资源简介

　Knowing me, knowing you
教材原文助读1
①agony aunt知心阿姨
agony [' ɡ ni] n.
痛楚，苦难
②in a mess乱七八糟；陷入困境
③help out帮一把
④be crazy about
着迷于；热衷于
⑤let down使失望，辜负
⑥point guard控球后卫
[拓展] power forward大前锋
small forward小前锋
shooting guard得分后卫
center forward中锋
⑦even adv.(引出更精确的说法)甚至可以说；
实际上；其实
adj. [熟词生义]
平坦的；平稳的；偶数的
⑧let off steam发泄怒火，宣泄情绪
steam [sti m] n.
蒸汽，水蒸气
a steam engine/train
蒸汽机/火车
the age of steam
蒸汽时代
⑨sb. go and do sth.
某人竟然/居然干出某事
⑩awkward [' kw d]
adj.令人尴尬的；
使人难堪的
be angry with/at sb.
(about/for sth.)
(因某事)生某人的气
concentrate vt.& vi.
集中(注意力)；专注
concentrate on
集中注意力于
loose lips sink ships
祸从口出
loose [lu s] adj.说话随便(轻率)的；松动的　
lip [lIp] n．(嘴)唇
sink [sI k] v．使(船)沉没
I have to say我不得不说
fault [f lt] n．[U]
责任，过错；过失；[C]错误；缺点；故障
understandable adj.
合情理的；可以理解的
mean doing sth.
意味着做某事
[比较]mean to do sth.打算做某事
resolve [rI'z lv] v.
解决(问题、困难)
resolution n．(问题、分歧等的)解决，解决办法
have a chat with...
与……聊天
strategy ['str t d i] n．计谋，策略；行动计划
move on继续前进
approach vt. [熟词生义]
着手处理
most importantly
最重要的是
more importantly
更重要的是
tend to do sth.倾向于做某事；往往会做某事
signal ['sIɡn( )l] n. 信号；暗号
take a breath吸一口气
breath [breθ] n.
一口气
calm down (使)镇静下来；(使)平静下来
pull one's weight
做好分内事，尽责
concern [k n's n]n.忧虑，担心
raise one's concerns with sb.向某人提出某人的担忧
work out (问题)
解决；实现；制定出
Absolute agony!
Our Agony Aunt① answers your questions.
Dear Agony Aunt，
I'm in a total mess② here—hope you can help me out③！
I'm 17, and a member of our school basketball team. I'm crazy about④ basketball, and pretty good at it too, [1]which is probably why I was so mad when we lost our last match. We played well, but I felt [2]the team were let down⑤ by one member, our point guard⑥. The point guard is a key player, but it was [3]like he wasn't even⑦ on the court! [4]Disappointed by his behaviour, I said all this to my best friend. [5]I was just letting off steam⑧ really, because I was so angry, but then my friend went and told⑨ everyone else what I'd said.
[1]此处是which引导的非限制性定语从句，which指代前面的整个主句，该定语从句中含有一个why引导的表语从句，该表语从句又包含一个when引导的时间状语从句。
[2]此处是省略了that的宾语从句，其中our point guard作one member的同位语；team为集合名词，在此处强调队伍中的成员，故从句的谓语动词用复数形式。
[3]此处like作连词，意为“好像、仿佛”，在此引导表语从句，相当于as if。
[4]此处是过去分词短语作原因状语，相当于Because I was disappointed by his behaviour。
[5]本句中but连接两个并列分句，第一个分句中的because引导原因状语从句；第二个分句中的what引导宾语从句。
This is so totally awkward⑩. I'm really angry with my friend—what should I say to him And should I say anything at all to my teammate
[6]Embarrassed and ashamed, I can't concentrate on anything. Please help!
Ben
[6]此处是形容词(短语)作原因状语，相当于Because I am embarrassed and ashamed。
Dear Ben，
There is an old American saying, “Loose lips sink ships .” [7]This means that if you speak too much about something, especially to people who you don't know so well, it'll cause all kinds of trouble.
[7]本句中that引导宾语从句；if引导条件状语从句；who引导定语从句。
The situation here is so much worse because the “loose lips” were your best friend's. Treated this way, you're sure to feel hurt—we should always be able to trust those closest to us, and it hurts even more when we find we can't.
But I have to say that it's partly your fault ， isn't it You admit that you were “letting off steam”. It is understandable in that situation, but we should always think before we speak.
[8]Here's what you need to do. First, apologise to your teammate. If you ever want to win any more basketball games (and I'm sure you do！), you need to work together, and that means communicating with each other clearly and resolving conflicts. So have a chat with your teammate. Tell him directly and honestly that you were talking without thinking.
[8]本句是完全倒装句。副词here提前，主语是what引导的主语从句what you need to do。
Then, talk to your friend. Friendship should be one of the greatest things in the world, but sometimes it can be difficult. Again, your strategy is clear communication. [9]Tell your friend you're angry with him for repeating what you said and making the situation worse, but that you want to move on . [10]Approached in this way, your friendship will soon be repaired.
[9]本句中“you're angry with...the situation worse”是省略了引导词that的宾语从句，与but后that引导的宾语从句一起作Tell的宾语，但but后的that不可省略；what引导宾语从句；making the situation worse为“make＋宾语＋宾语补足语”结构。
[10]此处是过去分词短语作条件状语，相当于If your friendship is approached in this way。
Thirdly, and perhaps most importantly ， think about your own behaviour. Don't say too much when you're angry! [11]Filled with anger, you tend to say whatever comes to your mind. This gives people the wrong signal . Take a deep breath ， calm down ， and always remember: think first, speak later. If you feel one of your teammates isn't pulling their weight ， then raise your concerns in a professional way with your team coach.
[11]本句中过去分词短语Filled with anger作时间状语，相当于When you are filled with anger; whatever引导宾语从句，在从句中作主语。
If you think about other people's feelings as well as your own, you'll soon find everything works out .
Good luck!
