs and
doctors’appointments into the home. Older people are also insulated (使隔离) from some of the on-screen risks that threaten teenagers. They have already formed their key real-life relationships, and so are less in danger of the “social stunting” that screen-obsessed children supposedly suffer.
Yet as retirement moves online there will be costs that society must address. Older folks’ devices are usually connected to credit cards. Door-to-door cheat can now go iPad-to-iPad. Older people also appear to be more likely susceptible to online scam which artificial intelligence
promises to make still more convincing. As older generations shift from spending their time in front of Fox or the BBC to spending it on YouTube or TikTok, they are entering a Wild West of information.
Screen time has a mixed impact on loneliness. Screens are companions for the isolated. But they can also be an alternative for real life. E-commerce removes the trouble of the weekly
shopping trip — but also the social interactions that come with it. Balancing the pros and cons of screen use is easier for teenagers, whose time online is limited by teachers during the day and
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parents in the evening. Older folk lack these informal mediators (调停者).
Old people’s rocketing screen time should at least make for a more measured debate on
digital matters. Generations do not always understand each other well. There is a long history of
policymakers calling for bans on teenagers, from rock ‘n’ roll to violent video games. When the
teenagers catches on more widely, the panic tends to die down. Universal use of smart-phones and social media should make it easier to have sensible conversations about their trade-offs. And when children are told for the hundredth time to get off their phones, they can cast a meaningful glance at grandpa in the corner, chuckling at the latest memes on WhatsApp.
1 ．By mentioning the two generations’ screen time, the author intends to .
A．highlight an issue B．evaluate an event C．clarify a goal D．illustrate an approach 2 ．What does the underlined phrase “susceptible to” in Paragraph 4 probably mean
A ．Tolerant to. B ．Awakened by. C ．Tricked by. D ．Relevant to.
3 ．What can be inferred from the last paragraph
A ．Each generation tends to self-limit their own screen time strictly.
B ．Society has promoted seniors’ digital benefits to prevent panic.
C ．Digital policy should primarily target seniors’ online safety risks.
D ．The digital engagement across ages calls for balanced discussions.
4 ．Which would be the best title for this passage
A ．Square-eyed Elders B ．All-thumbs Seniors
C ．Self-taught Silver Surfers D ．Leisure-seeking Grandparents
In “the repair shop”, a British television series, craftsmen (工匠) mend family heirlooms (传家宝) that viewers have brought to their workshop. The attraction comes from watching them apply their craft to restore these heirlooms and the emotional appeal from the tears that follow when the owner is presented with the beautifully restored heirlooms.
Perhaps the idea of craftsmanship is not simply nostalgic (怀旧的). In a new paper in the
Academy of Management, five academics examine the idea of crafts as a way of remaking the
organization of work. They define craft as “a humanist approach to work that prioritizes human
engagement over machine control”. Crafts require distinct skills, an all-round approach to work
that involves the whole product and an attitude that necessitates devotion to the job and a focus on
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the communal interest. The concept of craft emphasizes the human touch and individual judgment. Essentially, the crafts concept seems to run against the management studies which have long
prioritized efficiency and consistency.
There are two potential markets for those who practise crafts. The first comes from the
consumers who are willing to pay an extra price for goods considered to be of extra quality. This market stretches all the way down from designer fashion through craft beers to bakeries offering loaves made by hand. The second market lies in those consumers who wish to use their purchases to support local workers, or to reduce their environmental impact by taking goods to craftspeople to be mended, or recycled.
For workers, the appeal of craftsmanship is that it allows them the autonomy to make
creative choices, and thus makes a job far more satisfying. In that sense, it could offer hope for the overall labor market. Let the machines automate dull and repetitive tasks and let workers focus
purely on their skills, judgment and imagination. As a current example, the academics cite the agile manifesto (敏捷软件开发宣言) in the software sector, an industry at the heart of
technological change. The pioneers behind the original agile manifesto promised to prioritize “individuals and interactions over processes and tools”. By bringing together experts from
different teams, agile working is designed to improve creativity.
But the broader question is whether crafts can create a lot more jobs than they do today. Demand for crafted products may rise but will it be easy to retrain workers in sectors that might get automated (such as truck drivers) to take advantage
History also suggests that the link between crafts and creativity is not automatic. Young craftsmen are expected to spend long periods as journeymen before they could set up on their own; by that time the innovative spirit may have been knocked out of them. Craft workers can thrive in the modern era, but only if they don’t get too organized.
5 ．Which of the following is true about craft
A ．It emphasizes the importance of marketing. B ．It slows the expansion of potential markets.
C．It generates greater efficiency and consistency. D．It requires comprehensive understanding of work.
6 ．The “agile manifesto” is mentioned to show .
A ．the competition in the labor market B ．the benefit of craftsmanship to workers
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C ．the advantage of mechanical automation D ．the importance of software in technological change
7 ．What is the best title for the passage
A ．The Emotional Appeal — Crafts and Restoration
B ．The Humanist Approach — Crafts and Innovation
C ．The Human Touch — Crafts and the Future of Work
D ．The Efficiency War — Crafts and Mass-produced Products
Is there a secret sauce that helps explain why some people seem so self-assured and cool A new study that surveyed nearly 6,000 people from 12 countries around the world offers some
clues.
Coolness is not a widely studied subject. Past research has found that it is usually
considered something positive: People who are cool are also friendly, competent, trendy and
attractive. But researchers wanted to know what makes a person distinctly “cool” rather than just “good”. They asked the participants to think of specific people: one who is cool, one who is not cool, one who is good, and one who is not good. Then they had the participants evaluate each
person by answering questionnaires that measured 15 different attributes.
