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Unit 1　People of Achievement
1. commit vt.承诺;保证;花(钱或时间) vi.忠于;全心全意投入(工作、活动等)(committed adj.尽心尽力的;坚定的;坚信的 commitment n.投入;奉献;承诺)
·commit oneself to (sth/doing sth/do sth)
承诺/保证(做某事、遵守协议或安排等)
commit sth to (doing) sth
将(时间或金钱)花在(做)某事上
·be committed to (doing) sth/commit oneself to (doing) sth 致力于(做)某事
·make a commitment 作出承诺
2. acknowledge vt.承认(属实、权威等);(公开)感谢 (acknowledgement n.承认;感谢;收件复函;致谢)
acknowledge sb/sth as/to be…
认为某人/某物是……;承认某人/某物是……　
acknowledge doing/having done sth
承认做了某事
acknowledge that…承认……
It is universally/widely acknowledged that………是大家公认的
3. insist vi.& vt.坚持;坚决要求
·insist on (doing sth)
坚决要求/坚持(做某事)
·insist作“坚决要求”讲时,后接宾语从句,从句中的谓语动词用虚拟语气,形式为“should+动词原形”, should可省略;作“坚持认为”讲时,从句用陈述语气,从句要根据insist在具体语境中的含义选择相应的时态。
4. conclusion n.结论;推论(conclude vt.断定;推断出)
·in conclusion最后;总之
come to/reach/arrive at/draw a conclusion
得出结论
·conclude…with sth/by doing sth
以……结束
to conclude 总之
conclude from…从……中得出结论
5. circumstance n.[usually pl.]条件;环境;状况
under/in no circumstances无论如何都不;决不(置于句首时,句子用部分倒装)
under/in the circumstances
在这种情况下;既然如此
if circumstances permit/allow
如果情况允许的话
6. consequence n.结果;后果(consequent adj.作为结果的;随之发生的 consequently adv.因此)
as a consequence=in consequence=consequently=as a result因此
as a consequence of=in consequence of=as a result of
因为……;由于……
take the consequences承担后果
1. be thought to…
Artemisinin has become a vital part of the treatment for malaria, and is thought to save 100,000 lives a year in Africa alone.青蒿素已成为治疗疟疾的重要部分,据称其仅在非洲一年就能拯救10万人的生命。
·be thought to…意为“……被认为……”,不定式根据需要有时态和语态的变化,即:
be thought to do(常表示一般情况或动作将要发生)
be thought to be doing(表示动作正在进行)
be thought to have done(表示动作已完成)
be thought to be done(表示被动且动作将要发生)
be thought to have been done(表示被动且动作已完成)
·常用于该句型的过去分词还有:said、 believed、 considered、 reported 等。
2. upon doing…
Upon hearing that she had been awarded the Nobel Prize, she said, “The honour is not just mine…”当听到自己被授予诺贝尔奖时,她说:“这份荣誉不仅仅属于我……”
·upon/on doing (that)… “一……就……”,表示一件事紧接着另一件事发生。
·“一……就……”的其他表达方式:
as soon as、 the moment/minute/instant、 immediately/directly/instantly、 no sooner…than…、 hardly…when…等。
3. it作形式主语
It is indeed an honour for China’s scientific research and Chinese medicine to be spread around the world.中国的科学研究和中医药得以在全世界传播确实是一个荣誉。
it作形式主语的常用句式:
·It be+an honour+for sb to do sth/It be+one’s honour+to do sth.
·It be+过去分词(said、 thought、 believed、 supposed、 reported…)+that从句.
·It be+形容词(strange、 important、 vital、 obvious、 possible…)+that从句.
·It be+名词短语(a pity、 a shame、 a fact、 a good idea、 no wonder…)+that从句.
·It+不及物动词(occur、 happen…)+that从句.
4. 状语从句的省略
While working there, out of a strong passion for knowledge, he continued to study, earning a doctorate in physics in 1905.在那里工作期间,出于对知识的强烈热爱,他继续学习,于1905年获得物理学博士学位。
·该句式省略的是主语和be动词,省略前的句式为while he was working there…
·状语从句省略的条件:
状语从句中的主语与主句主语一致或状语从句中的主语是it;
状语从句谓语中含有be动词。
·省略句的形式:省略从句中的主语和be动词。
·省略句中非谓语动词的选用要根据动词和主语的关系:主动关系用现在分词;被动关系用过去分词;动作尚未发生用不定式。
观察下面的句子,并感知非限制性定语从句的用法。
1. This year’s Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine has been awarded to Tu Youyou (co-winner), whose research led to the discovery of artemisinin, a crucial new treatment for malaria.
2. In the beginning, Tu Youyou went to Hainan, where malaria was more common, to study malaria patients.
3. Later, the medicine was tested on malaria patients, most of whom recovered.
4. This medicine, which was called artemisinin, soon became a standard treatment for malaria.
1. 非限制性定语从句与限制性定语从句的区别
名称 限制性定语从句 非限制性定语从句
作用 起限定作用,限制或约束先行词,不可去掉,否则主句意义不完整 对整个句子的意义并不重要,即使去掉,原句仍有意义
结构 不用逗号与主句隔开 用逗号与主句隔开
功能 对先行词起修饰限定作用 对先行词起补充说明作用
关系词 1. 作宾语时可省略,介词之后的关系词不能省略 2. 可用that 1. 作宾语时不可省略 2. 不可用that 3. 不可用why
They were especially thankful to Tim who didn’t give up hope when chances seemed to be slim.(限制性定语从句,先行词是Tim)
他们特别感谢Tim,他在机会渺茫的时候没有放弃希望。
Three months later, I did a second survey, which showed great improvements in self-discipline.(非限制性定语从句,先行词是a second survey)
三个月后,我做了第二次调查,结果显示自律能力有了很大提高。
A pot of flowers sat in the back seat, whose heavenly scent filled the car.(非限制性定语从句,先行词是A pot of flowers)
车的后座上放着一盆花,花香弥漫在车内。
They have set out to deal with the present situation that/which they think deserves their immediate attention.(限制性定语从句,先行词是situation)
他们已着手处理他们认为值得立即关注的现状。
定从分类有奥妙,限与非限看逗号;
定前必有先行词,名代两类最适宜;
定从先行很紧密,代副两词拉关系。
2. 非限制性定语从句中关系词的用法
(1)who、whom、whose的用法
①关系代词who、 whom引导的非限制性定语从句修饰人。
But then, we were only kids, who wouldn’t have anything take away our happiness.
