资源简介 Unit 4 Natural Disasters1. shock n.震惊;令人震惊的事;休克 vt.(使)震惊(shocked adj.感到震惊的 shocking adj.令人震惊的)·in shock震惊;吃惊to one’s shock令某人震惊的是·be shocked at sth/that…对……感到震惊be shocked to do sth因做某事而感到震惊2. trap vt.使落入险境;使陷入圈套 n.险境;陷阱·be trapped in 被困在……trap sb into doing sth诱使某人做某事·fall into/get out of a trap落入/逃出圈套lay/set a trap (for)(为……)布下陷阱/设置圈套3. bury vt.埋葬;安葬;掩埋;隐藏(burial n.埋葬;葬礼)bury sth in把某物埋在……bury oneself in=be buried in埋头于……;专心于……bury one’s face in one’s hands双手掩面4. suffer vt.遭受;蒙受 vi.(因疾病、痛苦、悲伤等)受苦(suffering n.受苦;遭难;苦楚;苦难 sufferer n.受难者;患者)·suffer from患……病;受……苦·suffer作及物动词时,意思同experience(体验;经历),其后可跟pain、defeat、hardship等词作宾语;suffer from中的from表示原因,意为“因……而受苦”。5. survive vi.生存;存活 vt.幸存;艰难度过;幸免;生还;比……活得长(survivor n.幸存者 survival n.幸存;生还)survive on靠……存活下来survive sth 在……中幸存;从……中活下来A survives B (by+时间)A比B多活了(多长时间)6. strike vi.& vt.(struck, struck/stricken)侵袭;突击;击打;(时钟等)敲响;擦(火柴);撞击;给(某人以……)印象;突然想起 n.罢工;罢课;袭击·be struck with/by被……所打动/袭击It strikes sb that…某人觉得……;某人突然想起……sth strikes sb 某人想到……·on strike罢工·表示“突然想到”的词汇还有occur to、hit等。1. as if引导的虚拟语气It seemed as if the world were coming to an end!仿佛世界末日即将来临! ·as if/though引导表语从句时常放在look、seem等系动词之后。·as if/though可以引导状语从句,表方式,如果从句所描述的情况是真实的或极有可能发生的,从句谓语用陈述语气;如果从句所描述的情况是不真实的或较小可能性发生的,从句谓语用虚拟语气:与过去事实相反,用过去完成时;与现在事实相反,用一般过去时(be动词一般用were);与将来事实相反,用“would/could/might+动词原形”。2. be doing…when…I was having breakfast with my three children when water started filling my home.当时我和我的三个孩子正在吃早饭,海水开始灌入屋内。句中when用作并列连词,意为“这时突然”。when表示“这时突然”之意,还常用于以下句型:·be about to do…when…正要做……这时突然……·had (just) done…when…刚做完……这时突然……观察下面的句子,并感知限制性定语从句的用法。1. Eleven kilometres directly below the city, one of the most deadly earthquakes of the 20th century had begun, a quake that/which even caused damage more than 150 kilometres away in Beijing.2. The number of people who/that were killed or badly injured in the quake was more than 400,000.3. Soon after the quakes, the army sent 150,000 soldiers to Tangshan to dig out those who were trapped and to bury the dead.4. Workers built shelters for survivors whose homes had been destroyed.5. The man (whom/who/that) I have to phone lives in Canada.1. 以上定语从句由关系代词 who、whom、which、that、whose 引导,修饰名词或代词,置于被修饰词的 后面 。关系代词在定语从句中可以作 主语、宾语、表语或定语 。 2. 关系代词 who、whom、that 可以代指人,关系代词 which、that 可以代指物,而关系代词 whose 不能单独使用,只能作定语。 1. 定语的概念定语:修饰、限定名词或代词的成分,常翻译为“……的”。常见作定语的词:形容词、名词、代词、数词、介词短语和定语从句等。Mary is a beautiful girl.(形容词作定语)Mary is a girl with long hair.(介词短语作后置定语)Mary is a girl who has long hair.(句子作定语,修饰girl, 叫作定语从句)2. 定语从句的定义与分类(1)定义在复合句中,修饰名词或代词的从句叫作定语从句。被修饰的名词或代词叫作先行词,定语从句一般放在先行词的后面。(2)分类限制性定语从句 主句与从句不用逗号分开,从句不可省去非限制性定语从句 主句与从句之间用逗号分开,从句起补充说明作用,如果省去,意思仍然完整I’d really like to find a friend who I can trust completely.(限制性定语从句)我真的很想找一个可以完全信任的朋友。The children, who were injured in a car accident, are being treated in the hospital now.(非限制性定语从句)在车祸中受伤的孩子们现在正在医院接受治疗。3. 关系代词的用法(1)who的用法:who指人,在从句中可作主语、宾语和表语,作宾语时可省略。There is a girl who wants to see you.有个女孩儿想见你。(2)whom的用法:whom指人,在从句中作宾语,可省略,此时也可用who代替。The old man (who/whom) you saw yesterday is a thinker.你昨天见到的那位老人是位思想家。(3)whose的用法:whose既可指人也可指物,在从句中修饰名词作定语,相当于所修饰成分的前置所有格。它可以转化为“the+名词+of which/whom”和“of which/whom+the+名词”的形式。This is the scientist whose name is known all over the country.=This is the scientist the name of whom/of whom the name is known all over the country.这就是那位全国知名的科学家。Please pass me the book whose cover is green.=Please pass me the book the cover of which/of which the cover is green.请递给我那本绿色封面的书。(4)that和which的用法①which指物,that 既可指人也可指物;它们在从句中作主语、宾语或表语,which和that在从句中作宾语时可以省略。Please find a room which/that is big enough for all of us to live in.请找一间足够大能住下我们所有人的房间。This is the house (which/that) we bought last month.