Surprisingly, the participants’ beliefs about what’s “cool” were similar regardless of their
nationality, age, income level, education or gender. Across groups, cool people were largely
perceived as extroverted, pleasure-seeking, powerful, adventurous, open and autonomous. Though cool and good people did share some common traits, like capability, they are not the same. Being kind, conforming, traditional, secure and conscientious (认真的) were more associated with being good than being cool. Some “cool” traits were not necessarily good at all, like pleasure-seeking.
These findings make a strong case that coolness is a mirror that can help observe how people understand and structure their social world.
One limitation of the study was that anyone who did not know the word “cool” was left out. As a result, the data cannot show how frequently the word is used in different countries or whether coolness gives people higher social status in some cultures. In addition, while the study included
people of many ages, most participants were young, with an average age around 30.
Research on coolness suggests that the desire to be cool is particularly strong during
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adolescence. It influences not only what people buy or whom they admire but also how they talk and what they do for fun. Caleb Warren, one of the authors of the study, has serious doubts about whether this quality is worth pursuing. Coolness that involves risk-taking and being socially
premature may offer popularity in youth. However, a 2014 study found that many teenagers who behaved in this way would later struggle in their 20s. “They are doing more extreme things to try to act cool,” Warren said.
For the popular kids in school, “status is dominance, visibility, attention,” psychologist
Mitch Prinstein said. “But it is how well-liked you are that contributes to long-term success.”
Even the most uncool kid will probably fare well if they have at least one close friend, he added.
Perhaps coolness — particularly the “too cool for school” variety — isn’t all it’s cracked up to be.
8 ．What did the researchers do in the new study
A ．Conducted a data analysis. B ．Predicted a dangerous trend.
C ．Discovered a new study area. D ．Compared groups of all ages.
9 ．What can be inferred about coolness
A ．It is losing its dominance in school life.
B ．It helps one maintain a long-term success.
C ．It is associated with virtues all over the world.
D ．It may lead to blind behavior and other potential harms.
10 ．What can we learn from the new study
A ．Coolness gives people a higher social status.
B ．People tend to agree that coolness is not good.
C ．Coolness is commonly regarded as something positive.
D ．The pursuit of coolness reflects people’s social preference.
11 ．Which would be the best title for the passage
A ．Coolness Brings Goodness
B ．What Makes Someone Cool
C ．How to Become Cool at School
D ．The Shift of People’s Ideas of Coolness
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考点 2 科学技术
Today’s digital world brings a challenge: distinguishing between human-made and
AI-generated content. For example, AI can create fake images or spread false information, which causes serious concerns. To address this, researchers are exploring a new technique called AI
watermarking.
AI watermarking is the process of embedding (嵌入) a recognizable, unique signal into the output of an AI model, such as text or an image, to identify that content as AI-generated. Ideally, an AI watermark should be invisible to the human eye, but easily found by specialized software or computer algorithms (算法). A generative AI model that uses watermarking can be employed like any other one, but model output will clearly indicate that it was created using AI. Effective AI
watermarking should avoid reducing model performance, resist efforts to forge (伪造), remove or change it, and work well with various model architectures. For example, the system might be more likely to choose certain rare words or sequences that a human writer would be unlikely to produce. To an end user, the text generated by the model would still look completely random.
This technique is created during model training by teaching the model to embed a specific signal or identifier in generated content, such as a textual watermark hidden in a sentence
generated by a large language model or a visual watermark hidden in the output of an image
generator. This process usually involves making small changes to the model during the training stage. After model training and use, specialized algorithms detect the presence of the watermark embedded earlier, thereby checking whether a piece of media was generated by AI. For example, an algorithm might analyze an image’s pixels (像素) to detect hidden patterns.
Similar to a physical watermark on paper currency, AI watermarks serve as digital
signatures that can demonstrate the origin of a piece of media. Social media networks, news
organizations and other online platforms could use them to indicate to readers that a piece of
content was created using AI. Adding a disclaimer label to a post that contains an AI-generated image could help stop attempts to spread disinformation, for example.
Unfortunately, current AI watermarking techniques are unreliable and relatively easy to bypass. Developing long-lasting AI watermarks that not even determined attackers can remove remains an open research problem. One significant issue is that watermarks are often easy to
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remove, particularly in text. There’s also the problem of “false positives”, where human-made
content is wrongly identified as AI-generated. Finding the right balance is key: a watermark that’s too obvious might make the content unnatural, while one that’s too light could be easily missed or removed. As AI technology advances, improving watermarking techniques remains an important task.
12 ．Which of the following models uses effective AI watermarking
A ．A file with a retyped watermark.
B ．A high-definition photo labeled “AI”.
C ．A video with a removable “AI sticker”.
D ．A text with certain patterns every few lines.
13 ．What is the purpose of Paragraph 3
A ．To provide a technical guide.
B ．To compare the AI techniques.
C ．To explain the technical principle.
D ．To describe the evolution of techniques.
14 ．What can we learn about AI watermarks from the passage
A ．They are helpful in making texts read naturally.
B ．They push people to use more disclaimer labels.
C ．Developing durable and unremovable ones is still a goal.
D ．False positives appear when they are too obvious or light.
Ariel Procaccia has always been fascinated by big questions and hard problems. As a
teenager, his favorite book was A Brief History of Time, which explores deep questions about the universe. Today, Procaccia is a computer scientist at Harvard University, where he designs
computer algorithms that tackle some big problems that directly affect people’s lives.
One of Procaccia’s favorite projects is Spliddit. Org. It’s a free website that helps people
divide stuff in a way that mathematically guarantees fairness. For example, one of the apps on
Spliddit is a rental division. Say a few roommates rent an apartment and have different preferences for rooms. The goal is to assign the rooms and divide the rent in a way that each roommate gets
the best deal. By now, Spliddit has been used by thousands of people.