但那时,我们还是孩子,不会让任何东西夺走我们的幸福。
②关系代词who在定语从句中作主语、宾语或表语;whom作宾语;介词后用whom,不用who。
We focused our flashlights on Andy, whom/who we’d forgotten, sitting in the corner with his arms around his bear.
我们把手电筒对准了已经被我们遗忘的Andy,他坐在角落里,双臂搂着他的熊。
③whose作定语,先行词是人时,“whose+n.”相当于“the+n.+of whom”;先行词是物时,“whose+n.”相当于“the+n.+of which”。
So I went to the door and saw a delivery man, whose arms/the arms of whom were full of parcels.
于是我走到门口,看见一个送货员,他的怀里全是包裹。
(2)which和as的用法
①两者在定语从句中作主语或宾语。
A hair-raising section concerns the building of the railroads, which entailed drilling through the Rockies, often in blinding snowstorms.(2022·全国乙卷)
一段令人毛骨悚然的铁路建设需要在天昏地暗的暴风雪中钻穿落基山脉。
The ring, which I bought yesterday, is too expensive.
这戒指,我昨天买的,太贵了。
As is clearly shown in the chart carried out in a questionnaire, approaches to learning English vary from person to person.(2022·全国乙卷)
正如调查问卷中图表清晰地展示的那样,学习英语的方法因人而异。
②as, which引导非限制性定语从句的区别
项目 as which
指代 引导的从句只能指代整个主句的内容 引导的从句既可指代整个主句的内容,又可指代主句的一部分
位置 可位于主句之前、之中或之后 引导的从句不能位于主句之前,可位于主句之后,可插入主句之中
意义 正如 这;那(或根据具体指代的先行词给出准确的意义)
The result was not the same as they had expected, which was rather disappointing.(which引导非限制性定语从句,指代整个主句的内容,位于主句之后)
结果与他们当初预料的不一样,这让人觉得很失望。
Water, which is a clear liquid, has many uses.
(which引导非限制性定语从句,指代主句中的Water,插入主句中)
水是一种清澈的液体,有多种用途。
As I’d feared, she had missed my real purpose of the question which was to make it clear to her that she hadn’t done her job.(as引导非限制性定语从句,位于主句之前)
正如我担心的那样,她没理解我提出这个问题的真正目的,那就是向她表明她没有完成她的工作。
The singer, as was expected, achieved great success.(as引导非限制性定语从句,插入主句中)
正如所期盼的那样,这位歌手取得了巨大成功。
Our country has sent up another man-made earth satellite, as is reported in the papers.(as引导非限制性定语从句,位于主句之后)
正如报纸上报道的那样,我国又发射了一颗人造地球卫星。
(3)when和where的用法
①关系副词when在非限制性定语从句中作时间状语,指代主句中表示时间的词语。
My life as a tax-paying employed person began in middle school, when, for three whole days, I worked in a baking factory.(2021·新高考Ⅰ卷)
我的纳税雇工生涯始于中学,当时我在一家烘焙厂工作了整整三天。
②关系副词where在非限制性定语从句中作地点状语,指代主句中表示地点的词语。
They enjoyed beautiful scenery in the mountain area, where they also did some climbing.
他们在山区欣赏了美景,还去爬山了。
③when/where有时可以换成“介词+which”。
I left on Sunday, when/on which everyone was at home. 我是星期日离开的,当时大家都在家。
(4)“介词+关系代词”的用法
①在“介词+关系代词”中,关系代词用whom指人,用which指物。
I have two friends in the company, from whom I got the good news the other day.
我在这家公司有两个朋友,前几天我从他们那里得到了这个好消息。
It happened that the plant downtown needed eight kids for temporary help during our spring break, for which I had no plans beyond listening to my favourite records. (2021·新高考Ⅰ卷)
碰巧,在我们的春假期间,市中心的工厂需要八个孩子临时帮忙,正好我除了听我最喜欢的唱片外,没有其他计划。
②名词/代词/数词+of+whom和名词/代词/数词+of+which。
若用定语从句表示“所属”关系,先行词指人时,用“名词/代词/数词+of+whom”结构;先行词指物时,用“名词/代词/数词+of+which”结构, of前表示部分, of后表示整体。whose指物时,可用“…of which”代替。
There stands a building, the roof of which is red.
那里矗立着一座建筑物,屋顶是红色的。
There are two left, one of which is almost finished and the other of which is not quite.
还剩下两个,一个即将完成,另一个还未完全完成。
Additionally, from time to time I will assign group work to be completed in class or short assignments to be completed at home, both of which will be graded.(2022· 新高考Ⅰ卷)
此外,我会不时布置小组作业在课堂上完成,或布置小作业在家里完成,这两项作业都会被评分。
the+n.+of +whom/which=of +whom/which +the +n.= whose +n.
The river, the banks of which are covered with trees, flows to the sea.
→The river, of which the banks are covered with trees, flows to the sea.
→The river, whose banks are covered with trees, flows to the sea.
这条两岸树木葱郁的河流向大海。
用适当的关系词填空
1. But for all its ancient buildings, Beijing is also a place 　which/that　 welcomes the fast-paced development of modern life.(2023·全国乙卷)
2. Yet, the form of the fable still has values today, 　as　 Rachel Carson says in “A Fable for Tomorrow”.(2023·全国甲卷)
3. On the 1,100-kilometre journey, the man Cao Shengkang, 　who　 lost his eyesight at the age of eight in a car accident, crossed 40 cities and counties in three provinces.(2022·全国甲卷)