Agony Aunt
绝对知心！
我们的知心阿姨解答
你的困惑。
亲爱的知心阿姨，
我现在完全是一团糟，希望您能帮帮我！
我17岁，是我们学校篮球队的一员。我非常热爱篮球，也非常擅长打篮球，这或许就是我们输了上场比赛之后我很生气的原因。我们打得很好，但我认为有一个队员让队友们很失望——我们的控球后卫。控球后卫是关键球员，但他的表现甚至可以说他好像不在场上！我对他的行为感到失望，就把这些都告诉了我最好的朋友。我真的只是发泄一下情绪，因为我太生气了，但后来我的朋友居然把我说的话告诉了其他所有人。
这太令人尴尬了。我很生我朋友的气，我该跟他说些什么呢？我该不该跟我的队友说点儿什么呢？
我感到既尴尬又羞愧，做什么事都无法集中注意力。请帮帮我！
本
亲爱的本，
美国有句老话：“祸从口出。”意思是说，如果你就某事说得太多，尤其是向自己不太了解的人说，就会造成各种麻烦。
现在的情况要糟糕得多，因为这些话是你最好的朋友说的。被这样对待，你肯定会感到伤心。我们总是能够信任那些与我们最亲近的人，但当我们发现我们不能信任他们的时候，就会更加伤心。
但我不得不说，这其中有一部分的错是你的，不是吗？你承认你是在“发泄情绪”。在那种情况下这是可以理解的，但我们应该先思而后言。
以下是你需要做的。首先，向你的队友道歉。如果你想赢得更多的篮球比赛(我确定你想！)，你们需要团结协作，那就意味着要清晰地沟通交流来化解冲突。所以跟你的队友好好聊聊。直接而坦诚地告诉他，你是未经思考说了那些话。
然后，跟你的朋友谈谈。友谊应该是世界上最伟大的事物之一，但有时维持它是很困难的。再一次强调，你的策略是清晰的沟通。告诉你的朋友，你对他转述你的话让情况变得更糟糕很生气，但是你想放下此事，继续向前。以这种方式处理的话，你们的友谊很快就能修复。
第三点，也许是最重要的一点，想想你自己的行为。生气的时候不要说太多的话！怒气冲冲的时候，你往往会想到什么就说什么。这会给人们传递错误的信号。深呼吸，冷静下来，并且永远记住：先思而后言。如果你觉得哪名队友没有尽职尽责，那就以专业的方式向你的球队教练提出你的担忧。
如果你像考虑你自己的感受一样考虑别人的感受，你很快就会发现所有问题都能解决。
祝你好运！
知心阿姨
教材原文助读2
①line n. [C] [熟词生义] 诗行；歌词
②remain v．仍然是
③excerpt ['eks rpt]
n. [C] 摘录，节选
④tangled ['t ɡ( )ld]
adj.纠结的；复杂的
⑤web [web] n．蜘蛛网；错综复杂的事物
⑥weave [wi v] v．编，
织
⑦deceive [dI'si v] v.
欺骗
⑧value n．[C] 价值观
⑨majority n．大部分，
大多数
“a/the majority＋of＋可数名词复数”作主语时，谓语动词应用复数形式。
⑩to...extent到……程度，在……程度上
justify ['d stIfaI] v．证明(别人认为不合理的事)有道理；为……辩护
say for example that比如，例如
despite [dI'spaIt]
prep.即使，尽管
frank [fr k] adj.坦率的，坦诚的，直言不讳的
latter ['l t ] n.
后者
the former前者
ask for sb.'s advice
征求某人的意见；寻求某人的建议　
go back to回到
(原来的话题等)
in advance提前，
事先
in advance of...
在……之前；超过
serve [s v] vt.& vi.
(给某人)提供；端上
moreover [m r' v ]
adv.此外，而且
hide...from...
对……隐瞒……；躲避
[人物小传]
沃尔特·司各特(Walter Scott)是英国著名的历史小说家和诗人。他生于苏格兰的爱丁堡市，自幼患有小儿麻痹症。他以苏格兰为背景的诗歌十分有名，而后逐渐转行开始写历史小说，最终成为英国历史文学的一代鼻祖。在他去世后，浪漫主义时代也随之走向终结。
Little White Lies
[1]Written more than two hundred years ago, these lines① by Walter Scott remain② one of the most well known excerpts③ of Scottish poetry：
Oh, what a tangled④ web⑤ we weave⑥，
When first we practise to deceive⑦！
We all know that honesty is an important value⑧ and that lying is wrong, but who can honestly say that they've never told a lie Perhaps we comfort ourselves with the knowledge [2]that most of the lies we tell are “white lies”： little lies that we tell to protect others from the truth．
[2]此处是that引导的同位语从句，对knowledge进行解释说明；第一个we tell是省略了关系代词的定语从句，修饰先行词most of the lies；冒号后的内容解释说明“white lies”，其中that引导定语从句，修饰先行词little lies；动词不定式短语to protect others from the truth在从句中作目的状语。
We've all surely had the experience of someone cooking a meal for us that we don't like. The majority⑨ of us of course don't tell the truth—we lie and say that the food is “delicious”．
[3]Or if a friend asks us what we think of their new haircut, we say “It's great！”， even if we think it's awful. But to what extent⑩ can we justify telling white lies like these
[3]本句是主从复合句。主句为“we say ‘It's great！’”；if 引导条件状语从句，其中包含what引导的宾语从句；even if引导让步状语从句。
One of the main reasons for telling a white lie is [4]to try to make others feel better. However, when we lie and say that someone's haircut looks good, or when we say that we love a meal that we secretly hate, are we really hoping to improve the situation for someone else Perhaps we are in fact lying to protect ourselves from the disappointment and anger of others.
[4]此处是动词不定式短语作表语；make others feel better为 “make＋宾语＋宾语补足语” 结构。
Another reason for telling a white lie is to give encouragement. Say for example that your friend asks you what you think of his singing. You of course say that it's wonderful, despite secretly thinking that your cat can sing better. Stop for a moment and consider that perhaps your friend wants some frank comments from you [5]so that they can improve. Or perhaps, they need to know that they should look for a different hobby.