这是我们上个月买的那幢房子。This is the thief (that) we have been looking for these days.这就是我们近日来一直在找的小偷。②在限制性定语从句中,关系代词指物时只能用that而不能用which的情况。a.当先行词是all、little、few、none、anything、something、everything、nothing等不定代词时。Can you give me anything that has no sugar inside 可以给我点儿里面没有糖的东西吗 b.当先行词是序数词或形容词最高级或被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时。This is the first two-storey bus that runs in our city.这是第一辆运行于我市的双层公交车。c.当先行词被the only、the very、the same、the right等修饰时。This is the very scarf that Mother has been looking for.这就是妈妈一直在找的那条围巾。d.当先行词既有人又有物时。We often talk about the persons and things that we remember.我们常常谈起我们记得的那些人和事。③句中其他位置已出现与关系代词相同的疑问词时,应避免重复。Which is the car that has overtaken us 哪辆车超过我们了 ④在定语从句中,关系代词指物时只能用which而不能用that的情况。a.引导非限制性定语从句时。The house, which has a history of 500 years, is very famous.这座房子有500年的历史,非常有名。b.在“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句中。I found a tree, in which there was a bird.我发现了一棵树,树上有一只鸟。(5)as的用法关系代词as既可以引导限制性定语从句也可以引导非限制性定语从句,在从句中充当主语、宾语。①as引导限制性定语从句。当先行词前有such、so、the same修饰,同时定语从句缺少主语或宾语时,应使用关系代词as,即“such/so…as”“ the same…as…”。They talked in such simple English as children could understand.他们用孩子们能听懂的简单英语交谈。The result is not the same as they had expected.结果与他们预期的不一样。“such/the same…as…”与 “such/the same…that…”I have the same book as he is reading.(两本书)我有一本书,与他正在看的那一本相同。I borrowed the same book that he did last week.(同一本书)我借了一本书,就是他上周借的那一本。②as引导非限制性定语从句及其与which的用法辨析。as和which均可作关系代词,引导非限制性定语从句,在从句中作主语、宾语、表语等, 指代说明前面整个句子所表达的内容,有时可以互换。He saw the girl, as/which he had hoped.正如他所希望的那样,他看见了那个女孩。/他看见了那个女孩,这正是他所希望的。a.which引导的定语从句只能位于主句之后,而as 引导的定语从句较灵活,可以置于主句之后、之前或句中。He studies hard, as anybody can see.任何人都能看到,他努力学习。As we all know, smoking is harmful to one’s health.我们都知道,吸烟对一个人的健康是有害的。b.which 常可在定语从句中作某些实义动词的主语,此时它引导的从句与主句之间往往存在并列或因果关系,相当于and this/that或so连接的并列句。They completed the work, which (and that) took them a week.他们完成了工作,这项工作花了一个星期的时间。The girl didn’t go home until twelve o’clock, which worried her parents.=…so her parents were worried.这个女孩直到12点才回家,这让她的父母很担心。c.as含“正如……;像……一样”之意。He passed the exam, which his parents had expected.(侧重表示主句陈述的事实与从句的期望相符)他通过了考试,这正是他父母所期望的。He passed the exam, as his parents had expected.(强调从句的内容变成了现实)正如他父母所期望的那样,他通过了考试。4. 使用定语从句的注意事项(1)关系代词在定语从句中作主语时,定语从句的谓语动词要和先行词的数保持一致。The suitcase that/which lies on the ground is hers.地上放着的那个手提箱是她的。“one of+复数名词”作先行词时,定语从句的谓语动词用复数形式;“the only one of+复数名词”作先行词时,定语从句的谓语动词用单数形式。This is one of the books which were written by Charles Dickens.这是查尔斯·狄更斯所写的多本书中的一本。He is the only one of the boys in our class who has learned French.他是我们班男生中唯一一个学过法语的。(2)关系代词指代先行词,在定语从句中充当主语、宾语、定语或表语,因此定语从句中不能再出现关系代词所替代的名词或代词。昨天晚上我们看的那部电影非常吓人。The film (that/which) we saw it last night is very frightening.(×)The film (that/which) we saw last night is very frightening.(√)1. 用关系代词填空(1)The girl who/that graduated from Cambridge University is called Amanda. (2)This is the person (who/whom/that) you should thank for helping your son. (3)Any student whose family is too poor to go to school can get help from the government. (4)I like those books whose topics are about history. (5)I still keep the letter (that/which) she wrote to me. (6)Many westerners who/that come to China cook much less than in their own countries. (7)The Sun warms the Earth, which makes it possible for plants to grow. (8)Do you still remember the chicken farm (that/which) we visited three months ago (9)The film (that/which) you are looking forward to seeing will be on tomorrow. (10) As is well known, the Great Wall is the longest wall in the world. 2. 补全句子(1)桂林是我游览过的最美丽的城市。