4. Rome can be pricey for travellers, 　which　 is why many choose to stay in a hostel (旅社).(2021·新高考Ⅰ卷)
5. She caught sight of a fisherman at a distance, with 　whose　 help she climbed to an open area.
6. Ninety students from twenty classes participated in the race, among 　whom　 thirty were girls.
7. The number of smokers,　as　 is reported, has dropped by 17 percent in just one year.
8. Opposite is the theatre,　where　 you can hear some lovely music.
9. They will travel to Lijiang on May 1st, 　when　 they will be free.
10. The book contains 50 poems, most of 　which　 were written in the 1930s.
11. In around 80 A.D., the Romans built the Colosseum, 　which　 remains the world’s best known stadium.
12. Dr Rowan, 　whose　 secretary resigned two weeks ago, has had to do all his own typing.
本单元的写作任务是写人物介绍。人物介绍类文章一般都是对所写之人的基本概况(如年龄、出生地、家庭背景、受教育情况等)作简单的概述,继而再叙述其事迹或在某个领域中作出的贡献,最后对其进行评价。具体写作结构如图所示:
1. 开头句
(1)The person I admire most is…
我最敬佩的人是……
(2)Of all the outstanding people, I admire…most.在所有杰出的人物当中,我最钦佩……
(3)There are many respectable/admirable people around us.The one whom I admire most is…我们周围有许多可敬的人。我最崇拜的人是……
(4)When it comes to the person who I think highly of, I would say…without hesitation.
提到我高度评价的人时,我会毫不犹豫地说出……　
(5)…is a shining example, a beacon, a person to look up to.
……是一个光辉的榜样,一座灯塔,一位值得敬仰的人。
(6)I’m honoured to share my understanding of the power of a hero and I’d like to focus on the person who has inspired me all the way—Dr Yuan Longping.
我很荣幸能分享我对英雄力量的理解,并且我想着重讲述那位一路激励着我的人——袁隆平博士。
2. 中间句
(1)Born in…, on…, …is one of…
出生在……,在……,……是……之一。
(2)Graduating from…, he worked as…
毕业于……,他担任……
(3)In order to…, he made up his mind to do…为了……,他决定做……
(4)With strong will and great determination, he achieved a great success in…
凭借坚强的意志和决心,他在……方面取得了巨大成功。
(5)Despite many difficulties, he/she managed to overcome them.
尽管有许多困难,他/她还是设法克服了。
(6)He/She put his/her heart into…and made great contributions to…
他/她全身心投入……中去,为……作出了巨大贡献。
3. 结尾句
(1)As a great…, he/she will be remembered by us forever.
作为一位伟大的……,他/她将永远被我们铭记。
(2)It is his determination that inspires me to go on when I have difficulty in learning.
是他的决心激励我在学习上有困难时继续前进。
(3)Having set a great example for us, he is an excellent person who fully deserves our admiration and respect.
他为我们树立了一个很好的榜样,是一位非常优秀的人,完全值得我们钦佩和尊重。
(4)It’s his/her encouragement that contributes to shaping my personalities and inspires me to accomplish my goals persistently.
正是他/她的鼓励,有助于塑造我的个性,并激励我坚持不懈地完成目标。
(5)…is such a respectable and admirable person that I will model myself after.
……是一位令人尊敬和钦佩的人,我将以……为榜样。
(6)It is her spirits of independence and selfless devotion to the people that carried her through her life of hard choices, and it is these qualities that have touched the bottom of my heart, pushing me to strive for excellence, for myself, my people, my country.
正是她的独立精神和对人民的无私奉献,让她度过了艰难抉择的一生,也正是这些品质触动了我的心底,促使我为自己、我的人民、我的国家追求卓越。
(7)What I should do is follow in Dr Yuan’s footsteps, make my own mark in science and contribute my share to building a better world for all people.
我应该做的是追随袁博士的脚步,在科学界留下自己的印记,为全人类建设一个更美好的世界贡献自己的一份力量。
1. 必不可少的;极其重要的;充满生机的adj.　vital　
2. 承诺;保证vt.忠于;全心全意投入(工作、活动等) vi.　commit　
3. 学业的;学术的 adj.　academic　
4. 目标;目的 n.客观的 adj.　　　　objective　　　
5.评价;评估 vt.　evaluate　
6. (使)沸腾;煮开;烧开vt.&vi. 沸腾;沸点 n.　boil　
7. 液体n.液体的;液态的adj.　liquid　
8. (尤指经努力)获得;赢得vt.(规章、习俗等)存在;流行vi.　obtain　
9. 承认(属实、权威等);(公开)感谢vt.　acknowledge　
10. 失败;挫败n.击败;战胜vt. 　defeat
11. 分析 vt.　analyse　
12. 显而易见;看来;显然adv. 　apparently
13. 坚持;坚决要求vi.& vt.　insist　
14. 科学(上)的;关于科学的adj. 　scientific
15. 主要地;一般地 adv.　mostly　
16. 结论;推论 n. 　conclusion
17. 迅速离开;逃跑vi.& vt.　flee　
18. [usually pl.]条件;环境;状况n.　circumstance　
19. (长篇)小说n. 　novel　
20. 流;流动;流畅;供应n.流;流动vi.　flow　
21. 创建;建立;把……建立在vt.　found　
22. 推断;推定 vt. 　infer
23. 从政者;政治家;政客n.　politician　
24. 理论;学说 n. 　theory
25. 天才;天资;天赋 n.　genius　
26. 温柔的;文静的 adj. 　gentle
27. 酷爱;激情 n.　passion　
28. 不一般的;非凡的;意想不到的adj.　extraordinary　
29. 逐渐地;逐步地 adv. 　gradually
30. 结果;后果n.　consequence　
31. 偶然碰到;遇到vt.邂逅;遭遇n.　encounter　
32. 教授 n.　professor　
33. 总结;概括vi.金额;款项;总数;总和n.　sum　
34. physiology　　　　生理学;生理功能　　　　　　
35. artemisinin 　[药]青蒿素　
36. malaria 　疟疾
37. crucial 　至关重要的;关键性的　
38. property 　性质;特征;财产
39. botanical 　植物学的　
40. distinct 　清晰的;清楚的;有区别的
41. extract 　提取物;摘录;提取;提炼; 摘录;(用力)拔出
42. wormwood 　蒿;洋艾
43. substance 　物质;物品;事实根据　
44. penicillin 　青霉素;盘尼西林
45. chart 　图表;记录;制订计划　
46. numerous 　众多的;许多的
47. relativity 　相对论;相对性　
48. formula 　公式;方程式;配方
49. patent 　专利;专利证书;获得专利; 有专利的;受专利保护的
50. doctorate 　博士学位
51. photoelectric 　光电的　
52. institution 　社会公共机构;制度;习俗
53. moustache 　上唇的胡子;髭　
54. peculiarity 　个性;特点;怪异的性质
55. mourn 　哀悼;忧伤　
56. device 　方法;技巧;装置;仪器
57. draft 　草稿;草案;起草;草拟　
1. 导致;带来 　lead to　
2. 数以万计的 　hundreds of thousands of　
3. 死于…… 　die from　
4. 起初 　in the beginning　
5. 被卡住;被困住 　get stuck　
6. 偶然;碰巧 　by chance　
7. 抽出;拉出;取出 　draw out　
8. 坚决要求 　insist on　
9. 确保;确定 　make sure　
10. 根据……(所说/所示) 　according to　
11. (正常使用造成的)磨损;消耗 　wear and tear　
12. 承诺;保证(做某事、遵守协议或安排等) 　commit oneself to (sth/doing sth/do sth)　
13. 得出结论 　come to conclusions　
14. 改变主意 　change one’s mind　
15. 关心;在意 　care about　
16. 对……做出贡献 　make contributions to　
17. 因为;由于 　due to　
18. 出于对……的热爱 　out of a passion for　
19. (开始)掌权;上台 　come to power　
20. 结果;因而 　as a consequence　
21. 担任;任职 　take up a position　
22. (在某方面)做出成就 　make great achievements in　
23. 竖立起来 　stand on end　
24. 被误认为是 　be mistaken for　
25. 去世 　pass away　
26. 总结;概括 　sum up　
1. 1967年,中国政府组建了一支以探索治疗疟疾新方法为目的的科学家队伍,屠呦呦是其中首批入选的研究人员。
In 1967, the Chinese government formed a team of scientists 　with the objective of discovering　a new treatment for malaria, and Tu Youyou was among 　the first researchers chosen　.