[5]此处是so that引导的目的状语从句。　　
Finally, we may also tell a white lie when we want to protect others from bad news. If you've had a bad day, do you tell your parents about it, or do you hide your tears and lie that your day was “fine”？ If the latter ， don't you think your parents would want to listen to you and understand your feelings Wouldn't it be better to respect their concern for you and ask for their advice ？
[6]Going back to Walter Scott's lines, we may find even white lies have results we cannot know in advance . Perhaps the meal you said was “delicious” will be served [7]every time you visit. Would your friend trust your opinion again if he found out you had lied about his “wonderful” singing How would you expect others to truly understand your emotions if you only shared good news instead of bad Moreover ， how would you feel if you discovered that the people closest to you had been hiding the truth from you
[6]此处是现在分词短语作时间状语。
[7]此处是名词词组every time引导的时间状语从句。
小小的善意谎言
沃尔特·司各特在两百多年前写下的这些诗句(至今)仍是苏格兰诗歌中最为著名的节选之一：
哦，我们一旦开始进行欺骗，就编织了一张多么错综复杂的网啊！
我们都知道诚实是一种重要的价值观，说谎是错误的，但谁能诚实地说他们从来没有说过谎呢？或许我们会这样安慰自己，我们说的大多数谎言都是“善意的谎言”：(这是)我们为了保护他人免受真相的伤害而说的小谎言。
我们肯定都有过这样的经历，有人为我们做了一顿我们不喜欢的饭菜。我们中的大部分人当然不会讲实话——我们会谎称食物“很美味”。
或者，如果有朋友问我们他们的新发型怎么样，即使我们觉得它是糟糕的，我们还是会说“真好看！”。但是，我们能在多大程度上证明说这些善意的谎言有道理呢？
(人们)说善意的谎言的主要原因之一就是尽量让他人感觉好一些。然而，当我们撒谎说某人的发型好看，或说不合我们口味的饭菜很好吃时，我们真的是想改善他人的处境吗？或许实际上我们撒谎是为了不让别人失望和愤怒，以免殃及自身。
(人们)说善意的谎言的另一个原因是给予鼓励。比如，你的朋友问你他的歌唱得如何，你当然会说很棒，尽管你私底下认为你的猫都能唱得(比他)更好。停下来思考一下，或许你的朋友想要从你那里得到一些诚恳的意见，以便他们能够改进。又或许，他们需要知道他们应该寻找(其他)不同的爱好。
最后，当我们想保护他人免受坏消息影响时，我们也可能会说善意的谎言。如果你经历了糟糕的一天，你会告诉你的父母，还是会藏起你的眼泪，谎称你的这一天过得“很好”？如果是后者，难道你不认为你的父母(其实)希望听你倾诉，并理解你的感受吗？尊重他们对你的关心并向他们寻求建议不是更好吗？
回到沃尔特·司各特的诗句，我们或许会发现，哪怕是善意的谎言也会造成我们无法预料的结果。可能你称之为“美味的”那顿饭在你每次去拜访的时候都会被端上来。朋友若发现你说他歌唱得不错是个谎言后，他还会再相信你的看法吗？如果你只分享好消息，对坏消息闭口不提，你怎么能期待别人能够真正理解你的情绪呢？而且，如果你发现你最亲近的人一直都在对你隐瞒真相，你会怎么想呢？
　Making a difference
教材原文助读3
①have trouble (in) doing sth.
做某事有困难
②fountain ['fa ntIn] n.
喷水池
drinking fountain n．[C]
(设于公共场所的)喷泉式饮水器
③earn [ n] v．挣(钱)
earn/make money挣钱
earn/make a living谋生
④do gardening做园艺；
做园艺工作
⑤reach one's target实现某人的目标
⑥a hand pump一个手摇泵
a foot pump一个脚踏泵
⑦be determined to do sth.
决心做某事
⑧persuade sb. to do sth.
劝说/说服某人做某事
⑨donate [d 'neIt] v．捐赠，捐献
donate...to...把……
捐赠给……
donation n．[C]捐赠物；[U]捐助
⑩go public公之于世，公开(秘密等)
raise vt.筹募；征集
raise money筹款
primary school小学
secondary school中学
no longer (＝not...any longer)不再
be grateful to sb.(for sth.) (因某事)感激某人
see...with one's own eyes某人亲眼看到……
delighted [dI'laItId] adj.高兴的，愉快的
turn out出席，到场
break into a smile突然笑起来　
lead sb. to do sth.促使某人做某事
set up建立；开办
foundation [fa n'deI ( )n]
n．基金会
continue to do sth.＝continue doing sth．继续做某事
attract support from...
吸引……的支持
go on (with sth.) (尤指停顿或中断之后)继续(做某事)；持续
benefit from...得益于……；从……中受益
life changing adj.改变生活的；改变人生的
[构词法]由“名词＋现在分词”构成的复合形容词常作定语或表语。常见的此类形容词还有peace loving(热爱和平的)、time saving(节省时间的)等。
insight ['InsaIt] n．顿悟，猛醒
perseverance [ p sI'vI r ns]
n．不屈不挠，坚持不懈
reality [ri' lIti] n．真实，现实
make one's dream a reality＝realize one's dream
实现某人的梦想
[人物小传]
瑞安·希里杰克(Ryan Hreljac)于1992年7月出生在加拿大的一个普通家庭。2001年3月，“瑞安的井”基金会正式成立。该基金会是一个国际资助基金会，已经为非洲多个地区解决了用水问题。“瑞安的井”事件后，他被人们称为“加拿大人的灵魂”，还被评选为“北美洲十大少年英雄”。　
The Well That Changed the World
As a six year old Canadian schoolboy, Ryan had trouble① believing the words spoken by his teacher that many people in developing African countries couldn't get enough clean water. He looked across the classroom at the drinking fountain②. It was very close—only ten steps away. So, Ryan asked himself, “Why do some African children have to walk ten kilometres to get water every day [1]And why is the water so dirty that it makes them sick？” Young Ryan thought, “Life is easy for me, but hard for those people. Why don't I help？”
[1]本句使用了“so...that...”结构，that引导结果状语从句；从句中makes them sick为“make＋宾语＋宾语补足语”结构。
At first, his plan was [2]to earn③ money to build a single well somewhere in Africa. He cleaned windows and did gardening④ for his family and neighbours. He soon reached his first target⑤ of $70, but when he gave the money to a charity, he was told that it actually cost $2，000 to build a well. Seventy dollars was only enough for a hand pump⑥. Ryan understood that a hand pump wouldn't help the children. [3]What they needed was a well dug near their homes.
[2]此处动词不定式短语to earn money在句中作表语；“to build...in Africa”作目的状语。
[3]本句中“What they needed”是主语从句，What在从句中作宾语；过去分词短语dug near their homes作后置定语，修饰a well。
[4]Two thousand dollars was a lot of money, but Ryan didn't give up. He was determined to⑦ help other children have clean water. He started to ask for help from his classmates and neighbours and persuaded them to⑧ donate⑨ money. At the same time, a friend of Ryan's mother helped make his story go public⑩. After several months, Ryan had raised the $2，000, [5]with which a well was built near a primary school in Uganda．The children at the school no longer needed to walk for hours to get water. They were grateful to him and invited him to visit.
[4]当表示时间、距离、长度、价值、金额、重量等的可数名词复数作主语时，通常被看作一个整体，谓语动词用第三人称单数形式。
[5]此处是“介词＋关系代词”引导的非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词the $2，000。
In Uganda, Ryan at last saw the [6]finished well with his own eyes . But that was not all. He also saw hundreds of delighted students who had turned out to welcome him. They sang and danced happily. Some even offered him food and gifts. At first Ryan was nervous, but soon a great warmth filled him. He really had made a difference for these children. He broke into a joyful smile .
Later, Ryan's experience led him to set up a foundation to encourage more people to help. Many inspired people gave him their support. Ryan's foundation continues to attract support from more and more people, so the work of building more wells can go on . Today, over 800，000 people in 16 countries across Africa have benefited from the life changing gift of clean, safe water.