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Procaccia is especially excited about their work on algorithms for selecting community
committee representatives tasked with discussing important issues and making recommendations for policymakers. They’re randomly selected from volunteers. But the random selection needs to be done in a way that leads to a community committee that looks like the overall population. For example, there’s usually a similar number of men and women. Meanwhile, every volunteer has to have an impartial chance of participating in the community committee. Procaccia and his partners developed an algorithm that balances these needs.
As a professor, Procaccia works closely with amazing graduate students. Over a typical
five-year Ph.D., a special, lifelong bond is formed. Professors and their students often speak of
each other as “academic children” and “academic parents.” And as someone who has three actual children, Procaccia thinks there’s a lot oftruth to that, especially when his students succeed and achieve their goals.
Procaccia believes that much of computer science is essentially about finding the best ways to solve problems. With that kind of toolbox, he says, almost any challenge becomes
approachable. So even for those who think computers aren’t their thing, computer science just might be.
15 ．What is the goal of Procaccia’s work
A ．To develop mathematical tools for fun.
B ．To explore questions about the universe.
C ．To serve people with algorithms.
D ．To write a popular-science book.
16 ．What does the underlined word “impartial” in paragraph 3 mean
A ．Fair. B ．Unexpected. C ．Unmatched. D ．Limited.
17 ．How does Procaccia view the relationship with his students according to paragraph 4
A ．It’s similar to family bonds.
B ．It’s strict professional cooperation.
C ．It’s a typical teacher-student bond.
D ．It’s a five-year challenging journey.
18 ．What’s Procaccia’s attitude toward computer science
A ．He thinks it’s too difficult for most people.
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B ．He sees it as a problem-solving tool in life.
C ．He believes it’s mainly about programming.
D ．He emphasizes theory over real-life applications.
Scientists are advancing forward in brain-computer interface (BCI) technology, and a newly developed system can translate our thoughts into text or sound.
It’s essentially an inner speech decoder (解码器), developed by researchers from
institutions across the US. In tests on four volunteers with severe disabilities, the decoder has an accuracy rate of up to 74 percent in translating thoughts into audible (听得见的) speech. The
potential here is for a BCI that can help those with speech disabilities to communicate more effectively than ever before.
Previous BCIs have relied on brain activity that is created when a person tries to speak or
write, even though their bodies cannot carry out the action. This new technology gets a step closer to the source. “If you just have to think about speech instead of actually trying to speak, it’s
potentially easier and faster for people,” says neuroscientist Benjamin Meschede-Krasa, from Stanford University in the US.
Machine learning was used to train the BCI to connect brain signals to words as the four
participants thought about them. The researchers found that there was overlap between certain
brain patterns when the volunteers tried to speak and when they only imagined words and phrases. Despite this, the signals could be distinguished from each other. With some probability
calculations thrown in, the new BCI can recognize up to 125,000 words using only inner speech. “We found that we could decode these signals well enough to demonstrate a proof of principle, although still not as well as we could with attempted speech,” says neuroscientist Frank Willett, from Stanford University.
There’s still a long way to go there, and the BCI often falls far short of that 74 maximum
accuracy rating. However, by employing more advanced technology, the researchers are confident that the system can be quickly improved over the next few years. “This work gives real hope that speech BCIs can one day restore communication that is as fluent, natural, and comfortable as
conversational speech,” says Willett.
19 ．How does the new BCI system differ from previous ones
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A ．It helps healthy people communicate fluently.
B ．It doesn’t require the user to try to speak or write.
C ．It uses a more advanced machine learning model.
D ．It can identify more words with higher accuracy.
20 ．What does the underlined word “overlap” in paragraph 4 refer to
A ．Gap. B ．Conflict. C ．Balance. D ．Similarity.
21 ．What is the main problem with the new BCI
A ．Security. B ．Speed. C ．Accuracy. D ．Convenience.
22 ．What is the text mainly about
A ．A breakthrough in decoding inner speech.
B ．The working principle of a new BCI system.
C ．Differences between a new BCI and previous ones.
D ．Challenges for people with severe speech disabilities.
考点 3 科普知识
Predictive coding, a theory originally developed in neuroscience and machine learning, is
changing our understanding of the human brain. It proposes that the brain is not a simple receiver of sensory information but an active “prediction machine”. Instead of processing every detail from the beginning, our brains constantly make models of the world and guess what we will see, hear, or feel next. The difference between these predictions and the actual sensory input — termed the “prediction error”— is the only information the brain needs to change its internal models. This
efficient system explains why we can easily recognize a friend’s face in a crowd or understand a sentence even with background noise.
However, this smart efficiency comes with cognitive trade-offs. A core idea of predictive
coding is that perception is in its nature a controlled false image, heavily shaped by what we
already believe. This can lead to built-in biases. For instance, in a famous experiment, participants shown a not clear image of a bicycle were later more likely to wrongly recognize similar but not present objects like unicycles, because their brain’s prediction — based on the common idea
“wheeled vehicle”— was stronger than the unclear sensory data. Such findings challenge the
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simple view of perception as an objective camera, suggesting instead that what we “see” is a best guess made by our neural system.
The effects go beyond optical illusions (视觉幻觉) into social cognition. Research shows that stereotypes and cultural expectations work as powerful prior beliefs within the predictive
coding system. When we meet someone from a group we have ideas about, our brain may reduce prediction errors by ignoring information that goes against our expectations, thereby making
stronger pre-existing biases. This neural way of working provides a physical basis for
“confirmation bias,” showing how our search for cognitive efficiency can accidentally continue social misunderstandings.