2. 一本四世纪的医药文献推荐使用青蒿提取物来治疗发烧。
One medical text from the fourth century 　suggested using　 the extract from sweet wormwood 　to treat a fever　.
3. 然后,他们尝试煮沸新鲜的青蒿,并用从中获得的液体来治疗疟疾,但这也不起作用。
They then tried 　boiling　 fresh wormwood, and 　using　 the liquid 　obtained　 from this to treat malaria, but 　this did not work　 either.
4. 在经历了190多次失败后,该团队终于在1971年取得了成功。
　After failing more than 190 times, the team finally succeeded in 1971　.
5. 屠呦呦和她的团队成员甚至坚持在自己身上测试药物,以确保它是安全的。
Tu Youyou and her team members even 　insisted on testing the medicine on themselves to make sure that it was safe　.
6. 当听到自己被授予诺贝尔奖时,她说“这份荣誉并不仅仅属于我……”
　Upon hearing that she had been awarded the Nobel Prize　, she said, “The honour is not just mine…”
7. 中国的科学研究和中医药得以在世界各地传播,确实是一种荣誉。
　It is indeed an honour for China’s scientific research and Chinese medicine to be spread around the world　.
8. 阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦也许是现代物理学中最伟大的科学家,经常被认为是有史以来最聪明的人之一。
Albert Einstein, 　who is perhaps the greatest scientist in modern physics　, 　is often considered one of the smartest men who ever lived　.
9. 在那里工作期间,出于强烈的求知欲,他继续学习,1905年获得物理学博士学位。
While 　working there　, 　out of a strong passion for knowledge　, he continued to study, 　earning　 a doctorate in physics in 1905.
10. 他胡须浓密,头发又长又白,有时会像刚遭了电击似的竖起来。
He had a thick moustache and long white hair, 　which sometimes stood on end as though he had just received an electric shock　.
11. 他对世界作出了许多贡献,其中最著名的是广义相对论和著名的E=mc2公式。
　He made numerous contributions to the world　, 　the most well-known being　 the general theory of relativity and the famous formula E=mc2.
12. 16岁那年,他试图进入瑞士读大学,但由于在入学考试中总分低而失败,尽管他的数学和物理成绩优异。
When he was 16, he 　tried to enter university　 in Switzerland, but 　failed due to　 his low scores in the general part of the entrance exam, 　despite obtaining exceptional scores in maths and physics　.
13. 1955年4月18日,有报道称爱因斯坦去世了,全世界都为损失了一位杰出的科学巨匠而哀悼。
On 18 April 1955, 　it was reported that Einstein had passed away　, and the whole world mourned the great loss of a brilliant scientist.