Now, as an adult, Ryan says that the question [7]to ask is not “Why don't I help？”， but “How can I help today？”. This insight grew from the determined attitude of a six year old boy who had the courage and perseverance to make his dream a reality .
[7]此处是动词不定式作后置定语，修饰the question。
改变世界的井
六岁的加拿大男孩瑞安听老师说，非洲的发展中国家有许多人没办法获得足够多干净的水，他对此感到难以置信。他望向了教室另一边的饮水机。距离很近，只有十步之遥。于是，瑞安问自己：“为什么有些非洲孩子每天不得不步行10公里去取水？为什么水会那么脏，以至于让他们生病？”小瑞安想：“生活对我来说很简单，但对那些人来说却很艰难。我为何不伸出援助之手？”
起初，他的计划是赚钱，在非洲的某个地方打一口井。他为家人和邻居擦玻璃、打理花园，很快就实现了第一个目标——挣到70美元，但当他把这笔钱捐给一家慈善机构时，却被告知打一口井实际上要花费2 000美元。70美元只够买一个手摇泵。瑞安知道一个手摇泵无法帮到那些孩子。他们需要的是一口打在他们家附近的井。
2 000美元是一大笔钱，但瑞安没有放弃。他决心要帮助其他孩子获得干净的水。他开始向同班同学和邻居寻求帮助，劝说他们捐款。与此同时，瑞安妈妈的一个朋友帮忙宣传他的故事。几个月后，瑞安筹集到了2 000美元，他用这笔钱在乌干达的一所小学附近打了一口井。学校的孩子们再也不用步行数小时去取水了。他们很感谢瑞安，并邀请他前来做客。
在乌干达，瑞安终于亲眼看到了那口打好的井。但这还不是全部。他还看到数百名兴高采烈的学生到场迎接他。他们高兴地唱歌、跳舞，甚至有人为他送上了食物和礼物。起初瑞安很紧张，但很快他的心里就充满了暖意。他真的改变了这些孩子的生活。他突然开心地笑了起来。
后来，瑞安的这次经历促使他设立了一个基金会，以鼓励更多的人提供帮助。许多受到鼓舞的人都来支持他。瑞安的基金会不断吸引着越来越多的人的支持，因此打更多的井的工作得以继续。今天，已有非洲16个国家的80多万人受益于这一改变生活的礼物——清洁、安全的水。
现在，作为一个成年人，瑞安说要问的问题不是“为什么我不去帮助(别人)？”，而是“今天我该如何帮助(别人)？”。这种顿悟源于一个态度坚定的六岁男孩，他有勇气和毅力实现自己的梦想。
教材原文助读4
①good n．[熟词生义][U]善行，合乎道德的行为，正直的行为
the difference between good and evil善与恶的区别
②board [b d] vt.& vi.上船(或火车、飞机、公共汽车等)
③fear vt.& vi.害怕
④go on to do sth.(完成某事后)接着做另一件事
go on doing sth.不停地做某事
⑤at the hands of sb./at sb.'s
hands由某人导致；出自某人之手
⑥be born on＋日期
出生于某日
be born in＋sp.
出生于某地
be born into/to/of...出生于……情况(家庭等)
⑦nationality [ n 'n l ti] n．
[U，C]国籍
take British nationality
获得英国国籍
⑧aid [eId] v．帮助，援助
⑨escape from...从……逃脱，逃离……
⑩live in...conditions
生活在……环境中
in danger处于危险中
in danger of...处于……的危险中
establish [I'st blI ] vt.
建立，创立，设立
establishment n．[U]建立，确立
keep records of...记录……
temporary ['temp( )r ri] adj.短期的，短暂的；临时的
[反义词] permanent
['p m n nt] adj.永久的，长久的
serve vi.& vt.[熟词生义]
服役
military ['mIlIt( )ri] n.
军队adj.军事的；军队的
the military军人；军队；军方(作主语时，谓语动词用单复数均可)
international charities国际慈善机构/组织
for the most part多半；通常
take in收留；留宿；吸收
at one point在某一时刻；曾经；一度
rise to one's feet站起身来
bring...to public attention
让公众注意到……
respected [rI'spektId] adj.
受尊敬的，受敬重的
a respected figure一位受人尊敬的人物
achievement [ 't i vm nt]
n．成绩，成就
knighthood ['naIth d] n．(英国的)爵士封号或头衔
the Order of the White Lion
白狮勋章　
pass away去世
[人物小传]
奥斯卡·辛德勒(Oskar Schindler)，德国商人、间谍、纳粹党成员。他在二战期间雇用了大约1 100名犹太人在他的工厂工作，并帮助他们逃过被屠杀的劫难。1974年10月9日，辛德勒去世，并被安葬在家乡的兹维塔齐尔山上。每年都有许多幸存的犹太人及其后代来祭奠他。
史蒂文·斯皮尔伯格执导的著名电影《辛德勒的名单》就是根据辛德勒的事迹拍摄的。
THE POWER of GOOD①
“The British Schindler”： the life of Nicholas Winton
It is August 1939, and a group of frightened children are boarding② a train at Prague's Wilson Station. Their heartbroken parents do not join them. Indeed, they fear③ they may never see their children again. But they know that their children will live. [1]These are among the 669 children, most of them Jewish, that Nicholas Winton will go on to④save from death at the hands of⑤ the Nazis.
[1]本句中most of them Jewish是独立主格结构；that引导定语从句，修饰先行词the 669 children，that在从句中作save的宾语。
Nicholas Winton was born on⑥ 19 May 1909 in London, to German Jewish parents. The family later took British nationality⑦. [2]On leaving school, Winton worked in banks in Germany and France. He returned to Britain in 1931, where he worked in business.
[2]此处是“on doing sth.”结构，意为“一……就……”。
In December 1938, a friend asked Winton to come to Prague to aid⑧ people who were escaping from⑨ the Nazis. In Prague, Winton saw people living in terrible conditions⑩ and whose lives were in danger . He decided to help transport children to safety in Britain. He established an office to keep records of the children, and then returned to Britain to find temporary homes for them. [3]He used donated funds and his own money to pay the 50 pounds per child that the British government required. By August 1939, Winton had saved 669 children.
[3]本句中过去分词donated作前置定语，修饰funds；that引导定语从句，修饰先行词the 50 pounds。
During World War Ⅱ， Winton served as an officer in Britain's Royal Air Force. He left the military in 1954. He then worked for international charities and for various companies. For the most part ， he did not mention the children he saved, and his actions soon disappeared from people's memories.
That all changed in 1988 when his wife Grete found a forgotten journal at home. The journal contained photographs and names of the children and addresses of the families that took them in . She sent the journal to a newspaper, and that year Winton was seen on the British television programme That's Life. At one point ， the host asked people in the audience to stand up if Nicholas Winton had saved their lives. A shocked Winton watched [4]as the majority of people rose to their feet . The programme brought his actions to public attention ， and Winton became a respected figure around the world.