Importantly, the brain’s predictive system is not a fixed fate. Neuroplasticity (神经可塑性) makes sure that with continued, attention-driven contact to new and opposite evidence, the brain’s models can be changed. This is the scientific basis of learning and mindfulness practices. By
purposely paying attention to prediction errors — those moments when reality surprises us — we can make our internal models change, leading to more correct perceptions and less prejudice.
Thus, predictive coding not only explains the beginnings of our biases but also shows a way toward overcoming them, describing the mind as a changing, changeable system rather than a fixed recorder of reality.
23 ．According to the predictive coding theory, the primary function of the “prediction error” is to
.
_________
A ．generate entirely new sensory models from scratch
B ．create persistent illusions that dominate our perception
C ．act as the main source of sensory information the brain receives
D ．serve as the only signal for the brain to correct its internal predictions
24 ．The experiment involving the unclear bicycle image is mentioned to illustrate . A ．the superiority of human visual processing
B ．how prior beliefs can change perceptual judgment
C ．the difficulty in recognizing uncommon objects
D ．the complete unreliability of human senses
25 ．Which of the following would be the most suitable title for the passage
A ．Prediction and Perception: How the Brain Constructs Reality
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B ．The Passive Brain: A Receiver of Information
C ．The End of Stereotypes: A Neuroscience Perspective
D ．Sensory Overload: The Brain’s Processing Challenge
Whether hunting or competing for limited space and resources, humans are the planet’s
super predator (捕食者). As the human population expands, it’s getting harder for other creatures to find somewhere to hide during the day. Now new findings indicate animals around the world have come up with another strategy: They are becoming nocturnal.
In a paper published in Science, researchers analyzed 76 previous scientific studies on the
human impact on animal activity. They compared animals’ activity during the day and night in
areas of high human disturbance (from hunting or farming to hiking and other outdoor recreations) and low human disturbance (relatively natural conditions). The analysis showed animals are
becoming an average of 1.36 times more nocturnal due to high human disturbance.
For example, in Poland wild boars go from 48% nocturnal in natural forests to 90%
nocturnal in urban areas. Even activities people consider relatively innocuous, such as hiking and wildlife viewing, strongly affected animals’ daily rhythms. “We think that we’re leaving no trace often when we’re outdoors, but we can be having lasting consequences on animal behavior,” says Kaitlyn Gaynor, lead researcher for the study.
This is not the first time animals have had to live at night; during the time of dinosaurs, they were also nocturnal. “Dinosaurs were this ubiquitous (似乎无所不在的), scary force, and only
after their extinction did mammals (哺乳动物) emerge into the daylight,” Gaynor says. “And now humans have taken over and are pushing other animals back into the night.”
Scientists suspect becoming nocturnal may hurt those species highly adapted to the sun.
They might not be able to live well at night, which would ultimately hurt their chances of survival and reproduction. Perhaps even more alarming effects could be in the wider ecosystem. In
California’s Santa Cruz Mountains, coyotes have been more nocturnal in response to hikers and have started to alter their diets from daytime prey, such as squirrels and birds, to nocturnal prey, such as rats and rabbits.
Exactly how ecological communities will change, whether it will be for better or worse,
requires further study. Some nighttime shifts may benefit both animals and humans, Gaynor notes.
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For instance, tigers in Nepal are avoiding potentially deadly conflicts with people as they become more nocturnal.
Studies like this one will eventually help conservation managers make better decisions
about how to protect ecosystems. “We’ll need to understand local dynamics to really understand
how we should be changing management of wildlife populations or human activities,” Gaynor
notes. “One potential approach might be to manage the timing of human activities so that we leave some of the daylight for other animals.”
26 ．How do animals respond to increasing human disturbance
A ．By limiting food intake. B ．By leaving their habitat.
C ．By controlling population. D ．By adjusting daily routine.
27 ．Why does the author mention dinosaurs
A ．To highlight the importance of daylight. B ．To indicate the domination of humans.
C ．To illustrate mammals’ adaptability. D ．To demonstrate dinosaurs’ power.
28 ．What can we learn about animals’ becoming nocturnal
A ．It has led to a new ecological balance. B ．It demands more conservation areas.
C ．It may encourage biodiversity. D ．It might be double-edged.
Most of us probably have told a lie at one time or another. Some lies are harmful. Some are mostly harmless. Still other lies may even be created with kindness. But whatever kind of lie you tell, it takes surprising brainpower to pull it off. Lying also can have unwanted influences, too.
When you tell the truth, you think of what you want to say and just say it. However, lying takes much more work-you have to come up with a story and remember it. A lot of that work is
done in a brain area called the prefrontal cortex. It’s responsible for working memory and
executive function (执行功能) tasks such as planning, problem-solving and self-control. Working memory keeps things in mind just for a little while as you’re using them. Executive function
comes into play when you use self-control to keep from blurting out (脱口而出) the facts that
would uncover your lie. It helps you recall all the details of a lie to make sure that it sounds
believable. It also lets you think a step or two ahead to make sure the lie you’re telling will likely hold up to questioning.
Calling on your executive function this way uses up a lot of brainpower. Vendemia, a
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neuroscientist at the University of South Carolina, did a research and has found that people’s
mental workload will be heavier and their reaction time longer when they lie. Worse still, when the prefrontal cortex is busy with tasks related to lying, she notes, it has a harder time doing other tasks such as making a study plan or using self-control to keep from spending too much time on computer games.
Lying has social influences, too. Even the kindest lies can sometimes be risky and often
backfire. When you give dishonest praise, you may make your friends feel good at first. But if you do it often enough, they’ll soon learn that they can’t trust your praise. People generally value
honesty and don’t like liars, so if you are viewed as untrustworthy, it can be bad for your relationships.
