2026年甘肃省中考英语语法专题复习 专题十四 构词法(共39张PPT)

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2026年甘肃省中考英语语法专题复习 专题十四 构词法(共39张PPT)

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(共39张PPT)
第二部分 语法专题突破
专题十四 构词法
知识结构图解
中考命题点聚焦
同步跟踪训练
知识结构图解
中考命题点聚焦
命题点1 派生法
由一个词根加上前缀或后缀构成另一个单词。
1.前缀
常见表示否定意义的前缀:#1.1.1
前缀 意义 例词
un- 不;非 unlike 不像, unfriendly 不友好的, unhappy 不开
心的, unlucky 不幸的, unusual 不同寻常的
前缀 意义 例词
im- 不;非 impossible 不可能的, impolite 不礼貌的,
impatient 没有耐心的
in- incorrect 不正确的, inactive 不活跃的, informal 非
正式的, independent 独立的
ir- irregular 不规则的
il- illegal 非法的
续表
前缀 意义 例词
non- 不;非 non-stop 直达的;不停的
dis- disappear 消失,disagree 不同意(2022省卷),
dishonest 不诚实的, dislike 不喜欢
mis- 错误 misunderstand 误解, mislead 误导
续表
其他前缀:#1.1.2
前缀 意义 例词
super- 超级 supermarket 超市,
superpower 超级大国,
superman 超人
mini- 小的;短的 minibus 小型公共汽车,
miniskirt 超短裙
a- 处于……状 态或过程中 asleep 睡着的, awake 醒着的, alive 活着

前缀 意义 例词
anti- 反对 antiwar 反战争的
en- 使…… encourage 鼓励, enlarge 使变大, enrich 使
富有
fore- 在……之前 forehead 前额, foretell 预言
inter- 之间的 international 国际的,
Internet 互联网
kilo- 千 kilometer 千米, kilogram 千克
mid- 在中间 midnight 半夜, midterm 期中
续表
前缀 意义 例词
pre- 在……之前 preview 预演;预习,prepay 预付
re- 重新,再次 retell 复述, review 复习,
rewrite 重写, rebuild 重建,
recycle 回收利用,
reuse 重复使用
co- 共同;相互 coworker 同事,
cooperation 合作
续表
2.后缀
(1)名词后缀#1.2.1
后缀 意义 例词
-er 从事某种 职业的人 player 运动员,teacher 教师,driver 司机,
worker 工人
-or actor 演员,director 导演,
inventor 发明家, visitor 游客
-ess 指女性 actress 女演员, hostess 女主人
后缀 意义 例词
-ese 指民族、 语言 Chinese 中国人;汉语,
Japanese 日本人;日语
-ian 来自;专 长于…… 的人 Australian 澳大利亚人, Italian 意大利人,
Indian 印度人, musician 音乐家
-ist 指人 artist 艺术家(2025兰州), pianist 钢琴家,
novelist 小说家, scientist 科学家
续表
后缀 意义 例词
-ment ……的行为 (或结果) movement 运动, agreement 同意
-ion 状态、行为、 机构等 action 行动, invention 发明, pollution 污

-ation invitation 邀请, operation 手术,
foundation 基金会, organization 组织
-ship 情况、状态等 friendship 友谊, leadership 领导,
relationship 关系
续表
后缀 意义 例词
-hood 状态、性质等 childhood 童年、幼年,
neighborhood 附近、街区
-ing 活动、状态 feeling 感觉, dancing 舞蹈, meeting 会