Later, Winton received various honours for his achievement ， including a knighthood in 2003, and the Czech government's highest honour, the Order of the White Lion , in 2014.
Nicholas Winton passed away on 1 July 2015, at the age of 106. [5]As the Chinese saying goes, “A kind hearted person lives a long life.”
[5]此处是as引导的非限制性定语从句，as意为“正如、像”。
善行的力量
“英国辛德勒”：尼古拉斯·温顿的一生
那是1939年8月，一群惊恐的孩子正在登上布拉格威尔逊车站的一列火车。他们的父母伤心欲绝，却并未与他们同行。其实，他们害怕也许再也见不到自己的孩子了。可他们知道，孩子们会活下去。这些孩子是尼古拉斯·温顿陆续从纳粹分子的死亡之手中拯救出来的669名儿童中的一部分，他们大多数是犹太人。
尼古拉斯·温顿于1909年5月19日出生于伦敦，其父母是德裔犹太人。这一家人后来获得了英国国籍。一离开学校，温顿就在德国和法国的银行工作。1931年，他返回英国经商。
1938年12月，温顿的一个朋友请他来到布拉格，帮助正在逃脱纳粹分子的魔掌的人。温顿在布拉格看到人们生活条件极其恶劣，生命也受到威胁。他决定帮忙将孩子们送到英国安全的地方。他成立了一个办公室，用于记录孩子们的信息，然后回到英国为他们寻找临时住所。他利用捐赠的资金和自己的钱，支付了英国政府规定的每个孩子50英镑的费用。到1939年8月，温顿已经拯救了669个孩子。
二战期间，温顿在英国皇家空军服役，并于1954年退役。之后，他在国际慈善机构和多个公司工作。大部分时间，他都没有提及自己拯救的孩子，他的行为也很快从人们的记忆里消失了。
1988年，当他的妻子格蕾特在家中发现了一本被人遗忘的日记时，一切都改变了。日记里面有孩子们的照片和名字，以及收养他们的家庭的地址。她将日记寄往了一家报社，于是温顿就在那一年参加了英国电视节目《那就是生活》的录制。节目中，主持人问现场观众，如果尼古拉斯·温顿拯救过他们的生命，就请站起来。当看到大多数人都站起来时，温顿感到很震惊。这个节目使他的行为得到了公众的关注，温顿也成了在世界各地都深受尊敬的人。
后来，温顿因为自己的成就而获得了诸多荣誉，包括2003年获封的爵士称号以及2014年获得的捷克政府颁发的最高荣誉——白狮勋章。
尼古拉斯·温顿于2015年7月1日去世，享年106岁。正如中国的俗语所说：“好人长寿。”
　The world of science
教材原文助读5　
①a new age for inventions
一个发明的新时代
②over adj.结束的
be over＝come to an end结束
③golden ages(尤指过去的)黄金时代；鼎盛时期
④throughout history纵观历史
throughout the world
遍及全世界
⑤the steam engine蒸汽机
⑥tech based adj.以科技为基础的
⑦advance [ d'vɑ ns] n.
[C，U] 进步；进展
⑧virtual reality虚拟现实
virtual ['v t u l] adj.
虚拟的，模拟的
⑨wearable tech可穿戴技术
⑩flexible ['fleksIb( )l]
adj.易弯曲的，柔韧的
battery ['b t( )ri] n．电池
in addition除此之外，另外
thanks to由于；幸亏
be used to do sth.被用来做某事
be used to doing sth.
习惯于做某事
replacement [rI'pleIsm nt]
n．[U]替换，更换；
[C] 替代品；替换物
replace vt.替换；代替；取代
replace A with/by B
用B替换/代替A
part n．[熟词生义] [C]
器官；部位；组成部分
the parts of the body
身体各部位
in terms of 从……方面来讲；依照……；就……而言
capable ['keIp b( )l]
adj.有能力的　
be capable of doing sth.有能力做某事
compute [k m'pju t] v．计算
solar technology太阳能技术
eco friendly adj.环保的，
对环境无害的
stuff [st f] n．东西，物品 inspire sb. to do sth.
激励某人做某事
inspiration n．[U] 灵感
no doubt无疑；很可能
reduced energy supplies缩减的能源供应
new energy vehicles
新能源汽车
vehicle ['vi kl] n．[C]
交通工具；车辆
incredible [In'kred bl]
adj.难以置信的；极好的
desire [dI'zaI ] n．渴望，欲望
a time machine时间机器
at the moment目前；
此刻
never say never别轻易说决不
[文化采风]
1．虚拟现实(virtual reality，简称VR)是近年来出现的图形图像领域的高新技术。虚拟现实利用电脑模拟营造一个三维空间的虚拟世界，给使用者提供关于视觉、听觉、触觉等感官的模拟，让使用者身临其境观察三维空间内的事物。
2．可穿戴技术(wearable technology)是20世纪60年代由美国麻省理工学院媒体实验室提出的一项创新技术。利用该技术可以把多媒体设备、传感器和无线通信设备等嵌入人们的衣着中，可支持手势操作和眼动操作等多种交互方式。
The New Age of Invention
Interviewer: Good evening, and welcome to Between the Pages. This evening, [1]I'll be talking to Dr Richard Fairhurst, whose new book The New Age of Invention has just been published. Welcome, Richard!
[1]此处“I'll be talking to Dr Richard Fairhurst”为将来进行时，表示将来某时正在进行的或持续的动作；“whose...published”为whose引导的非限制性定语从句，whose在从句中作定语。
Richard: Thank you. [2]It's a pleasure to be here.
[2]本句中It作形式主语，动词不定式短语to be here为真正的主语。
Interviewer: I guess [3]you have been asked about the title of your book before. [4]It suggests that the present day is a new age for inventions①， but many people might think that the great age of invention is over②.
[3]此处为省略that的宾语从句，从句的谓语部分使用了现在完成时的被动语态。
[4]此处为“It suggests that...”结构，意为“这表明……”，其中that引导宾语从句，作suggests的宾语。
Richard：Well, that's an interesting point. [5]There have been golden ages③ of invention throughout history④. Think of the four great inventions in Ancient China: gunpowder, papermaking, printing and the compass. These things changed the world forever. Then there were the great Western inventions: the steam engine⑤， the telephone and the radio. And now, we [6]find ourselves in the great new age of technology．
[5]本句为there be句型的现在完成时态。
[6]此处为“find＋宾语＋宾语补足语”结构。
Interviewer: So are most of the new great inventions tech based⑥？
Richard: A lot, yes. For example, advances⑦ in virtual reality⑧ and wearable tech⑨， as well as the flexible⑩ battery ， mean we should soon be seeing further developments. In addition ， important advances have been made in medicine and environmental science thanks to increasing computer power.