It’s widely agreed that nearly all cultures value honesty, and now science is revealing how dishonesty influences the brain and your ability to build the trust on which strong relationships
depend. So, even when lying doesn’t stretch your nose, it still comes at a price that you can’t afford.
29 ．The second paragraph is mainly about .
A ．why self-control benefits the brain B ．what social influences lying can bring
C ．how the brain works when people lie D ．when executive function comes into play
30 ．What can we learn about lying from the passage
A ．Lying improves working memory. B ．Covering lies takes much brainpower.
C ．People’s reaction can be sped up by lying. D ．The nature of lies is decided by the brain.
31 ．The underlined word “backfire” in Paragraph 4 probably means “ ”
A ．lead to serious accidents B ．help to win full support
C ．build up strong relationships D ．have the opposite effect
32 ．Which of the following would be the best title for the passage
A ．Costs ofLying B ．Signs ofLying C ．Causes of Lies D ．Types of Lies
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1 ．A 2 ．C 3 ．D 4 ．A
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了人们以往只担心孩子沉迷屏幕，如今老年人的屏幕时长也大幅增加。老年人上网虽便利社交、减少孤独，但也面临诈骗、信息混乱等问题。这一现象提醒社会应理性、全面地讨论不同年龄段的数字使用问题。
1 ．推理判断题。根据第一段“Few things delight children, or irritate their parents, as much as
screen time. Parents nag their children to put down their digital devices and pick up a book or a
football. Some countries are banning social media for under-16s.(没有什么事情能像屏幕使用时间这样既让孩子们感到开心，又让他们的父母感到烦恼。家长们会不停地叮嘱孩子们放下电子设备，拿起一本书或者一个足球。一些国家甚至禁止 16 岁以下的青少年使用社交媒体)”以及第二段“The worry may be focused on the wrong age group. Now a new generation of
grandparents are adding to their screen time with smartphones, iPads and game consoles. The
result is epic screen sessions, which take up more than half of their waking hours.(这种担忧或许 针对的年龄段并不准确。如今，新一代的祖父母们也开始使用智能手机、iPad 和游戏机来增加自己的屏幕使用时间。结果就是他们每天的屏幕使用时间超过了清醒时间的一半)”可知，通过提及两代人的屏幕使用时间，作者意在强调一个问题。故选 A。
2 ．词句猜测题。根据划线词所在句“Older people also appear to be more likely susceptible to online scam which artificial intelligence promises to make still more convincing.(老年人似乎也更容易 susceptible to 网络诈骗，而人工智能技术则有望让这类诈骗变得更加具有迷惑性)”可知，后文提到人工智能技术让这类诈骗变得更加具有迷惑性，说明老年人容易被骗。故划线词意思是“ 易受骗的” 。故选 C。
3 ．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Old people’s rocketing screen time should at least make for a
more measured debate on digital matters.(老年人大幅增加的屏幕使用时间至少应该促使我们对数字化问题展开更为审慎的讨论)”可知，不同年龄段的数字互动需要进行平衡的讨论。故选 D。
4 ．主旨大意题。根据第二段“The worry may be focused on the wrong age group. Now a new
generation of grandparents are adding to their screen time with smartphones, iPads and game
consoles. The result is epic screen sessions, which take up more than half of their waking
hours.(这种担忧或许针对的年龄段并不准确。如今，新一代的祖父母们也开始使用智能手机、 iPad 和游戏机来增加自己的屏幕使用时间。结果就是他们每天的屏幕使用时间超过了清醒时间的一半)”结合文章主要说明了人们以往只担心孩子沉迷屏幕，如今老年人的屏幕时长也
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大幅增加。老年人上网虽便利社交、减少孤独， 但也面临诈骗、信息混乱等问题。这一现象提醒社会应理性、全面地讨论不同年龄段的数字使用问题。可知，A 选项“整天盯着屏幕的老年人”最符合文章标题。故选 A。
5 ．D 6 ．B 7 ．C
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了手工艺行业的优点及未来前景。
5 ．细节理解题。根据第二段“Crafts require distinct skills, an all-round approach to work that involves the whole product and an attitude that necessitates devotion to the job and a focus on the communal interest. (手工艺需要独特的技能、一种涉及整个产品的全面工作方法，以及一种需要对工作投入和关注共同利益的态度。)”可知。手工艺需要对工作有全面的了解。故选D。
6．推理判断题。根据第四段“As a current example, the academics cite the agile manifesto (敏捷软件开发宣言) in the software sector, an industry at the heart of technological change. (作为当前的一个例子，学者们引用了软件行业的敏捷软件开发宣言，这是一个处于技术变革中心的行业。)”可知，这个例子是针对本段开头“For workers, the appeal of craftsmanship is that it allows them the autonomy to make creative choices, and thus makes a job far more satisfying.(对工人来说，手工艺的吸引力在于它让他们可以自主做出创造性的选择，从而使工作更加令人满
意。)”而列举的，由本句句意可知，这里在阐述手工艺给工人带来的好处。故选 B。