基础词汇 拓展词汇
1 physiology n. 生理学;生理机能 　physiologist　n. 生理学家;生理学研究者 　physiological　adj. 生理学的;生理的;生理机能的 　physiologically　adv. 生理学方面;生理上地
2 commit vt. 承诺;保证 vi. 忠于;全心全意投入 (工作、活动等) 　commitment　 n. 承诺;保证;献身;奉献;投入 　committed　adj. 尽心尽力的;坚定的;坚信的 /
3 academy n. (艺术、文学、科学等的)研究院;学会;专科院校 　academic　adj. 学业的;学术的 　academically　adv. 学术上;学业上 　academician　n. 学会会员;院士
4 distinct adj. 清晰的;清楚的;有区别的 　distinction　n. 差别;区别;不同;优秀;卓越;独特 　distinctly　adv. 清楚地;明白地;非常;很 　distinctive　adj. 独特的;特别的;有特色的
5 acknowledge vt. 承认(属实、权威等); (公开)感谢 acknowledgement　n. 承认;感谢;致谢;收件复函 　acknowledged　adj. 公认的;被普遍认可的 /
6 analyse vt. 分析 　analysis　n. (对事物的)分析;分析结果 　analytical　adj. 分析的;解析的;分析性的 　analytically　adv. 分析地;解析地
7 　science　n. 科学;自然科学;理科 　scientist　n. 科学家;科学工作者 scientific adj. 科学(上)的;关于科学的 　scientifically　adv. 系统地;合乎科学地;学问上
8 　conclude　vt. 作出……结论;推断出 vi. & vt. (使)结束;终止 conclusion n. 结论;推论;结束;结尾;签订 　conclusive　adj. 结论性的;不容置疑的;确实的 　concluding　adj. 结束的;最后的;结尾的
9 　novel　n. (长篇)小说 adj. 新颖的;与众不同的;珍奇的 novelist n. 小说家 　novelty　n. 新颖;新奇性;新奇的事物 novelisation n. (由电影或电视连续剧)改写成的小说
10 found vt. 创建;建立;把……建立在 　founder　n. (组织、机构等的)创建者;创办者;发起人 　foundation　n. 地基;基础;基金会;创办;粉底 　foundational　adj. 基础的;基本的
11 　politics　n. 政治;政治事务(或活动);政治观点;政治局势 politician n.从政者;政治家;政客 　political　adj. 政治的;政府的;政权的 　politic　adj. (行为)谨慎的;得当的;明智的
12 theory n. 理论;学说;原理 　theoretical　adj. 理论上的;假设的; 推想的 　theoretically　adv. 按理说;按道理讲;在理论引;从理论上说 　theorist　n. 理论家;理论工作者
13 gentle adj. 温柔的;文静的;平和的 　gently　 adv. 轻柔地;温和地;平缓地 　gentleness　n. 温顺;亲切;高贵;彬彬有礼 　gentleman　n. 彬彬有礼的人;有教养的人;君子
14 　consequent　adj. 随之发生的;作为结果的;由此引起的 consequence n. 结果;后果 　consequently　 adv. 因此;所以;结果 /
15 　remark　vi. & vt. 说起;谈论;评论 n. 谈论;言论;评述 remarkable adj. 非凡的;显著的;引人注目的 　unremarkable　adj. 一般的;平常的;平凡的;平庸的 　remarkably　adv. 不寻常地;惊人地 Unit 1　People of Achievement
1. commit vt.承诺;保证;花(钱或时间) vi.忠于;全心全意投入(工作、活动等)(committed adj.尽心尽力的;坚定的;坚信的 commitment n.投入;奉献;承诺)
·commit oneself to (sth/doing sth/do sth)
承诺/保证(做某事、遵守协议或安排等)
commit sth to (doing) sth
将(时间或金钱)花在(做)某事上
·be committed to (doing) sth/commit oneself to (doing) sth 致力于(做)某事
·make a commitment 作出承诺
2. acknowledge vt.承认(属实、权威等);(公开)感谢 (acknowledgement n.承认;感谢;收件复函;致谢)
acknowledge sb/sth as/to be…
认为某人/某物是……;承认某人/某物是……　
acknowledge doing/having done sth
承认做了某事
acknowledge that…承认……
It is universally/widely acknowledged that………是大家公认的
3. insist vi.& vt.坚持;坚决要求
·insist on (doing sth)
坚决要求/坚持(做某事)
·insist作“坚决要求”讲时,后接宾语从句,从句中的谓语动词用虚拟语气,形式为“should+动词原形”, should可省略;作“坚持认为”讲时,从句用陈述语气,从句要根据insist在具体语境中的含义选择相应的时态。
4. conclusion n.结论;推论(conclude vt.断定;推断出)
·in conclusion最后;总之
come to/reach/arrive at/draw a conclusion
得出结论
·conclude…with sth/by doing sth
以……结束
to conclude 总之
conclude from…从……中得出结论
5. circumstance n.[usually pl.]条件;环境;状况
under/in no circumstances无论如何都不;决不(置于句首时,句子用部分倒装)
under/in the circumstances
在这种情况下;既然如此
if circumstances permit/allow
如果情况允许的话
6. consequence n.结果;后果(consequent adj.作为结果的;随之发生的 consequently adv.因此)
as a consequence=in consequence=consequently=as a result因此
as a consequence of=in consequence of=as a result of
因为……;由于……
take the consequences承担后果
1. be thought to…
Artemisinin has become a vital part of the treatment for malaria, and is thought to save 100,000 lives a year in Africa alone.青蒿素已成为治疗疟疾的重要部分,据称其仅在非洲一年就能拯救10万人的生命。
·be thought to…意为“……被认为……”,不定式根据需要有时态和语态的变化,即:
be thought to do(常表示一般情况或动作将要发生)
be thought to be doing(表示动作正在进行)
be thought to have done(表示动作已完成)
be thought to be done(表示被动且动作将要发生)
be thought to have been done(表示被动且动作已完成)
·常用于该句型的过去分词还有:said、 believed、 considered、 reported 等。
2. upon doing…
Upon hearing that she had been awarded the Nobel Prize, she said, “The honour is not just mine…”当听到自己被授予诺贝尔奖时,她说:“这份荣誉不仅仅属于我……”
·upon/on doing (that)… “一……就……”,表示一件事紧接着另一件事发生。
·“一……就……”的其他表达方式:
as soon as、 the moment/minute/instant、 immediately/directly/instantly、 no sooner…than…、 hardly…when…等。
3. it作形式主语
It is indeed an honour for China’s scientific research and Chinese medicine to be spread around the world.中国的科学研究和中医药得以在全世界传播确实是一个荣誉。
it作形式主语的常用句式:
·It be+an honour+for sb to do sth/It be+one’s honour+to do sth.
·It be+过去分词(said、 thought、 believed、 supposed、 reported…)+that从句.
·It be+形容词(strange、 important、 vital、 obvious、 possible…)+that从句.
·It be+名词短语(a pity、 a shame、 a fact、 a good idea、 no wonder…)+that从句.
·It+不及物动词(occur、 happen…)+that从句.
4. 状语从句的省略
While working there, out of a strong passion for knowledge, he continued to study, earning a doctorate in physics in 1905.在那里工作期间,出于对知识的强烈热爱,他继续学习,于1905年获得物理学博士学位。
·该句式省略的是主语和be动词,省略前的句式为while he was working there…
·状语从句省略的条件:
状语从句中的主语与主句主语一致或状语从句中的主语是it;
状语从句谓语中含有be动词。
·省略句的形式:省略从句中的主语和be动词。
·省略句中非谓语动词的选用要根据动词和主语的关系:主动关系用现在分词;被动关系用过去分词;动作尚未发生用不定式。
观察下面的句子,并感知非限制性定语从句的用法。
1. This year’s Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine has been awarded to Tu Youyou (co-winner), whose research led to the discovery of artemisinin, a crucial new treatment for malaria.