Guilin is the most beautiful city that I have ever visited . (2)她把她感兴趣的物和人都拍摄了下来。She took photographs of the things and people that she was interested in . (3)写作是她唯一感兴趣的事。Writing was the only thing that interested her . 本单元的写作任务是写概要。概要是一种阅读和写作要求并重的写作题型,有准确性、完整性、概括性、客观性、个体性等特点。概要所用语句既要准确、结构合理、语意连贯、不能与原文相同,又要能完全概括出文章的中心大意。1. 注意事项(1)词数要限制在60词左右,上下限不得超过10个单词。(2)要根据文章的体裁特点进行概要写作。(3)人称和时态要与所给文章中的人称和时态保持一致,但必要时也可变换成第三人称。(4)写作时尽可能地使用复合句,必要时可转换词性,不得照抄原文。2. 写作四步曲(1)确定体裁,明确主题及结构体裁 结构记叙文 人物+时间+地点+事件(起因+发展+结果)说明文 ①事物的性质功能类:对象+性质功能+利好 ②问题的解决方法或措施类:问题+解决方法 ③现象类:现象+原因+结果议论文 主题+论据(+结论)(2)确定主题句,找关键信息画出每一段的主题句,抓住关键信息,忽略次要信息。(3)改写关键信息,得出要点使用意义相同或相近的单词、短语或句式,或使用不同的句子结构表达同一意思,如改变语态、肯定变否定等,避免抄袭原文句子。(4)添加连接词,使行文连贯要牢记各段落要点之间的逻辑关系和自然衔接,用恰当的关联词去连贯全文。常用的关联词有however、besides、in addition、therefore、instead等。1. This article/passage mainly tells a story about…这篇文章主要讲述关于……的故事。2. This passage mainly deals with/discusses/explores…这篇文章主要处理/讨论/探索……3. This article focuses on the topic of…这篇文章关注……的话题。4. This essay presents knowledge that…这篇短文呈现……的知识。5. In this passage (about…), the author…在这篇(关于……)的文章里,作者……6. The author began the essay/passage by telling/presenting…作者通过讲述/呈现……开始这篇短文/文章。7. First/Firstly/In the beginning/In the first part, the author argues/explains/mentions/states/points out (that)…首先,作者论证/解释/提及/陈述/指出……8. Secondly/Next/Then/In the next part/In the main part, the author goes on with…第二点/接下来/然后/在下一部分/在主要部分,作者继续……9. Finally, the author stresses that…最后,作者强调……1. 灾难;灾害n. disaster 2. 旱灾;久旱n. drought 3. (使)滑行;滑动vi.& vt. slide 4. 洪水;大量n. 淹没;大量涌入vi. 使灌满水;淹没vt. flood 5. 营救;救援n.& vt. rescue 6. 损害;破坏vt. 损坏;损失n. damage 7. 摧毁;毁灭vt. destroy 8. 死;死亡n. death 9. 影响;(疾病)侵袭;深深打动vt. affect 10. 避难处;居所;庇护n. 保护;掩蔽vt. 躲避(风雨或危险)vi. shelter 11. 破坏;毁坏n.& vt. ruin 12. 百分之…… n. 每一百中adj.& adv. percent 13. 砖;砖块n. brick 14. 金属n. metal 15. 震惊;令人震惊的事;休克n. (使)震惊vt. shock 16. 电;电能n. electricity 17. 使落入险境;使陷入圈套vt. 险境;陷阱n. trap 18. 埋葬;安葬vt. bury 19. 呼吸vi.& vt. breathe 20. 努力;艰难的尝试;尽力n. effort 21. 智慧;才智n. wisdom 22. 上下文;语境;背景n. context 23. 遭受;蒙受vt. (因疾病、痛苦、悲伤等)受苦vi. suffer 24. (火山)爆发;(岩浆、烟等)喷出vi.& vt. erupt 25. 供应(量);补给;[pl.]补给品n. 供应;供给vt. supply 26. 生存;存活vi. 幸存;艰难度过vt. survive 27. 电力供应;能量;力量;控制力n. power 28. 管子;管道n. pipe 29. 突发事件;紧急情况n. emergency 30. 镇静的;沉着的adj. 使平静;使镇静vt. calm 31. 援助;帮助;救援物资n. 帮助;援助vi.& vt. (formal) aid 32. 成套工具;成套设备n. kit 33. 碰撞;撞击vt.& vi. 撞车;碰撞n. crash 34. 打扫;清扫vt.& vi. sweep 35. 海浪;波浪n. 挥手;招手vi.& vt. wave 36. 侵袭;突击;击打vi.& vt. 罢工;罢课;袭击n. strike 37. 递送;传达 vt.& vi. 发表vt. deliver 38. volcano 火山 39. typhoon 台风 40. hurricane (尤指西大西洋的)飓风 41. summary 总结;概括;概要 42. effect 影响;结果;效果 43. length 长;长度 1. 增强意识 raise awareness 2. 降低死亡率 reduce mortality 3. 自然灾害 natural disasters 4. 灾害的安全措施 disaster safety measures 5. 救灾工作 disaster relief work 6. 提及;涉及 refer to 7. 救援工作者 the rescue workers 8. 洪灾地区 the flood-hit area 9. 医疗团队 medical teams 10. 至少 at least 11. 有难闻的气体从里面散发出来 have some smelly gas coming out of it 12. 紧张得吃不下东西 too nervous to eat 13. 拒绝进入建筑物 refuse to go inside buildings 14. 跑出田野,寻找藏身之处 run out of the fields looking for places to hide 15. 像往常一样 as usual 16. 抄近路穿过 cut across 17. 在不到一分钟内 in less than one minute 18. 成为废墟 lie in ruins 19. 三分之二的…… two thirds of… 20. 不见了 be gone/missing 21. 数万 tens of thousands of 22. 数十万 hundreds of thousands of 23. 震惊;吃惊 in shock 24. 倒下 fall down 25. 挖出来 dig out 26. 埋葬死者 bury the dead 27. 来提供医疗服务 come to provide medical care 28. 为幸存者建避难所 build shelters for survivors 29. 开始复苏 start to revive itself 30. 重新站起来 get back up on its feet 31. 不懈的努力 the tireless efforts 32. 被建在地震废墟上 be built upon the earthquake ruins 33. 在灾难时期 in times of disaster 34. 保持积极的心态 stay positive 35. 更光明的未来 a brighter future 36. 查字典 look it up in a dictionary 37. 