-ness 状态、特点等 happiness 幸福, darkness 黑暗, illness
疾病
续表
后缀 意义 例词
-ance 性质、状况等 performance 表演, appearance 出现
-dom 领域、状况等 freedom 自由, wisdom 智慧, kingdom
王国
-al 过程、状态等 arrival 到达, refusal 拒绝
续表
(2)形容词后缀#1.2.2
后缀 意义 例词
-ful 充满……的 useful 有用的(2024兰州), careful 仔细
的, helpful 有帮助的
-less 没有;无 careless 粗心的, meaningless 无意义的,
harmless 无害的
-ly 具有……性 质;每 隔……时间 lovely 可爱的, friendly 友好的
(2025省卷), monthly 每月的, weekly
每周的
后缀 意义 例词
-y 有……特性的 healthy 健康的, noisy 吵闹的, rainy 多
雨的, lucky 幸运的, thirsty 渴的,
sleepy 困倦的, cloudy 多云的, windy 有
风的
-ish 稍有……的; 有……性质的 foolish 愚蠢的, childish 孩子气的
续表
后缀 意义 例词
-able 能……的;具 有……性质的 comfortable 舒适的, enjoyable 愉快的,
changeable 易变的
-ible horrible 可怕的, terrible 糟糕的
-ed 状况、心情等 interested 感兴趣的, excited 感到兴奋的
(2025省卷), surprised 感到惊讶的,
tired 疲倦的, pleased 高兴的
-ing 描述事物 interesting 有趣的, exciting 令人兴奋的,
moving 动人的
续表
后缀 意义 例词
-al 与……有关的 natural 自然的, personal 个人的, musical
音乐的
-ic ……的 electric 电的, scientific 科学的, plastic
塑料的
-ical medical 医学的, chemical 化学的,
historical 历史的
-en 表示材料 wooden 木制的, woolen 羊毛的
续表
后缀 意义 例词
-ern 表示方位 eastern 东方的, southern 南方的, western
西方的
-ous 表示特点 famous 著名的, dangerous 危险的,
humorous 幽默的
-ive active 积极的, expensive 昂贵的,
attractive 吸引人的
续表
(3)副词后缀
后缀 意义 例词
-ly 以……方 式 happily 高兴地, carefully 仔细地(2025兰州),
quickly 迅速地(2023兰州), freely 自由地,
politely 有礼貌地
(4)动词后缀
后缀 意义 例词
-en 使变成 broaden 加宽, deepen 加深, strengthen 加强
-ize 使……化 realize 实现, modernize 现代化
活学现用
1.(2025张掖模拟)He missed a lot of lessons because of his _______
(ill) last year.
2.You'll make mistakes if you're ________ (care) in a test, always
check twice!
illness
careless
命题点2 转化法
词类转化 例词
名词转化为动词 water n.水→v.浇水
show n.演出,节目→v.给……看;展示
hand n.手→v.传递
color n.颜色→v.给……着色
book n.书→v.预订
词类转化 例词
动词转化为名词 walk v.散步;走→n.散步(take a walk)
look v.看→n.看(have a look)
stop v.停止→n.车站(bus stop)
talk v.谈论→n.谈话(have a talk)
形容词转化为名词 daily adj.日常的→n.日报
final adj.最后(终)的→n.决赛
续表
词类转化 例词
形容词转化为动词 slow adj.慢的→v.放慢
free adj.空闲的→v.释放
clean adj.干净的→v.清扫
dry adj.干燥的→v.把……弄干
副词转化为动词 down adv.向下→v.打倒,击倒
续表
活学现用
3.
slow stop water
(1)Excuse me, I have to get off at the next _____.
(2)Jessica went to the garden to ______ the plants.
(3)The car _______ down as it came near the school.
stop
water
slowed
命题点3 合成法
1.合成名词
构成方式 例词
名词+名词 bedroom 卧室,newspaper 报纸, weekend 周末
形容词+名词 highway 高速公路,blackboard 黑板,gentleman 绅士
名词+动词 handwriting 书法,storytelling 讲故事, sunrise 日出
副词+动词 outbreak 爆发,downpour 倾盆大雨
动词+名词 typewriter 打字机,playground 操场
2.合成形容词#2
构成方式 例词
形容词+名词+ed warm-hearted 热心肠的,strong-willed 意志坚
强的
形容词/副词+动词-ing easy-going 随和的,good-looking 好看的,
hard-working 勤勉的
形容词/副词+过去分词 newborn 新生的, well-known 著名的,
newly-built 新建的
构成方式 例词
形容词/副词+名词 full-time 全职的
名词+过去分词/动词- ing handmade 手工制作的,man-made 人造的,
English-speaking 说英语的
名词+形容词 worldwide 全世界的,homesick 想家的
数词+名词(+形容词) 100-meter 100米的,16-year-old 16岁的,10-
meter-high 10米高的
续表
3.合成动词
(1)副词+动词 如:overcome 克服,underline 画线,oversleep 睡过头,
understand 理解
(2)名词+动词 如:sleepwalk 梦游
4.合成副词 如:upstairs 在楼上, indoors 在室内, outdoors 在室外,
however 无论如何
5.合成代词 如:anything 任何事物, everybody 每个人
活学现用
4.
however well-known nothing gentleman
(1) ________ can make Lily change her mind. She is a girl who is