Interviewer: Can you give us some examples
Richard: Sure. New inventions like 3D printers have been used to make replacement hearts and bone parts . In terms of the environment, it is now possible to create an intelligent walking house. It is capable of using GPS technology to travel to different places, [7]with computing technology controlling its “legs”. What's more, huge advances in solar technology mean it can be eco friendly ， too.
[7]此处为with复合结构，computing technology与control之间为逻辑上的主谓关系，故用现在分词作宾语补足语。
Interviewer: Impressive stuff ！ I've also been told that you're an inventor yourself. Is that correct
Richard: Yes, I am, but I'm only one member of a big team—most inventors now work as part of big international teams.
Interviewer: I see. [8]So what is it that inspires us to invent things
Richard：[9]Most inventions start with recognising a problem that needs a solution. This was no doubt the reason behind the invention of the wheel in ancient times, [10]which much later developed into the car. Now, reduced energy supplies and environmental pollution have led to more advances in the technology of new energy vehicles . But [11]what remains important is that we have an incredible desire to think and create, and that's the real spirit of invention.
[9]本句为复合句。动词 ing短语作介词with的宾语；that引导定语从句，修饰先行词a problem。
[10]此处为which引导的非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词the wheel，which在从句中作主语。
[11]此处what引导主语从句，在从句中作主语；“that we have...create”是that引导的表语从句。
Interviewer: One last question. This is the one everyone really wants to know: will anybody ever invent a time machine ？
Richard: [12]I think you've been watching too many movies! Nothing like this has been invented yet and I'd say we're a long way from an invention like that at the moment ！ But, [13]as they say, “Never say never ！”
[12]本句时态为现在完成进行时，表示从过去某时开始一直持续到现在的动作。
[13]此处为as引导的非限制性定语从句，as意为“正如、就像”。
发明的新时代
采访者：晚上好！欢迎来到《字里行间》节目。今晚，我将与理查德·费尔赫斯特博士对话，他的新书《发明的新时代》刚刚出版。欢迎您，理查德博士！
理查德：谢谢。很高兴来到这里。
采访者：我猜之前已经有人跟您提过关于书名的问题了。这表明当今是一个发明的新时代，但许多人可能认为发明的伟大时代已经结束了。
理查德：嗯，那是一个有趣的观点。纵观历史，(我们)曾有过发明的黄金时代。想想中国古代的四大发明：火药、造纸术、印刷术和指南针。这些发明给世界带来了永久性的改变。后来，还有西方的伟大发明：蒸汽机、电话和收音机。现在，我们发现自己生活在伟大的技术新时代。
采访者：所以说，大部分新的伟大发明都是以科技为基础的吗？
理查德：是的，很多都是。比如说，虚拟现实、可穿戴技术以及柔性电池的发展意味着我们应该很快就能看到进一步的发展。除此之外，由于计算机功能不断提升，医学与环境科学也取得了重要进展。
采访者：您能给我们举一些例子吗？
理查德：当然可以。新的发明，如三维打印机已经用于制作心脏和骨骼部位的替代品。从环境方面来讲，构建移动智能房屋已不再是空想。利用计算技术控制它的“腿”，它就能够运用GPS技术前往不同的地方。此外，太阳能技术的巨大进步也意味着它可以很环保。
采访者：真是太令人惊叹了！也有人告诉我，您本身是一位发明家，对吗？
理查德：对的，但我只是一个庞大团队中的一员，大多数发明家现在都作为大型国际团队的一员进行工作。
采访者：我明白了。那么，到底是什么激励我们去发明呢？
理查德：大多数发明始于意识到一个需要找到解决方案的问题。这无疑是古代人们发明车轮的原因，后来由此发展成为汽车。现在，缩减的能源供应和环境污染促进了新能源汽车技术的更多进步。但重要的是，我们有一种强烈的欲望去思考和创造，那就是真正的发明精神。
采访者：最后一个问题。所有人都很想知道：会有人发明出时间机器吗？
理查德：我认为你看了太多的电影了。这样的机器还没能发明出来，要我说，目前要发明出像时间机器这样的东西还有很长的路(要走)！不过，常言道：“别轻易说决不！”
教材原文助读6　
①experiment [Ik'sperIm nt]
n．(科学)实验
vi.做实验
②lightning ['laItnI ] n.
闪电
a flash of lightning一道闪电
③introduce vt.[熟词生义]使初次了解；使尝试
introduce sb. to sth.
使某人初次了解某事/物
④fiction ['fIk ( )n] n. [C，U] 虚构的事，想象的事；[U] 小说
⑤fly a kite放风筝
⑥tie...to...将……系
在……上
⑦metal ['metl] n．[C，U]金属
⑧attach [ 't t ] v．系，
绑；贴
⑨conduct [k n'd kt] v.
传导(热、电)
⑩an electric shock触电；电击
be amazed by/at...
对……感到惊奇
bravery ['breIv ri] n．[U] 勇敢；勇气
brave adj.勇敢的；
无畏的　
scientific [ saI n'tIfIk]
adj.科学(上)的
a scientific approach
一种科学方法
approach to (doing) sth.(做)某事的方法　
along with...与……一起
establish the truth证实真相
establish [I'st blI ] vt.[熟词生义] 证实；确定
contribute [k n'trIbju t] vt.促成，造成(常与to搭配)
entirely [In'taI li] adv.完全地，彻底地
take place发生(指按计划发生的事，不用于被动语态)；举行
die from...死于……
accepted ideas被人接受的观点
come up with提出，想出
(解决方案等)，相当于put forward　
gravity ['ɡr vIti] n．[U]
重力，引力
account [ 'ka nt] n．[C]
记述，描述
proof [pru f] n．[U，C]
证明，证据
proof of...……的证明
There is no proof that...
没有证据表明……
admittedly [ d'mItIdli]
adv.(尤用于句首)诚然；
无可否认
spirit of scientific exploration
科学探索精神
[人物小传]
本杰明·富兰克林(Benjamin Franklin, 1706～1790)，美国政治家、物理学家，同时也是出版商、印刷商、记者、作家、慈善家，更是杰出的外交家及发明家。他是美国独立战争时期重要的领导人之一，参与了多项重要文件的草拟，并出任过美国驻法国大使，成功促成法国支持美国独立。本杰明·富兰克林曾经进行过多项关于电的实验，并发明了避雷针，还最早提出电荷守恒定律。法国经济学家杜尔哥对其高度评价道：“他从苍天那里取得了雷电，从暴君那里取得了民权。”
FRANKLIN'S EXPERIMENT①：
How Much Is True
Benjamin Franklin's famous experiment with lightning② has introduced③ generations of children to science. However, [1]new research suggests that the story may be fiction④ instead of fact．
[1]此处为that引导的宾语从句，suggest在此意为“表明、暗示”，从句使用陈述语气。
The well known story is [2]that the American Founding Father and scientist flew a kite⑤ during a storm in 1752. At that time, there was much interest in electricity. People wanted to know if lightning was really produced by electricity or something else. Franklin was one of them. He raised the kite [3]with a piece of string tied to⑥ it. A metal⑦ key was attached⑧ to the string. A flash of lightning hit the kite, and electricity was conducted⑨ through the string to the key. Franklin then touched the key with his finger and got an electric shock⑩. This, he said, proved that lightning was a form of electricity.