结束 come to an end 38. 遭受可怕的伤害 suffer from terrible injuries 39. 警告标志 warning signs 40. 在唐山市的复兴中 in the revival of Tangshan city 41. 经历相似的变化 go through similar changes 42. 从这些事件中学习 learn from these events 43. 一次可怕的经历 a terrible experience 44. 志愿提供帮助 volunteer to help 45. 在户外搭建避难处 put up shelters in the open air 46. 受伤的男孩 the injured boy 47. 写一封感谢信 write a thank-you letter 48. 被困在大楼下的学生 students trapped under buildings 49. 给宝宝喂食 feed the baby 50. 在地震中幸存 survive the earthquake 51. 保持镇定 stay calm 52. 远离 stay away from 53. 消灭;彻底清除 sweep away 54. 发现你自己正处于危险中 find yourself in danger 55. 发布于海啸后第一天的新闻报道 the news report released the day after a tsunami 56. 死亡人数达到…… the number of deaths stands/stood at… 57. 跑去安全(的地方) run to safety 58. 死亡人数预计会继续上升 the number of deaths is expected to grow even higher 59. 危险的情况 dangerous conditions 60. 使运送食物和物资变得困难 make it difficult to deliver food and supplies 61. 后续事件 following events 62. 写下 write down 63. 大约是原文长度的三分之一 around one third the length of the original text 64. 主要的支持观点 the key supporting points 65. 不重要的细节 unimportant details 66. 标点错误 punctuation errors 67. 正确的时态 correct tenses 68. 实施 carry out 69. 出于感激 out of gratitude 70. 成为永不放弃的中国精神的象征 become a symbol of the Chinese spirit of never giving up 71. 引人注意 catch the attention 72. 突然;不知从哪儿来 out of nowhere 73. 减少死亡人数 minimise deaths 74. 向四面八方扩展 expand in all directions 1. ……写下他们提到的信息。…write the kind of information they refer to . 2. 老鼠跑出田野寻找藏身之处,鱼儿跃出水面。Mice ran out of the fields looking for places to hide , and fish jumped out of the water. 3. 仿佛世界末日即将来临!It seemed as if the world were coming to an end ! 4. 就在城市正下方11千米处,20世纪最严重的地震之一已经爆发,甚至对在150多千米外的北京造成了破坏。Eleven kilometres directly below the city, one of the most deadly earthquakes of the 20th century had begun, a quake that even caused damage more than 150 kilometres away in Beijing. 5. 幸存者目及之处无一不是废墟。 Everywhere survivors looked, there was nothing but ruins. 6. 砖块覆盖着地面,就像秋天的红叶,但是没有风能把它们吹走。Bricks covered the ground like red autumn leaves, but no wind could blow them away . 7. 人们开始疑惑这场灾难会持续多久。People began to wonder how long the disaster would last . 8. 地震发生后不久,部队派出了15万名士兵奔赴唐山,将受困群众从废墟中挖出,并掩埋死者。 Soon after the quakes, the army sent 150,000 soldiers to Tangshan to dig out those who were trapped and to bury the dead . 9. 工人们为家园被毁的幸存者建造了避难所。Workers built shelters for survivors whose homes had been destroyed . 10. 慢慢地,这座城市开始恢复了生机。Slowly, the city began to breathe again. 11. 在政府的大力支持下,在全市人民的不懈努力下,一个崭新的唐山在地震废墟上诞生了。 With strong support from the government and the tireless efforts of the city’s people, a new Tangshan was built upon the earthquake ruins . 12. 有些人被发现时还活着,尽管他们受了重伤。Some were found alive , though they were suffering from terrible injuries . 13. 一些建筑物仍然矗立着,但人们不敢将它们用作避难所,担心一旦建筑物倒塌,他们会被困住。A few buildings were still standing, but people were afraid to use them as shelters, worrying they would be trapped if the buildings fell. 14. 李先生是一位建筑师,他的新城设计赢得了赞誉。Mr Li is an architect whose designs for the new town have won praise . 15. 2016年,与James一起工作的一名医生在厄瓜多尔地震中去世。A doctor with whom James used to work died in the 2016 earthquake in Ecuador. 16. 至于我们的应急物资,我们建议手头要有足够三天的水和食物、一台收音机……Now for our emergency supplies , we would suggest always having on hand enough water and food for three days, a radio,… 17. 昨天,过去40年来最强烈的地震所引发的海啸冲击了亚洲各地的海岸线,造成6,500多人死亡。 The most powerful earthquake in the past 40 years caused a tsunami that crashed into coastlines across Asia yesterday, killing more than 6,500 people. 18. 渔民、游客、旅馆、房屋和汽车都被9级地震引起的巨浪卷走了。Fishermen, tourists, hotels, homes and cars were swept away by huge waves caused by the strong earthquake that reached a magnitude of 9.0. 