7 ．主旨大意题。文章开头描写了手工艺者将修复好的传家宝交给物主时令人感动的场景，说明这是个富有人情味的行业，倒数第二段第一句“But the broader question is whether crafts can create a lot more jobs than they do today. (但更深远的问题是手工艺是否能创造比今天多得多的就业机会。)”并结合文章介绍了手工艺行业的优点及未来前景，可知“The Human
Touch — Crafts and the Future of Work (人情味的手工艺行业和未来的工作)”适合作为本文标题。故选 C。
8 ．A 9 ．D 10 ．C 11 ．B
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一项针对“酷”特质的跨国家研究，探究其定义、特质与“优秀” 的区别，同时指出研究局限及追求该特质的潜在问题与长远启示。
8．细节理解题。根据第二段中的“They asked the participants to think of specific people: one who is cool, one who is not cool, one who is good, and one who is not good. Then they had the
participants evaluate each person by answering questionnaires that measured 15 different
attributes.(他们让参与者想到具体的人：一个酷的人，一个不酷的人，一个优秀的人，一个
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不优秀的人。然后他们让参与者通过回答衡量 15 种不同特质的问卷来评价每个人)”可知，研究者通过问卷收集数据并对相关数据进行分析，以此开展这项新研究。故选 A 项。
9．推理判断题。根据第五段中的“Coolness that involves risk-taking and being socially premature may offer popularity in youth. However, a 2014 study found that many teenagers who behaved in this way would later struggle in their 20s. “They are doing more extreme things to try to act cool,” Warren said.(带有冒险精神和社交早熟特质的“酷”可能会让年轻人受欢迎。然而，2014 年的一项研究发现，许多有这种行为的青少年在二十多岁时会陷入困境。沃伦说：“他们为了装酷会做更多极端的事。”)”可知，为了追求酷而做出极端、冒险的行为，会让青少年后续发展陷入困境。由此推知，“酷”这一特质可能会带来盲目行事的行为以及其他潜在的危害。故选 D 项。
10．细节理解题。根据第二段中的“Past research has found that it is usually considered something positive: People who are cool are also friendly, competent, trendy and attractive.(以往的研究发现，酷通常被认为是一种积极的特质：酷的人通常也友善、能干、时髦且有魅力)”以及第三段中的“Surprisingly, the participants’ beliefs about what’s “cool” were similar regardless of their
nationality, age, income level, education or gender. Across groups, cool people were largely
perceived as extroverted, pleasure-seeking, powerful, adventurous, open and autonomous. (令人
惊讶的是，无论国籍、年龄、收入水平、教育程度或性别如何，参与者对于什么是“酷” 的看法都相似。在所有群体中，酷的人在很大程度上被认为是外向的、追求享乐的、有力量的、富有冒险精神的、开放的和自主的)”可知，新研究通过跨国家、跨人群的调查验证了，不同背景的人们普遍仍将酷视作带有各类正向特质的属性，酷依旧被广泛认为是一种积极的事物。故选 C 项。
11 ．主旨大意题。根据第一段中的“Is there a secret sauce that helps explain why some people seem so self-assured and cool A new study that surveyed nearly 6,000 people from 12 countries around the world offers some clues.(是否存在一种秘诀能解释为什么有些人看起来如此自信 又酷？一项对来自全球 12 个国家的近 6000 人进行的新研究给出了一些线索)”并结合全文围绕这项研究探究“酷” 的定义、特质、与“优秀” 的区别，以及追求酷的相关问题展开论述可知，本文核心是探究是什么造就了一个人的“酷”特质，所以“是什么让一个人变酷？”可以概括文章主题，适合作为最佳标题。故选 B 项。
12 ．D 13 ．C 14 ．C
【导语】这是一篇说明文。本文介绍了数字时代为辨别 AI 生成内容出现的 AI 水印技术，
答案第 3 页，共 9 页
说明其原理、作用，也指出当前技术的不足及研发改进的重要性。
12．推理判断题。根据第二段“Ideally, an AI watermark should be invisible to the human eye, but easily found by specialized software or computer algorithms. Effective AI watermarking should
avoid reducing model performance, resist efforts to forge, remove or change it, and work well
with various model architectures.(理想情况下，人工智能水印应为人眼不可见，但能被专业软件或计算机算法轻易识别。有效的人工智能水印应避免降低模型性能，能抵御伪造、移除或篡改的行为，并适配各类模型架构。)”可知，有效的人工智能水印具备隐蔽、难以移除且可被专业技术识别的特点，带特定规律模式的文本符合该特征。故选 D 项。
13 ．推理判断题。根据第三段“This technique is created during model training by teaching the model to embed a specific signal or identifier in generated content, such as a textual watermark
hidden in a sentence generated by a large language model or a visual watermark hidden in the
output of an image generator. This process usually involves making small changes to the model
during the training stage. After model training and use, specialized algorithms detect the presence of the watermark embedded earlier, thereby checking whether a piece of media was generated by AI.(该技术在模型训练阶段研发而成，通过训练模型在生成内容中嵌入特定信号或标识实现——比如大语言模型生成语句中隐藏的文本水印，或是图像生成器输出内容中隐藏的视觉水印。这一过程通常需要在训练阶段对模型做出细微调整。模型完成训练并投入使用后，专用算法会检测此前嵌入的水印是否存在，从而验证某一媒体内容是否由人工智能生成。)”可知，本段详细阐释了人工智能水印从嵌入到检测的技术实现原理，目的是介绍其技术原理。故选C 项。
14．细节理解题。根据最后一段“Developing long-lasting AI watermarks that not even determined attackers can remove remains an open research problem.(研发即便是执意的攻击者也无法移除的长效人工智能水印，仍是一个尚未解决的研究难题。)”可知，研发耐用且无法被移除的人工智能水印目前仍是研究的目标。故选 C 项。
15 ．C 16 ．A 17 ．A 18 ．B
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章聚焦于哈佛大学计算机科学家 Ariel Procaccia 的工作与理念。文章通过具体案例阐明其核心追求：利用算法解决直接影响人们生活的现实问题。