2. In the beginning, Tu Youyou went to Hainan, where malaria was more common, to study malaria patients.
3. Later, the medicine was tested on malaria patients, most of whom recovered.
4. This medicine, which was called artemisinin, soon became a standard treatment for malaria.
1. 非限制性定语从句与限制性定语从句的区别
名称 限制性定语从句 非限制性定语从句
作用 起限定作用,限制或约束先行词,不可去掉,否则主句意义不完整 对整个句子的意义并不重要,即使去掉,原句仍有意义
结构 不用逗号与主句隔开 用逗号与主句隔开
功能 对先行词起修饰限定作用 对先行词起补充说明作用
关系词 1. 作宾语时可省略,介词之后的关系词不能省略 2. 可用that 1. 作宾语时不可省略 2. 不可用that 3. 不可用why
They were especially thankful to Tim who didn’t give up hope when chances seemed to be slim.(限制性定语从句,先行词是Tim)
他们特别感谢Tim,他在机会渺茫的时候没有放弃希望。
Three months later, I did a second survey, which showed great improvements in self-discipline.(非限制性定语从句,先行词是a second survey)
三个月后,我做了第二次调查,结果显示自律能力有了很大提高。
A pot of flowers sat in the back seat, whose heavenly scent filled the car.(非限制性定语从句,先行词是A pot of flowers)
车的后座上放着一盆花,花香弥漫在车内。
They have set out to deal with the present situation that/which they think deserves their immediate attention.(限制性定语从句,先行词是situation)
他们已着手处理他们认为值得立即关注的现状。
定从分类有奥妙,限与非限看逗号;
定前必有先行词,名代两类最适宜;
定从先行很紧密,代副两词拉关系。
2. 非限制性定语从句中关系词的用法
(1)who、whom、whose的用法
①关系代词who、 whom引导的非限制性定语从句修饰人。
But then, we were only kids, who wouldn’t have anything take away our happiness.
但那时,我们还是孩子,不会让任何东西夺走我们的幸福。
②关系代词who在定语从句中作主语、宾语或表语;whom作宾语;介词后用whom,不用who。
We focused our flashlights on Andy, whom/who we’d forgotten, sitting in the corner with his arms around his bear.
我们把手电筒对准了已经被我们遗忘的Andy,他坐在角落里,双臂搂着他的熊。
③whose作定语,先行词是人时,“whose+n.”相当于“the+n.+of whom”;先行词是物时,“whose+n.”相当于“the+n.+of which”。
So I went to the door and saw a delivery man, whose arms/the arms of whom were full of parcels.
于是我走到门口,看见一个送货员,他的怀里全是包裹。
(2)which和as的用法
①两者在定语从句中作主语或宾语。
A hair-raising section concerns the building of the railroads, which entailed drilling through the Rockies, often in blinding snowstorms.(2022·全国乙卷)
一段令人毛骨悚然的铁路建设需要在天昏地暗的暴风雪中钻穿落基山脉。
The ring, which I bought yesterday, is too expensive.
这戒指,我昨天买的,太贵了。
As is clearly shown in the chart carried out in a questionnaire, approaches to learning English vary from person to person.(2022·全国乙卷)
正如调查问卷中图表清晰地展示的那样,学习英语的方法因人而异。
②as, which引导非限制性定语从句的区别
项目 as which
指代 引导的从句只能指代整个主句的内容 引导的从句既可指代整个主句的内容,又可指代主句的一部分
位置 可位于主句之前、之中或之后 引导的从句不能位于主句之前,可位于主句之后,可插入主句之中
意义 正如 这;那(或根据具体指代的先行词给出准确的意义)
The result was not the same as they had expected, which was rather disappointing.(which引导非限制性定语从句,指代整个主句的内容,位于主句之后)
结果与他们当初预料的不一样,这让人觉得很失望。
Water, which is a clear liquid, has many uses.
(which引导非限制性定语从句,指代主句中的Water,插入主句中)
水是一种清澈的液体,有多种用途。
As I’d feared, she had missed my real purpose of the question which was to make it clear to her that she hadn’t done her job.(as引导非限制性定语从句,位于主句之前)
正如我担心的那样,她没理解我提出这个问题的真正目的,那就是向她表明她没有完成她的工作。
The singer, as was expected, achieved great success.(as引导非限制性定语从句,插入主句中)
正如所期盼的那样,这位歌手取得了巨大成功。
Our country has sent up another man-made earth satellite, as is reported in the papers.(as引导非限制性定语从句,位于主句之后)
正如报纸上报道的那样,我国又发射了一颗人造地球卫星。
(3)when和where的用法
①关系副词when在非限制性定语从句中作时间状语,指代主句中表示时间的词语。
My life as a tax-paying employed person began in middle school, when, for three whole days, I worked in a baking factory.(2021·新高考Ⅰ卷)
我的纳税雇工生涯始于中学,当时我在一家烘焙厂工作了整整三天。
②关系副词where在非限制性定语从句中作地点状语,指代主句中表示地点的词语。
They enjoyed beautiful scenery in the mountain area, where they also did some climbing.
他们在山区欣赏了美景,还去爬山了。
③when/where有时可以换成“介词+which”。
I left on Sunday, when/on which everyone was at home. 我是星期日离开的,当时大家都在家。
(4)“介词+关系代词”的用法
①在“介词+关系代词”中,关系代词用whom指人,用which指物。
I have two friends in the company, from whom I got the good news the other day.
我在这家公司有两个朋友,前几天我从他们那里得到了这个好消息。
It happened that the plant downtown needed eight kids for temporary help during our spring break, for which I had no plans beyond listening to my favourite records. (2021·新高考Ⅰ卷)
碰巧,在我们的春假期间,市中心的工厂需要八个孩子临时帮忙,正好我除了听我最喜欢的唱片外,没有其他计划。
②名词/代词/数词+of+whom和名词/代词/数词+of+which。
若用定语从句表示“所属”关系,先行词指人时,用“名词/代词/数词+of+whom”结构;先行词指物时,用“名词/代词/数词+of+which”结构, of前表示部分, of后表示整体。whose指物时,可用“…of which”代替。
There stands a building, the roof of which is red.
那里矗立着一座建筑物,屋顶是红色的。
There are two left, one of which is almost finished and the other of which is not quite.