19. 另有254人死于泰国,54人死于其他三个国家。 Another 254 were found dead in Thailand and 54 in three other countries. 20. 正在为遭受海啸袭击的国家组织外援。Foreign aid is being organised for the tsunami-hit countries. 21. 然而,危险的条件和损坏的道路将使运送食物和物资变得困难。However, dangerous conditions and damaged roads will make it difficult to deliver food and supplies . 基础词汇 拓展词汇1 destroy vt. 摧毁;毁灭;破坏 destruction n. 破坏;毁灭;摧毁;消灭 destructive adj. 破坏的;毁灭性的;有害的 destructively adv. 破坏性地 2 evacuate vt. 疏散;撤出 vi. 撤离 evacuation n. 疏散;撤离;排泄;抽空 evacuator n. 疏散者;撤离者;排空装置 /3 die v. 死亡;熄灭;凋零;停止运转 death n. 死;死亡;毁灭 dead adj. 死的;无生命的;呆板的;废弃了的 dying adj. 垂死的;临终的;临死的 4 affect vt. 影响; (疾病)侵袭;深深打动 affecting adj. 令人感动的;动人的;激起怜悯的 affected adj. 受影响的;不自然的;做作的 affective adj. 感情的;情感的 5 shock n. 震惊;令人震惊的事;休克 vt. (使)震惊 shocking adj. 令人震惊的;可怕的;极坏的 shocked adj. 震惊的;震撼的;惊愕的 /6 electricity n. 电;电能;电力;电流 electric adj. 用电的;电动的;带电的;导电的 electrical adj. 电的;与电有关的;制造电气设备的 electrify vt. 使电气化;使通电;使激动 7 bury vt. 埋葬;安葬;把(某物)掩藏在地下;埋藏 burial n. 埋葬;葬礼;安葬 buried adj. 埋葬的;埋藏的 /8 breathe vi. & vt. 呼吸;呼出;低声说;透气 breath n. 呼吸的空气;气息;一口气 breathless adj. 喘不过气来的;屏息的;无风的 breathing n. 呼吸;呼吸声 9 unify vi. & vt. 统一; (使)成一体 unification n. 统一;联合;一致 unified adj. 统一的;一致的;联合的 unifier n. 统一者;使联合者 10 erupt vi. & vt. (火山)爆发;(岩浆、烟等)喷出 eruption n. 爆发;喷发;出疹 eruptive adj.火山爆发的;喷发的;火山活动形式的 /11 long adj. 长的;长期的;远的;冗长的 length n. 长;长度;时间的长短;篇幅 lengthen vi.& vt. 延长;变长;使延长 lengthy adj. 漫长的;冗长的;详尽的 12 strike vi. & vt. 侵袭;突击;击打 n. 罢工;罢课;袭击 striker n. 罢工者;(足球)前锋 striking adj. 引人注目的;异乎寻常的;妩媚动人的 strikingly adv.显著地;引人注目地;醒目地 Unit 4 Natural Disasters1. shock n.震惊;令人震惊的事;休克 vt.(使)震惊(shocked adj.感到震惊的 shocking adj.令人震惊的)·in shock震惊;吃惊to one’s shock令某人震惊的是·be shocked at sth/that…对……感到震惊be shocked to do sth因做某事而感到震惊2. trap vt.使落入险境;使陷入圈套 n.险境;陷阱·be trapped in 被困在……trap sb into doing sth诱使某人做某事·fall into/get out of a trap落入/逃出圈套lay/set a trap (for)(为……)布下陷阱/设置圈套3. bury vt.埋葬;安葬;掩埋;隐藏(burial n.埋葬;葬礼)bury sth in把某物埋在……bury oneself in=be buried in埋头于……;专心于……bury one’s face in one’s hands双手掩面4. suffer vt.遭受;蒙受 vi.(因疾病、痛苦、悲伤等)受苦(suffering n.受苦;遭难;苦楚;苦难 sufferer n.受难者;患者)·suffer from患……病;受……苦·suffer作及物动词时,意思同experience(体验;经历),其后可跟pain、defeat、hardship等词作宾语;suffer from中的from表示原因,意为“因……而受苦”。5. survive vi.生存;存活 vt.幸存;艰难度过;幸免;生还;比……活得长(survivor n.幸存者 survival n.幸存;生还)survive on靠……存活下来survive sth 在……中幸存;从……中活下来A survives B (by+时间)A比B多活了(多长时间)6. strike vi.& vt.(struck, struck/stricken)侵袭;突击;击打;(时钟等)敲响;擦(火柴);撞击;给(某人以……)印象;突然想起 n.罢工;罢课;袭击·be struck with/by被……所打动/袭击It strikes sb that…某人觉得……;某人突然想起……sth strikes sb 某人想到……·on strike罢工·表示“突然想到”的词汇还有occur to、hit等。1. as if引导的虚拟语气It seemed as if the world were coming to an end!仿佛世界末日即将来临! ·as if/though引导表语从句时常放在look、seem等系动词之后。·as if/though可以引导状语从句,表方式,如果从句所描述的情况是真实的或极有可能发生的,从句谓语用陈述语气;如果从句所描述的情况是不真实的或较小可能性发生的,从句谓语用虚拟语气:与过去事实相反,用过去完成时;与现在事实相反,用一般过去时(be动词一般用were);与将来事实相反,用“would/could/might+动词原形”。2. be doing…when…I was having breakfast with my three children when water started filling my home.当时我和我的三个孩子正在吃早饭,海水开始灌入屋内。句中when用作并列连词,意为“这时突然”。when表示“这时突然”之意,还常用于以下句型:·be about to do…when…正要做……这时突然……·had (just) done…when…刚做完……这时突然……观察下面的句子,并感知限制性定语从句的用法。1. Eleven kilometres directly below the city, one of the most deadly earthquakes of the 20th century had begun, a quake that/which even caused damage more than 150 kilometres away in Beijing.2. The number of people who/that were killed or badly injured in the quake was more than 400,000.3. Soon after the quakes, the army sent 150,000 soldiers to Tangshan to dig out those who were trapped and to bury the dead.4. Workers built shelters for survivors whose homes had been destroyed.5. The man (whom/who/that) I have to phone lives in Canada.1. 