[2]此处为that引导的表语从句。
[3]此处为“with＋宾语＋宾语补足语”结构；a piece of string与tie之间为逻辑上的动宾关系，使用过去分词作宾语补足语。　　For many years, schools have taught the story of Franklin's lightning experiment. [4]More than one generation of schoolchildren has been amazed by his bravery and his scientific approach to looking for the truth. Franklin, along with many other scientists, has inspired us and taught us that scientific experiments are important in order to establish the truth and to contribute towards later scientific discoveries and inventions.
[4]此处为“more than one＋可数名词单数”结构，意为“不止一个……”，其作主语时，谓语动词用第三人称单数。
However, [5]neither the story nor the details of the experiment are entirely true. [6]Although it has been proved that Franklin's experiment took place ， more than one scientist has questioned what really happened.
The detail about the string and the key is true. But scientists all agree that [7]if Franklin had actually touched the key, he would certainly have died from the electric shock．
[5]此处为“neither...nor...”结构，意为“既不……，也不……”，连接并列主语时，谓语动词的数遵循“就近一致”原则。
[6]本句中Although引导让步状语从句；“what really happened”为what引导的宾语从句，what在从句中作主语。
[7]此处为if虚拟条件句，表示与过去事实相反的情况。
Scientists often question accepted ideas because they want to establish the facts. Some have even questioned the story about the apple that fell on Newton's head and led him to come up with his theory of gravity . [8]In fact, more than one account suggests that while Newton was certainly inspired by a falling apple, there is no proof that it hit him on the head.
[8]本句中“that while...head”为that引导的宾语从句，该从句中while引导让步状语从句，“that it hit him on the head”为that引导的同位语从句，解释说明proof的内容。
Admittedly ， fiction is often more interesting than the truth. People have been more inspired by Franklin's spirit of scientific exploration than by the facts themselves. But in science, facts should be proved by experiments and research, and we [9]should not always believe everything we read or hear—[10]even if it is a great story．
[9]此处为部分否定。
[10]此处为even if引导的让步状语从句。
富兰克林的实验：
有多少是真的？
本杰明·富兰克林有关闪电的著名实验使几代儿童初次了解了科学。然而，新的研究表明，这一故事可能只是杜撰的，而非事实。
这位美国开国元勋兼科学家在1752年的一场暴风雨中放风筝的故事可谓家喻户晓。在那时，人们对电的兴趣浓厚，想知道闪电是否真的由电或其他东西产生。富兰克林就是其中之一。他在风筝上系了一根绳子，然后将其放飞。绳子上绑着一把金属钥匙。一道闪电击中了风筝，电通过绳子传导至钥匙上。随后富兰克林用手指触摸钥匙，遭到了电击。他说，这证明闪电是电的一种形式。
很多年以来，学校都会讲授富兰克林的闪电实验。他的勇敢和寻求真理的科学方法使几代学生惊叹不已。富兰克林与许多其他科学家一起激励了我们，并教会我们无论是为了证实真相，还是为了促成日后的科学发现和发明，科学实验非常重要。
然而，这个故事以及实验的细节都不完全真实。尽管有人证明富兰克林的实验发生了，但不止一名科学家对其真实情况提出过质疑。绳子
和钥匙相关的细节是真的。但是科学家们一致认为，如果富兰克林真的触摸了钥匙，他肯定会因触电而身亡。
科学家经常会质疑已被人接受的观点，因为他们想要证实真相。一些科学家甚至质疑过牛顿的故事：一个苹果掉落在了牛顿的头上，促使他提出了万有引力定律。事实上，不止一种说法表明，虽然牛顿确实受到了掉落的苹果的启发，但没有证据表明这个苹果砸在了他的头上。
无可否认，虚构的故事往往比事实更加有趣。人们从富兰克林的科学探索精神受到的启发远胜于事实本身。但是，在科学领域，事实应通过实验和研究证明，我们不应该总是相信我们读到或听到的任何事情——即使那是一个了不起的故事。
　Amazing art
教材原文助读7
①live adv.现场直播地；
现场表演地
②greeting ['ɡri tI ] n.
问候，招呼；祝词(常用复数形式)
greet [ɡri t] v．问候，迎接，招呼
③broadcast ['br dkɑ st]
n．广播节目，电视节目
a live broadcast一场现场直播
④find out about查明，
弄清(情况)
⑤treasure ['tre (r)]
n．(C，usually pl.)
极贵重的物品；珍宝；宝物
⑥get a load of...注意，仔细看(常用于表示惊讶或羡慕)；仔细听
load [l d] n．某物的量
⑦can't begin to do sth.
无法做某事
⑧missing adj.丢失的，
找不到的；缺少的
⑨imagine vt.想象；设想
⑩battle ['b tl] n．战斗，战役
fold [f ld] v．折起
be made of由……构成(看得出原料)
incredible [In'kred b( )l]
adj.不能相信的，难以置信的；极好的
move on继续前行
quite a bit许多；大量
quite a few相当多；不少
come up即将发生
(或出现、到来)
one and only独一无二的，唯一的，仅有的，知名的
look into one's eyes
直视某人的眼睛
have a mind of one's own＝have one's own mind有某人自己的思想
but then again但是话说回来；不过另一方面
catch vt.[熟词生义]察觉
up close and personal
亲密地
get up close and personal with...与……亲密接触
self portrait n．自画像
portrait ['p trIt] n.
人物照片；肖像
selfie ['selfi] n．自拍照
take a selfie拍自拍照
currently ['k r ntli]
adv.当前，目前
lifetime n．一生；终身；
有生之年
for now目前；暂时
feel the power of...
感受……的力量
for oneself亲自
reach out to伸手(够)；与……沟通；向……提供帮助
subscribe [s b'skraIb]
vi.定期订购(或订阅)；定期交纳(会员费)；定期捐助
subscribe to定期订购；定期捐助；同意，赞成
Live①　from the Louvre
Hi, it's Zack! Greetings② from Paris, everyone! [1]This broadcast③ is being brought to you from one of the largest museums on Earth—the Louvre! Today we're going to find out about④ some of the Louvre's most amazing treasures⑤. Here we go!