15．细节理解题。根据原文第一段“Today, Procaccia is a computer scientist at Harvard University, where he designs computer algorithms that tackle some big problems that directly affect people’s
lives.(如今，Procaccia 是哈佛大学的计算机科学家，他设计的计算机算法旨在解决一些直接
答案第 4 页，共 9 页
影响人们生活的重大问题。)” 可知，Procaccia 的工作目标是用算法为人们服务，解决实际问题。故选 C。
16．词义猜测题。根据原文第三段“But the random selection needs to be done in a way that leads to a community committee that looks like the overall population. For example, there’s usually a
similar number of men and women. Meanwhile, every volunteer has to have an impartial chance
of participating in the community committee.(但随机选择需要以一种让社区委员会具有整体人口代表性的方式进行。例如，男性和女性的人数通常相近。同时，每位志愿者都必须有
impartial 机会参与社区委员会。)” 可知，前文强调选择需体现人口代表性（如男女比例均衡），核心是“公平” ，因此“impartial”意为 “公平的” 。故选 A。
17 ．细节理解题。根据原文第四段“Professors and their students often speak of each other as
“academic children” and “academic parents.” And as someone who has three actual children,
Procaccia thinks there’s a lot oftruth to that, especially when his students succeed and achieve
their goals.(教授和学生们经常称彼此为 “学术子女” 和 “学术父母”。作为三个亲生孩子的父亲，Procaccia 认为这很有道理，尤其是当他的学生成功并实现他们的目标时。)” 可知，
Procaccia 认为他与学生的关系类似于家庭纽带的关系。故选 A。
18 ．推理判断题。根据原文第五段“Procaccia believes that much of computer science is
essentially about finding the best ways to solve problems.(Procaccia 认为，计算机科学在很大程度上本质上是关于寻找解决问题的最佳方法。)” 可知，他将计算机科学视为生活中解决问题的工具。故选 B。
19 ．B 20 ．D 21 ．C 22 ．A
【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要讲的是科学家在脑机接口（BCI）技术领域取得的突破性进展，特别是新研发的内部语音解码器系统。
19 ．细节理解题。根据第三段“Previous BCIs have relied on brain activity that is created when a person tries to speak or write, even though their bodies cannot carry out the action. This new
technology gets a step closer to the source. “If you just have to think about speech instead of
actually trying to speak, it’s potentially easier and faster for people,” (以往的脑机接口（BCI）依赖的是人在试图说话或写字时产生的大脑活动，即便他们的身体无法执行这些动作。而这项新技术更接近问题的根源。“如果人们只需思考说话的内容，而无需实际尝试发声，那么对使用者而言，这可能会更简单、更快捷。”)”可知，以前的脑机接口依赖于一个人试图说话或写字时产生的大脑活动，而新的脑机接口技术只需思考说话，不需要试图说话或写字。所
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以新 BCI 系统与以往的不同之处在于它不需要用户试图说话或写字。故选 B。
20 ．词句猜测题。根据第四段“Despite this, the signals could be distinguished from each other. With some probability calculations thrown in, the new BCI can recognize up to 125,000 words
using only inner speech. (尽管如此，这些信号仍可相互区分。通过引入一些概率计算，新的脑机接口（BCI）仅利用内部语音就能识别多达 125,000 个单词。)”可知，当志愿者试着说话和只想象单词和短语时，他们的某些大脑模式存在重叠，结合选项可推测出“overlap”指的是“相似性” ，即两种情况下大脑模式有相似之处，和 Similarity 意思相近。故选 D。
21 ．细节理解题。根据最后一段“There’s still a long way to go there, and the BCI often falls far short of that 74 maximum accuracy rating. However, by employing more advanced technology,
the researchers are confident that the system can be quickly improved over the next few years .(要达到理想状态仍有很长的路要走，而且脑机接口（BCI）的准确率常常远低于 74%这一最高水平。不过，研究人员相信，通过采用更先进的技术，该系统在未来几年内能够得到迅速改进。)”可知，新的 BCI 的主要问题是准确性，它常常远低于 74%的最高准确率。故选 C。
22．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是第一段“Scientists are advancing forward in brain-computer interface (BCI) technology, and a newly developed system can translate our thoughts into text or
sound. (科学家们在脑机接口（BCI）技术领域不断取得进展，新研发的系统能够将我们的思想转化为文字或声音。)”可知，本文主要讲的是科学家在脑机接口（BCI）技术领域取得的突破性进展，特别是新研发的内部语音解码器系统，因此本文的主旨是 A 选项“A
breakthrough in decoding inner speech. (解码内心语言的突破。)” 。故选 A。
23 ．D 24 ．B 25 ．A
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了预测编码理论，该理论认为大脑是一个主动的“预测机器”，通过预测与实际感官输入之间的差异来不断调整和优化其内部模型，同时探讨了这一理论在认知偏差、社会认知以及神经可塑性方面的应用和影响。
23．细节理解题。根据第一段中“The difference between these predictions and the actual sensory input — termed the “prediction error” — is the only information the brain needs to change its
internal models. (这些预测与实际感官输入之间的差异——被称为“预测误差”——是大脑改变其内部模型所需的唯一信息。)”可知，根据预测编码理论，“预测误差” 的主要功能是作为大脑修正其内部预测的唯一信号。故选 D 项。
24．推理判断题。根据第二段中“A core idea of predictive coding is that perception is in its nature a controlled false image, heavily shaped by what we already believe. This can lead to built-in
答案第 6 页，共 9 页