not afraid of difficulties.
(2)It snowed heavily. _________, the cleaners were still on duty in the
street.
Nothing
However
(3)Monkey King is a(n) ___________ and beloved character in
Journey to the West.
(4)Ladies and __________, please remain in your seats and fasten
your seat belts. The plane is taking off in ten minutes.
well-known
gentlemen
同步跟踪训练
真题回顾
1.(2025 省卷)Our neighbours are very ________(friend)to each
other.
2.(2025 兰州)His cousin keeps on painting in order to become an
______ (art).
3.(2024临夏州)It's important to think twice before we make a
________ (decide).
4.(2024兰州)It is very _______ (use) to be able to speak a foreign
language.
friendly
artist
decision
useful
5.(2023兰州)—Excuse me, could you please tell me where I can get
some food ________ (quick)
—Sure, there is a restaurant on Center Street.
quickly
6.(2022兰州)—Mom, could I go out for dinner with my friends
tonight
—Sure. But don't stay out too late. I'm worried about your ______
(safe).
safety
基础巩固
Ⅰ.语法与情景对话
1.Which of the following is NOT a compound word(复合词) ___
C
A.blackboard B.headache C.creative D.snowball
2.Which of the following prefixes (前缀) doesn't mean “without” ___
D
A.un- B.im- C.in- D.re-
3.We can add the prefix “un” to all the following words to form a new
word EXCEPT ___.
B
A.important B.agree C.interesting D.comfortable
4.Which of the following prefixes means “doing again” ___
D
A.en- B.dis- C.un- D.re-
5.England is a(n) ___ country.
B
A.spoken-English B.English-speaking
C.English-spoken D.speaking-English
6.The following words all have the negative prefixes(否定前缀)
EXCEPT ___.
A
A.indoor B.unhappy C.inexpensive D.impossible
7.They want to build a ___ bridge over the river.
C
A.2-kilometers-long B.2 kilometers-long
C.2-kilometer-long D.2-kilometer long
8.Which of the following words can be added with the suffix(后缀)
“-ness” ___
C
A.round B.laugh C.ill D.angry
9.Which of the following words is formed like “classroom” ___
D
A.visitor B.impatient C.meaningful D.raincoat
10.What is the price of a ___ child's ticket to Disneyland
A
A.two-day B.two day C.two-days D.two days
Ⅱ.根据句意,用括号内所给单词的适当形式填空。
1.It's cold and _______ (snow) today. We'd better wear warm clothes.
2.To our __________(excite), our school team won the basketball
match again this time!
3.I will join the singing club next year to make my school life more
________ (color).
4.The boy said he didn't tell lies, but his mother knew he was
_________ (honest).
5.To my disappointment, the new movie is so ____________
(meaning).
snowy
excitement
colorful
dishonest
meaningless
6.Poor little girl! It is _______(fair) for her to suffer so much. Let's
give her a hand.
7.Some wild animals may _________ (appear) forever if we don't
stop hunting them.
8.You should spend your free time _______ (wise)and do something
meaningful, like reading or exercising.
9.Where can ________(tour)learn more about the West Lake in
Hangzhou
10.Our teachers always told us to show _________ (kind)to people
who need help.
unfair
disappear
wisely
tourists
kindness

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