以上定语从句由关系代词 引导,修饰名词或代词,置于被修饰词的 。关系代词在定语从句中可以作 。 2. 关系代词 可以代指人,关系代词 可以代指物,而关系代词 不能单独使用,只能作定语。 1. 定语的概念定语:修饰、限定名词或代词的成分,常翻译为“……的”。常见作定语的词:形容词、名词、代词、数词、介词短语和定语从句等。Mary is a beautiful girl.(形容词作定语)Mary is a girl with long hair.(介词短语作后置定语)Mary is a girl who has long hair.(句子作定语,修饰girl, 叫作定语从句)2. 定语从句的定义与分类(1)定义在复合句中,修饰名词或代词的从句叫作定语从句。被修饰的名词或代词叫作先行词,定语从句一般放在先行词的后面。(2)分类限制性定语从句 主句与从句不用逗号分开,从句不可省去非限制性定语从句 主句与从句之间用逗号分开,从句起补充说明作用,如果省去,意思仍然完整I’d really like to find a friend who I can trust completely.(限制性定语从句)我真的很想找一个可以完全信任的朋友。The children, who were injured in a car accident, are being treated in the hospital now.(非限制性定语从句)在车祸中受伤的孩子们现在正在医院接受治疗。3. 关系代词的用法(1)who的用法:who指人,在从句中可作主语、宾语和表语,作宾语时可省略。There is a girl who wants to see you.有个女孩儿想见你。(2)whom的用法:whom指人,在从句中作宾语,可省略,此时也可用who代替。The old man (who/whom) you saw yesterday is a thinker.你昨天见到的那位老人是位思想家。(3)whose的用法:whose既可指人也可指物,在从句中修饰名词作定语,相当于所修饰成分的前置所有格。它可以转化为“the+名词+of which/whom”和“of which/whom+the+名词”的形式。This is the scientist whose name is known all over the country.=This is the scientist the name of whom/of whom the name is known all over the country.这就是那位全国知名的科学家。Please pass me the book whose cover is green.=Please pass me the book the cover of which/of which the cover is green.请递给我那本绿色封面的书。(4)that和which的用法①which指物,that 既可指人也可指物;它们在从句中作主语、宾语或表语,which和that在从句中作宾语时可以省略。Please find a room which/that is big enough for all of us to live in.请找一间足够大能住下我们所有人的房间。This is the house (which/that) we bought last month.这是我们上个月买的那幢房子。This is the thief (that) we have been looking for these days.这就是我们近日来一直在找的小偷。②在限制性定语从句中,关系代词指物时只能用that而不能用which的情况。a.当先行词是all、little、few、none、anything、something、everything、nothing等不定代词时。Can you give me anything that has no sugar inside 可以给我点儿里面没有糖的东西吗 b.当先行词是序数词或形容词最高级或被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时。This is the first two-storey bus that runs in our city.这是第一辆运行于我市的双层公交车。c.当先行词被the only、the very、the same、the right等修饰时。This is the very scarf that Mother has been looking for.这就是妈妈一直在找的那条围巾。d.当先行词既有人又有物时。We often talk about the persons and things that we remember.我们常常谈起我们记得的那些人和事。③句中其他位置已出现与关系代词相同的疑问词时,应避免重复。Which is the car that has overtaken us 哪辆车超过我们了 ④在定语从句中,关系代词指物时只能用which而不能用that的情况。a.引导非限制性定语从句时。The house, which has a history of 500 years, is very famous.这座房子有500年的历史,非常有名。b.在“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句中。I found a tree, in which there was a bird.我发现了一棵树,树上有一只鸟。(5)as的用法关系代词as既可以引导限制性定语从句也可以引导非限制性定语从句,在从句中充当主语、宾语。①as引导限制性定语从句。当先行词前有such、so、the same修饰,同时定语从句缺少主语或宾语时,应使用关系代词as,即“such/so…as”“ the same…as…”。They talked in such simple English as children could understand.他们用孩子们能听懂的简单英语交谈。The result is not the same as they had expected.结果与他们预期的不一样。“such/the same…as…”与 “such/the same…that…”I have the same book as he is reading.(两本书)我有一本书,与他正在看的那一本相同。I borrowed the same book that he did last week.(同一本书)我借了一本书,就是他上周借的那一本。②as引导非限制性定语从句及其与which的用法辨析。as和which均可作关系代词,引导非限制性定语从句,在从句中作主语、宾语、表语等, 指代说明前面整个句子所表达的内容,有时可以互换。He saw the girl, as/which he had hoped.正如他所希望的那样,他看见了那个女孩。/他看见了那个女孩,这正是他所希望的。a.which引导的定语从句只能位于主句之后,而as 引导的定语从句较灵活,可以置于主句之后、之前或句中。He studies hard, as anybody can see.任何人都能看到,他努力学习。As we all know, smoking is harmful to one’s health.我们都知道,吸烟对一个人的健康是有害的。b.which 常可在定语从句中作某些实义动词的主语,此时它引导的从句与主句之间往往存在并列或因果关系,相当于and this/that或so连接的并列句。They completed the work, which (and that) took them a week.他们完成了工作,这项工作花了一个星期的时间。The girl didn’t go home until twelve o’clock, which worried her parents.=…so her parents were worried.这个女孩直到12点才回家,这让她的父母很担心。c.as含“正如……;像……一样”之意。He passed the exam, which his parents had expected.(侧重表示主句陈述的事实与从句的期望相符)他通过了考试,这正是他父母所期望的。