还剩下两个,一个即将完成,另一个还未完全完成。
Additionally, from time to time I will assign group work to be completed in class or short assignments to be completed at home, both of which will be graded.(2022· 新高考Ⅰ卷)
此外,我会不时布置小组作业在课堂上完成,或布置小作业在家里完成,这两项作业都会被评分。
the+n.+of +whom/which=of +whom/which +the +n.= whose +n.
The river, the banks of which are covered with trees, flows to the sea.
→The river, of which the banks are covered with trees, flows to the sea.
→The river, whose banks are covered with trees, flows to the sea.
这条两岸树木葱郁的河流向大海。
用适当的关系词填空
1. But for all its ancient buildings, Beijing is also a place welcomes the fast-paced development of modern life.(2023·全国乙卷)
2. Yet, the form of the fable still has values today, Rachel Carson says in “A Fable for Tomorrow”.(2023·全国甲卷)
3. On the 1,100-kilometre journey, the man Cao Shengkang, lost his eyesight at the age of eight in a car accident, crossed 40 cities and counties in three provinces.(2022·全国甲卷)
4. Rome can be pricey for travellers, is why many choose to stay in a hostel (旅社).(2021·新高考Ⅰ卷)
5. She caught sight of a fisherman at a distance, with help she climbed to an open area.
6. Ninety students from twenty classes participated in the race, among thirty were girls.
7. The number of smokers, is reported, has dropped by 17 percent in just one year.
8. Opposite is the theatre, you can hear some lovely music.
9. They will travel to Lijiang on May 1st, they will be free.
10. The book contains 50 poems, most of were written in the 1930s.
11. In around 80 A.D., the Romans built the Colosseum, remains the world’s best known stadium.
12. Dr Rowan, secretary resigned two weeks ago, has had to do all his own typing.
本单元的写作任务是写人物介绍。人物介绍类文章一般都是对所写之人的基本概况(如年龄、出生地、家庭背景、受教育情况等)作简单的概述,继而再叙述其事迹或在某个领域中作出的贡献,最后对其进行评价。具体写作结构如图所示:
1. 开头句
(1)The person I admire most is…
我最敬佩的人是……
(2)Of all the outstanding people, I admire…most.在所有杰出的人物当中,我最钦佩……
(3)There are many respectable/admirable people around us.The one whom I admire most is…我们周围有许多可敬的人。我最崇拜的人是……
(4)When it comes to the person who I think highly of, I would say…without hesitation.
提到我高度评价的人时,我会毫不犹豫地说出……　
(5)…is a shining example, a beacon, a person to look up to.
……是一个光辉的榜样,一座灯塔,一位值得敬仰的人。
(6)I’m honoured to share my understanding of the power of a hero and I’d like to focus on the person who has inspired me all the way—Dr Yuan Longping.
我很荣幸能分享我对英雄力量的理解,并且我想着重讲述那位一路激励着我的人——袁隆平博士。
2. 中间句
(1)Born in…, on…, …is one of…
出生在……,在……,……是……之一。
(2)Graduating from…, he worked as…
毕业于……,他担任……
(3)In order to…, he made up his mind to do…为了……,他决定做……
(4)With strong will and great determination, he achieved a great success in…
凭借坚强的意志和决心,他在……方面取得了巨大成功。
(5)Despite many difficulties, he/she managed to overcome them.
尽管有许多困难,他/她还是设法克服了。
(6)He/She put his/her heart into…and made great contributions to…
他/她全身心投入……中去,为……作出了巨大贡献。
3. 结尾句
(1)As a great…, he/she will be remembered by us forever.
作为一位伟大的……,他/她将永远被我们铭记。
(2)It is his determination that inspires me to go on when I have difficulty in learning.
是他的决心激励我在学习上有困难时继续前进。
(3)Having set a great example for us, he is an excellent person who fully deserves our admiration and respect.
他为我们树立了一个很好的榜样,是一位非常优秀的人,完全值得我们钦佩和尊重。
(4)It’s his/her encouragement that contributes to shaping my personalities and inspires me to accomplish my goals persistently.
正是他/她的鼓励,有助于塑造我的个性,并激励我坚持不懈地完成目标。
(5)…is such a respectable and admirable person that I will model myself after.
……是一位令人尊敬和钦佩的人,我将以……为榜样。
(6)It is her spirits of independence and selfless devotion to the people that carried her through her life of hard choices, and it is these qualities that have touched the bottom of my heart, pushing me to strive for excellence, for myself, my people, my country.
正是她的独立精神和对人民的无私奉献,让她度过了艰难抉择的一生,也正是这些品质触动了我的心底,促使我为自己、我的人民、我的国家追求卓越。
(7)What I should do is follow in Dr Yuan’s footsteps, make my own mark in science and contribute my share to building a better world for all people.
我应该做的是追随袁博士的脚步,在科学界留下自己的印记,为全人类建设一个更美好的世界贡献自己的一份力量。
1. 必不可少的;极其重要的;充满生机的adj.
2. 承诺;保证vt.忠于;全心全意投入(工作、活动等) vi.
3. 学业的;学术的 adj.
4. 目标;目的 n.客观的 adj.　　　 　　
5.评价;评估 vt.
6. (使)沸腾;煮开;烧开vt.&vi. 沸腾;沸点 n.
7. 液体n.液体的;液态的adj.
8. (尤指经努力)获得;赢得vt.(规章、习俗等)存在;流行vi.
9. 承认(属实、权威等);(公开)感谢vt.
10. 失败;挫败n.击败;战胜vt.
11. 分析 vt.
12. 显而易见;看来;显然adv.
13. 坚持;坚决要求vi.& vt.
14. 科学(上)的;关于科学的adj.
15. 主要地;一般地 adv.
16. 结论;推论 n.
17. 迅速离开;逃跑vi.& vt.
18. [usually pl.]条件;环境;状况n.
19. (长篇)小说n.
20. 流;流动;流畅;供应n.流;流动vi.
21. 创建;建立;把……建立在vt.
22. 推断;推定 vt.
23. 从政者;政治家;政客n.
24. 理论;学说 n.
25. 天才;天资;天赋 n.
26. 温柔的;文静的 adj.
27. 酷爱;激情 n.
28. 不一般的;非凡的;意想不到的adj.