biases. For instance, in a famous experiment, participants shown a not clear image of a bicycle
were later more likely to wrongly recognize similar but not present objects like unicycles, because their brain’s prediction — based on the common idea “wheeled vehicle” — was stronger than the unclear sensory data. Such findings challenge the simple view of perception as an objective
camera, suggesting instead that what we “see” is a best guess made by our neural system. (预测编码理论的核心观点认为，感知本质上是一种受控的虚假影像，深受我们既有信念的影响。这种机制可能导致固有的认知偏差。例如，在一个著名实验中，参与者观看了一张模糊的自行车图片后，更容易错误地识别出类似但实际未出现的物体(如独轮车) 。这是因为他们大脑基于“带轮交通工具”这一常见概念作出的预测，比模糊的感官输入更加强烈。这类发现挑战了“感知如同客观摄像机” 的简单观点，转而揭示出我们所“看见” 的其实是神经系统作出的最佳推测。)”可知，参与者因大脑基于“带轮子的车辆”这一常见概念进行预测，而更可能错误识别独轮车。这个例子是为了说明先前的信念(如常见概念)如何改变知觉判断。故选 B 项。
25 ．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是第一段中“Predictive coding, a theory originally developed in neuroscience and machine learning, is changing our understanding of the human brain. It
proposes that the brain is not a simple receiver of sensory information but an active “prediction
machine” . (预测编码，这一最初在神经科学和机器学习领域发展起来的理论，正在改变我们对人类大脑的理解。它提出大脑不是感官信息的简单接收者，而是一个主动的“预测机
器”。)”可知，文章主要介绍了预测编码理论，核心观点是大脑通过主动预测(而非被动接收)来构建我们对现实的感知(perception)，并详细阐述了这一过程如何运作、可能带来的偏见以及改变的可能性。A 项“Prediction and Perception: How the Brain Constructs Reality (预测与感知：大脑如何构建现实)”是最佳标题。故选 A 项。
26 ．D 27 ．B 28 ．D
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章讲述人类活动干扰加剧，全球动物纷纷转为夜行，这一转变对物种生存、生态系统利弊兼具，为生态保护提供了重要参考。
26．细节理解题。根据第一段“Now new findings indicate animals around the world have come up with another strategy: They are becoming nocturnal.(现在新的研究发现表明，世界各地的动物想出了另一种策略：它们开始变成夜行性。)”可知，动物通过调整日常作息来应对日益增加的人类干扰。故选 D 项。
27 ．推理判断题。根据第四段““Dinosaurs were this ubiquitous (似乎无所不在的), scary force, and only after their extinction did mammals (哺乳动物) emerge into the daylight,” Gaynor says.
答案第 7 页，共 9 页
“And now humans have taken over and are pushing other animals back into the night.”(盖诺说：
“恐龙曾是一种无处不在、令人畏惧的力量，只有在它们灭绝之后，哺乳动物才走到白天活动。而如今人类接管了世界，正把其他动物重新赶回夜晚。”)”可知，作者提到恐龙是为了表明人类如今占据了主导地位。故选 B 项。
28 ．推理判断题。根据第五段“Scientists suspect becoming nocturnal may hurt those species
highly adapted to the sun. They might not be able to live well at night, which would ultimately
hurt their chances of survival and reproduction.(科学家们推测，变成夜行性可能会对那些高度适应白天活动的物种造成伤害。它们可能无法在夜间很好地生存， 这最终会影响它们的生存和繁殖几率。哪些动物可能会受到变成夜行性的影响？人类活动如何影响动物的昼夜节律？动物适应新环境的能力有多强？)”以及第六段“Some nighttime shifts may benefit both animals and humans, Gaynor notes. For instance, tigers in Nepal are avoiding potentially deadly conflicts
with people as they become more nocturnal.(盖诺指出，有些夜间转变可能对动物和人类都有好处。例如，尼泊尔的老虎在变得更倾向于夜间活动后，避免了与人类之间可能致命的冲突。老虎为什么会选择夜间活动？还有哪些动物因为环境变化而改变了活动时间？人类活动对
动物的活动时间有哪些影响？)”可知，动物变为夜行性既有不利影响，也有有利之处，可能是一把双刃剑。故选 D 项。
29 ．C 30 ．B 31 ．D 32 ．A
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要从大脑运作、脑力消耗以及社交影响等方面，介绍了说谎所带来的代价，揭示了说谎不仅耗费脑力，还会破坏人际关系。
29．主旨大意题。根据第二段“However, lying takes much more work-you have to come up with a story and remember it. A lot of that work is done in a brain area called the prefrontal cortex (然而，说谎需要付出更多努力——你必须编造一个故事并记住它。大部分工作由大脑中一个叫做前额叶皮层的区域完成)”以及后文对该区域功能的介绍可知，本段主要讲解人们说谎时大脑是如何工作的。故选 C。
30．细节理解题。根据第一段“But whatever kind of lie you tell, it takes surprising brainpower to pull it off (但无论你说哪种谎言，都需要惊人的脑力才能做到)”以及第三段内容“Calling on your executive function this way uses up a lot of brainpower (以这种方式调用你的执行功能会消耗大量脑力)”可知，掩盖谎言需要耗费大量脑力。故选 B。
31 ．词句猜测题。根据第四段“Even the kindest lies can sometimes be risky and often backfire. When you give dishonest praise, you may make your friends feel good at first. But if you do it
答案第 8 页，共 9 页
often enough, they'll soon learn that they can't trust your praise (即使是最善意的谎言有时也有
风险，并且往往会 backfire。当你给出不诚实的赞美时，起初可能会让你的朋友感觉良好。但如果经常这样做，他们很快就会知道不能相信你的赞美)”可知，善意的谎言最初效果很好，但最终会产生相反的结果，“backfire”意为“产生相反效果、事与愿违”。故选 D。
32．主旨大意题。通读全文可知， 文章主要阐述了说谎会消耗大量脑力，影响大脑的其他功能，还会破坏人际关系，几乎所有文化都重视诚实，说谎是要付出代价的。A 选项“说谎的代价”，能够概括文章主旨。故选 A。
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