He passed the exam, as his parents had expected.(强调从句的内容变成了现实)正如他父母所期望的那样,他通过了考试。4. 使用定语从句的注意事项(1)关系代词在定语从句中作主语时,定语从句的谓语动词要和先行词的数保持一致。The suitcase that/which lies on the ground is hers.地上放着的那个手提箱是她的。“one of+复数名词”作先行词时,定语从句的谓语动词用复数形式;“the only one of+复数名词”作先行词时,定语从句的谓语动词用单数形式。This is one of the books which were written by Charles Dickens.这是查尔斯·狄更斯所写的多本书中的一本。He is the only one of the boys in our class who has learned French.他是我们班男生中唯一一个学过法语的。(2)关系代词指代先行词,在定语从句中充当主语、宾语、定语或表语,因此定语从句中不能再出现关系代词所替代的名词或代词。昨天晚上我们看的那部电影非常吓人。The film (that/which) we saw it last night is very frightening.( )The film (that/which) we saw last night is very frightening.(√)1. 用关系代词填空(1)The girl graduated from Cambridge University is called Amanda. (2)This is the person you should thank for helping your son. (3)Any student family is too poor to go to school can get help from the government. (4)I like those books topics are about history. (5)I still keep the letter she wrote to me. (6)Many westerners come to China cook much less than in their own countries. (7)The Sun warms the Earth, makes it possible for plants to grow. (8)Do you still remember the chicken farm we visited three months ago (9)The film you are looking forward to seeing will be on tomorrow. (10) is well known, the Great Wall is the longest wall in the world. 2. 补全句子(1)桂林是我游览过的最美丽的城市。Guilin is the most beautiful city . (2)她把她感兴趣的物和人都拍摄了下来。She took photographs of the things and people . (3)写作是她唯一感兴趣的事。Writing was . 本单元的写作任务是写概要。概要是一种阅读和写作要求并重的写作题型,有准确性、完整性、概括性、客观性、个体性等特点。概要所用语句既要准确、结构合理、语意连贯、不能与原文相同,又要能完全概括出文章的中心大意。1. 注意事项(1)词数要限制在60词左右,上下限不得超过10个单词。(2)要根据文章的体裁特点进行概要写作。(3)人称和时态要与所给文章中的人称和时态保持一致,但必要时也可变换成第三人称。(4)写作时尽可能地使用复合句,必要时可转换词性,不得照抄原文。2. 写作四步曲(1)确定体裁,明确主题及结构体裁 结构记叙文 人物+时间+地点+事件(起因+发展+结果)说明文 ①事物的性质功能类:对象+性质功能+利好 ②问题的解决方法或措施类:问题+解决方法 ③现象类:现象+原因+结果议论文 主题+论据(+结论)(2)确定主题句,找关键信息画出每一段的主题句,抓住关键信息,忽略次要信息。(3)改写关键信息,得出要点使用意义相同或相近的单词、短语或句式,或使用不同的句子结构表达同一意思,如改变语态、肯定变否定等,避免抄袭原文句子。(4)添加连接词,使行文连贯要牢记各段落要点之间的逻辑关系和自然衔接,用恰当的关联词去连贯全文。常用的关联词有however、besides、in addition、therefore、instead等。1. This article/passage mainly tells a story about…这篇文章主要讲述关于……的故事。2. This passage mainly deals with/discusses/explores…这篇文章主要处理/讨论/探索……3. This article focuses on the topic of…这篇文章关注……的话题。4. This essay presents knowledge that…这篇短文呈现……的知识。5. In this passage (about…), the author…在这篇(关于……)的文章里,作者……6. The author began the essay/passage by telling/presenting…作者通过讲述/呈现……开始这篇短文/文章。7. First/Firstly/In the beginning/In the first part, the author argues/explains/mentions/states/points out (that)…首先,作者论证/解释/提及/陈述/指出……8. Secondly/Next/Then/In the next part/In the main part, the author goes on with…第二点/接下来/然后/在下一部分/在主要部分,作者继续……9. Finally, the author stresses that…最后,作者强调……1. 灾难;灾害n.2. 旱灾;久旱n.3. (使)滑行;滑动vi.& vt.4. 洪水;大量n. 淹没;大量涌入vi. 使灌满水;淹没vt.5. 营救;救援n.& vt.6. 损害;破坏vt. 损坏;损失n.7. 摧毁;毁灭vt.8. 死;死亡n.9. 影响;(疾病)侵袭;深深打动vt.10. 避难处;居所;庇护n. 保护;掩蔽vt. 躲避(风雨或危险)vi.11. 破坏;毁坏n.& vt.12. 百分之…… n. 每一百中adj.& adv.13. 砖;砖块n.14. 金属n.15. 震惊;令人震惊的事;休克n. (使)震惊vt.16. 电;电能n.17. 使落入险境;使陷入圈套vt. 险境;陷阱n.18. 埋葬;安葬vt.19. 呼吸vi.& vt.20. 努力;艰难的尝试;尽力n.21. 智慧;才智n.22. 上下文;语境;背景n.23. 遭受;蒙受vt. (因疾病、痛苦、悲伤等)受苦vi.24. (火山)爆发;(岩浆、烟等)喷出vi.& vt.25. 供应(量);补给;[pl.]补给品n. 供应;供给vt.26. 生存;存活vi. 幸存;艰难度过vt.27. 电力供应;能量;力量;控制力n.28. 管子;管道n.29. 突发事件;紧急情况n.30. 镇静的;沉着的adj. 使平静;使镇静vt.31. 援助;帮助;救援物资n. 帮助;援助vi.& vt. (formal)32. 成套工具;成套设备n.33. 碰撞;撞击vt.& vi. 撞车;碰撞n.34. 打扫;清扫vt.& vi.35. 海浪;波浪n. 挥手;招手vi.& vt.36. 侵袭;突击;击打vi.& vt. 罢工;罢课;袭击n.37. 递送;传达 vt.& vi. 发表vt.38. volcano39. typhoon40. hurricane41. summary42. effect43. length1. 增强意识2. 降低死亡率3. 自然灾害4. 灾害的安全措施5. 救灾工作6. 提及;涉及7. 救援工作者8. 洪灾地区9. 医疗团队10. 至少11. 有难闻的气体从里面散发出来12. 紧张得吃不下东西13. 拒绝进入建筑物14. 跑出田野,寻找藏身之处15. 像往常一样16. 抄近路穿过17. 