29. 逐渐地;逐步地 adv.
30. 结果;后果n.
31. 偶然碰到;遇到vt.邂逅;遭遇n.
32. 教授 n.
33. 总结;概括vi.金额;款项;总数;总和n.
34. physiology　　　 　　　　　
35. artemisinin
36. malaria
37. crucial
38. property
39. botanical
40. distinct
41. extract
42. wormwood
43. substance
44. penicillin
45. chart
46. numerous
47. relativity
48. formula
49. patent
50. doctorate
51. photoelectric
52. institution
53. moustache
54. peculiarity
55. mourn
56. device
57. draft
1. 导致;带来
2. 数以万计的
3. 死于……
4. 起初
5. 被卡住;被困住
6. 偶然;碰巧
7. 抽出;拉出;取出
8. 坚决要求
9. 确保;确定
10. 根据……(所说/所示)
11. (正常使用造成的)磨损;消耗
12. 承诺;保证(做某事、遵守协议或安排等)
13. 得出结论
14. 改变主意
15. 关心;在意
16. 对……做出贡献
17. 因为;由于
18. 出于对……的热爱
19. (开始)掌权;上台
20. 结果;因而
21. 担任;任职
22. (在某方面)做出成就
23. 竖立起来
24. 被误认为是
25. 去世
26. 总结;概括
1. 1967年,中国政府组建了一支以探索治疗疟疾新方法为目的的科学家队伍,屠呦呦是其中首批入选的研究人员。
In 1967, the Chinese government formed a team of scientists a new treatment for malaria, and Tu Youyou was among .
2. 一本四世纪的医药文献推荐使用青蒿提取物来治疗发烧。
One medical text from the fourth century the extract from sweet wormwood .
3. 然后,他们尝试煮沸新鲜的青蒿,并用从中获得的液体来治疗疟疾,但这也不起作用。
They then tried fresh wormwood, and the liquid from this to treat malaria, but either.
4. 在经历了190多次失败后,该团队终于在1971年取得了成功。
.
5. 屠呦呦和她的团队成员甚至坚持在自己身上测试药物,以确保它是安全的。
Tu Youyou and her team members even .
6. 当听到自己被授予诺贝尔奖时,她说“这份荣誉并不仅仅属于我……”
, she said, “The honour is not just mine…”
7. 中国的科学研究和中医药得以在世界各地传播,确实是一种荣誉。
.
8. 阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦也许是现代物理学中最伟大的科学家,经常被认为是有史以来最聪明的人之一。
Albert Einstein, , .
9. 在那里工作期间,出于强烈的求知欲,他继续学习,1905年获得物理学博士学位。
While , , he continued to study, a doctorate in physics in 1905.
10. 他胡须浓密,头发又长又白,有时会像刚遭了电击似的竖起来。
He had a thick moustache and long white hair, .
11. 他对世界作出了许多贡献,其中最著名的是广义相对论和著名的E=mc2公式。
, the general theory of relativity and the famous formula E=mc2.
12. 16岁那年,他试图进入瑞士读大学,但由于在入学考试中总分低而失败,尽管他的数学和物理成绩优异。
When he was 16, he in Switzerland, but his low scores in the general part of the entrance exam, .
13. 1955年4月18日,有报道称爱因斯坦去世了,全世界都为损失了一位杰出的科学巨匠而哀悼。
On 18 April 1955, , and the whole world mourned the great loss of a brilliant scientist.
基础词汇 拓展词汇
1 physiology n. 生理学;生理机能 n. 生理学家;生理学研究者 adj. 生理学的;生理的;生理机能的 adv. 生理学方面;生理上地
2 commit vt. 承诺;保证 vi. 忠于;全心全意投入 (工作、活动等) n. 承诺;保证;献身;奉献;投入 adj. 尽心尽力的;坚定的;坚信的 /
3 academy n. (艺术、文学、科学等的)研究院;学会;专科院校 adj. 学业的;学术的 adv. 学术上;学业上 n. 学会会员;院士
4 distinct adj. 清晰的;清楚的;有区别的 n. 差别;区别;不同;优秀;卓越;独特 adv. 清楚地;明白地;非常;很 adj. 独特的;特别的;有特色的
5 acknowledge vt. 承认(属实、权威等); (公开)感谢 n. 承认;感谢;致谢;收件复函 adj. 公认的;被普遍认可的 /
6 analyse vt. 分析 n. (对事物的)分析;分析结果 adj. 分析的;解析的;分析性的 adv. 分析地;解析地
7 n. 科学;自然科学;理科 n. 科学家;科学工作者 scientific adj. 科学(上)的;关于科学的 adv. 系统地;合乎科学地;学问上
8 vt. 作出……结论;推断出 vi. & vt. (使)结束;终止 conclusion n. 结论;推论;结束;结尾;签订 adj. 结论性的;不容置疑的;确实的 adj. 结束的;最后的;结尾的
9 n. (长篇)小说 adj. 新颖的;与众不同的;珍奇的 novelist n. 小说家 n. 新颖;新奇性;新奇的事物 novelisation n. (由电影或电视连续剧)改写成的小说
10 found vt. 创建;建立;把……建立在 n. (组织、机构等的)创建者;创办者;发起人 n. 地基;基础;基金会;创办;粉底 adj. 基础的;基本的
11 n. 政治;政治事务(或活动);政治观点;政治局势 politician n.从政者;政治家;政客 adj. 政治的;政府的;政权的 adj. (行为)谨慎的;得当的;明智的
12 theory n. 理论;学说;原理 adj. 理论上的;假设的; 推想的 adv. 按理说;按道理讲;在理论引;从理论上说 n. 理论家;理论工作者
13 gentle adj. 温柔的;文静的;平和的 adv. 轻柔地;温和地;平缓地 n. 温顺;亲切;高贵;彬彬有礼 n. 彬彬有礼的人;有教养的人;君子
14 adj. 随之发生的;作为结果的;由此引起的 consequence n. 结果;后果 adv. 因此;所以;结果 /
15 vi. & vt. 说起;谈论;评论 n. 谈论;言论;评述 remarkable adj. 非凡的;显著的;引人注目的 adj. 一般的;平常的;平凡的;平庸的 adv. 不寻常地;惊人地

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