在不到一分钟内18. 成为废墟19. 三分之二的……20. 不见了21. 数万22. 数十万23. 震惊;吃惊24. 倒下25. 挖出来26. 埋葬死者27. 来提供医疗服务28. 为幸存者建避难所29. 开始复苏30. 重新站起来31. 不懈的努力32. 被建在地震废墟上33. 在灾难时期34. 保持积极的心态35. 更光明的未来36. 查字典37. 结束38. 遭受可怕的伤害39. 警告标志40. 在唐山市的复兴中41. 经历相似的变化42. 从这些事件中学习43. 一次可怕的经历44. 志愿提供帮助45. 在户外搭建避难处46. 受伤的男孩47. 写一封感谢信48. 被困在大楼下的学生49. 给宝宝喂食50. 在地震中幸存51. 保持镇定52. 远离53. 消灭;彻底清除54. 发现你自己正处于危险中55. 发布于海啸后第一天的新闻报道56. 死亡人数达到……57. 跑去安全(的地方)58. 死亡人数预计会继续上升59. 危险的情况60. 使运送食物和物资变得困难61. 后续事件62. 写下63. 大约是原文长度的三分之一64. 主要的支持观点65. 不重要的细节66. 标点错误67. 正确的时态68. 实施69. 出于感激70. 成为永不放弃的中国精神的象征71. 引人注意72. 突然;不知从哪儿来73. 减少死亡人数74. 向四面八方扩展1. ……写下他们提到的信息。…write the kind of information they . 2. 老鼠跑出田野寻找藏身之处,鱼儿跃出水面。Mice ran out of the fields places , and fish jumped the water. 3. 仿佛世界末日即将来临!It seemed the world were ! 4. 就在城市正下方11千米处,20世纪最严重的地震之一已经爆发,甚至对在150多千米外的北京造成了破坏。Eleven kilometres the city, one of earthquakes of the 20th century had begun, a quake that even caused damage 150 kilometres away in Beijing. 5. 幸存者目及之处无一不是废墟。survivors looked, there was ruins. 6. 砖块覆盖着地面,就像秋天的红叶,但是没有风能把它们吹走。Bricks covered the ground red autumn leaves, but no wind could . 7. 人们开始疑惑这场灾难会持续多久。People began to how long the disaster would . 8. 地震发生后不久,部队派出了15万名士兵奔赴唐山,将受困群众从废墟中挖出,并掩埋死者。the quakes, the army sent 150,000 soldiers to Tangshan to those were trapped and to . 9. 工人们为家园被毁的幸存者建造了避难所。Workers built shelters for survivors homes had been . 10. 慢慢地,这座城市开始恢复了生机。Slowly, the city began to again. 11. 在政府的大力支持下,在全市人民的不懈努力下,一个崭新的唐山在地震废墟上诞生了。strong support from the government and the of the city’s people, a new Tangshan was . 12. 有些人被发现时还活着,尽管他们受了重伤。Some were found , though they were . 13. 一些建筑物仍然矗立着,但人们不敢将它们用作避难所,担心一旦建筑物倒塌,他们会被困住。A few buildings were still standing, but people were afraid to use them as shelters, they would be trapped if the buildings fell. 14. 李先生是一位建筑师,他的新城设计赢得了赞誉。Mr Li is an architect designs for the new town have . 15. 2016年,与James一起工作的一名医生在厄瓜多尔地震中去世。A doctor James used to work died in the 2016 earthquake in Ecuador. 16. 至于我们的应急物资,我们建议手头要有足够三天的水和食物、一台收音机……Now for our , we would suggest always on hand enough water and food for three days, a radio,… 17. 昨天,过去40年来最强烈的地震所引发的海啸冲击了亚洲各地的海岸线,造成6,500多人死亡。earthquake in the past 40 years a tsunami that crashed into coastlines across Asia yesterday, more than 6,500 people. 18. 渔民、游客、旅馆、房屋和汽车都被9级地震引起的巨浪卷走了。Fishermen, tourists, hotels, homes and cars by huge waves by the strong earthquake that a magnitude of 9.0. 19. 另有254人死于泰国,54人死于其他三个国家。254 were found in Thailand and 54 in three other countries. 20. 正在为遭受海啸袭击的国家组织外援。Foreign aid for the countries. 21. 然而,危险的条件和损坏的道路将使运送食物和物资变得困难。However, dangerous conditions and damaged roads will . 基础词汇 拓展词汇1 destroy vt. 摧毁;毁灭;破坏 n. 破坏;毁灭;摧毁;消灭 adj. 破坏的;毁灭性的;有害的 adv. 破坏性地 2 evacuate vt. 疏散;撤出 vi. 撤离 n. 疏散;撤离;排泄;抽空 n. 疏散者;撤离者;排空装置 /3 v. 死亡;熄灭;凋零;停止运转 death n. 死;死亡;毁灭 adj. 死的;无生命的;呆板的;废弃了的 adj. 垂死的;临终的;临死的 4 affect vt. 影响; (疾病)侵袭;深深打动 adj. 令人感动的;动人的;激起怜悯的 adj. 受影响的;不自然的;做作的 adj. 感情的;情感的 5 shock n. 震惊;令人震惊的事;休克 vt. (使)震惊 adj. 令人震惊的;可怕的;极坏的 adj. 震惊的;震撼的;惊愕的 /6 electricity n. 电;电能;电力;电流 adj. 用电的;电动的;带电的;导电的 adj. 电的;与电有关的;制造电气设备的 vt. 使电气化;使通电;使激动 7 bury vt. 埋葬;安葬;把(某物)掩藏在地下;埋藏 n. 埋葬;葬礼;安葬 adj. 埋葬的;埋藏的 /8 breathe vi. & vt. 呼吸;呼出;低声说;透气 n. 呼吸的空气;气息;一口气 adj. 喘不过气来的;屏息的;无风的 n. 呼吸;呼吸声 9 unify vi. & vt. 统一; (使)成一体 n. 统一;联合;一致 adj. 统一的;一致的;联合的 n. 统一者;使联合者 10 erupt vi. & vt. (火山)爆发;(岩浆、烟等)喷出 n. 爆发;喷发;出疹 adj.火山爆发的;喷发的;火山活动形式的 /11 adj. 长的;长期的;远的;冗长的 length n. 长;长度;时间的长短;篇幅 vi.& vt. 延长;变长;使延长 adj. 漫长的;冗长的;详尽的 12 strike vi. & vt. 侵袭;突击;击打 n. 罢工;罢课;袭击 n. 罢工者;(足球)前锋 adj. 引人注目的;异乎寻常的;妩媚动人的 adv.显著地;引人注目地;醒目地 展开更多...... 收起↑ 资源列表 Unit 4Natural Disasters - 学生版.docx Unit 4Natural Disasters.docx