[1]本句使用了现在进行时的被动语态，强调直播这个动作正在进行，且句子的主语是动作的承受者。
Now, at the top of these stone stairs...get a load of⑥ that! That huge sculpture you can see is the Winged Victory of Samothrace, or Nike of Samothrace! I can't even begin to⑦ tell you how amazing this is! [2]It looks like she has just flown down out of the sky and is standing on a ship. Her head and arms are missing⑧， but you can imagine⑨ her holding her arms up high, celebrating the result of an ancient battle⑩. And just look at how her dress is being folded by the wind! I really can't believe she's made of stone. The skill of the sculptor is just incredible .
[2]本句中like作连词，引导从句，意为“好像、仿佛”，可用as if替换。
Okay, I'd better move on . You can see there are so many people here. I'm being pushed around quite a bit ， in fact. [3]And you're really going to love what's coming up next. It's the one and only Mona Lisa! The painting is a lot smaller [4]than you would expect, and is protected by glass. But from here I can get a good view to show you. [5]When I look into her eyes it seems she has a mind of her own ！ One moment she seems to be laughing at me, but then again I catch a sense of sadness in her smile. I guess that's why she attracts so many visitors every day.
[3]本句中“sb. be going to love sth.”意为“某人一定会喜欢某事(物)”；what引导宾语从句，且在从句中作主语。
[4]此处是than引导的比较状语从句。
[5]本句中“When I look into her eyes”是when 引导的时间状语从句；“she has a mind of her own”是省略了that的表语从句。
And now, [6]it's time to get up close and personal with one of history's greatest artists—Rembrandt! He painted this self portrait about 400 years ago. Throughout his life, he made over 90 self portraits! No one really knows why. Perhaps it was his way of taking a 17th century selfie ？ [7]Or was it simply cheaper to paint himself than to pay for a model
[6]此处“it's time to do sth.”是一个常用句型，意为“是时候做某事了”。
[7]本句是“it is/was＋adj.＋动词不定式”句型的一般疑问句形式，than在此表示比较。
About 35，000 works are currently being displayed in over 300 rooms in the Louvre, and [8]it would take a lifetime to see everything! I'll say bye for now ， and hope [9]you can all visit this fantastic place one day to feel the power of these great works of art for yourselves . [10]They really do reach out to us across the centuries as if time itself were nothing. [11]By the way, if you have enjoyed this live broadcast, subscribe to find out where I'm visiting next!
[8]此处使用了虚拟语气，表示与将来相反的情况，谓语动词用“would＋动词原形”。
[9]此处是省略了that的宾语从句，其中“to feel the power”为动词不定式短语作目的状语。
[10]主句中的助动词do表示“的确、确实”，用以强调谓语；as if引导的方式状语从句使用了虚拟语气，表示与现在事实相反的情况，be动词常用were。
[11]本句中“if you...live broadcast”为if引导的条件状语从句；“subscribe to...next”为省略了主语的祈使句，其中“where I'm visiting next”是宾语从句。
卢浮宫直播
嘿，我是扎克！从巴黎向大家发来问候！我正在世界上最大的博物馆之一——卢浮宫向你们直播！今天，我们将会探寻卢浮宫中一些最令人惊叹的珍宝。我们走吧！
现在，在这些石阶的顶端……看那里！你看到的那个巨大雕塑就是《萨莫色雷斯的胜利女神》，又名《萨莫色雷斯奈姬像》！我简直不知该如何向你们描述它有多么令人惊叹！她看起来仿佛刚从空中飞下，正驻足于一艘船上。她的头和胳膊已经缺失，但你可以想象她高举双臂，庆祝一场古代战役的胜利。再看看她的裙子被风吹起来的褶皱！我实在无法相信她是由石头雕刻而成的，雕塑家的技艺真是令人难以置信。
好的，我最好继续往前走。你们可以看到这里人潮涌动。所以我实际上一直被挤来挤去。你们一定会喜爱接下来的作品，那就是举世无双的《蒙娜丽莎》！这幅画比你们想象得小得多，它被玻璃保护着。但我从这里能看得很清楚，可以向你们展示。当我直视她的眼睛的时候，看起来她好像有自己的思想！一时她好像在对着我笑，不过另一方面我又在她的微笑中捕获了一丝悲伤。我猜那就是她每天都能吸引这么多游客的原因。
现在，是时候走到近处，切身感受历史上最伟大的艺术家之一——伦勃朗了！他在约400年前画了这幅自画像。终其一生，他创作了90余幅自画像！无人知晓确切的原因。也许这就是17世纪的自拍方式？或者只是画自画像要比请模特更便宜？
卢浮宫的300多个展室里现在总共展出了约35 000件作品，要全部看完恐怕得花一生的时间！现在，我要跟大家说再见了，希望你们有一天都能来参观这个了不起的地方，亲身感受这些伟大艺术品的力量。几个世纪以来，它们确实一直展现在我们面前，好像时间都成了无关紧要的东西了。顺便说一下，如果你喜欢这个现场直播，请订阅查看我接下来要去参观哪里！
教材原文助读8
①magnificent
[m ɡ'nIfIs( )nt] adj.
宏伟的，壮丽的
②burning adj.[熟词生义]
(目光)灼热的
③bare [be ] v．使暴露，露出
bared teeth露出的牙齿
④hoof [hu f] n．蹄(pl.hooves)
kicking hooves扬起的蹄子
⑤be regarded as被认为
是……；被视作……
⑥in the history of...
在……的历史上
⑦skill in/at...……方面的技能
⑧capture vt.[熟词生义]
(用图画、文章、电影等准确地)表达，刻画，描述
⑨inner spirit and strength
内在的精神和力量
⑩be born into a(n)...family出生于一个……的家庭
wine [waIn] n．葡萄酒
by accident＝by chance
偶然；意外地
send sb. to...派遣某人去……
collect vt.[熟词生义]
收(欠款)；(上门)收(账)
dirt [d t] n．灰尘，尘土
此处用反身代词强调“亲自”。　
sponsor ['sp ns ] v．资助
n.[C] 赞助者；倡议者
recommend...to sb.
向某人推荐……
natural adj.[熟词生义]
天生的；天生具有某种素质(技能)的
a natural talent天赋
emperor ['emp( )r ] n．皇帝
palace ['p l s] n．[C]
宫殿
be fond of...喜欢……
fond [f nd] adj.喜爱的
frequent ['fri kw nt] adj.
经常发生的，频繁的
previous ['pri vi s] adj.以前的；先前的(只用于名词前)
method n．[C] 方法；办法
observe vt.观察；遵守
(规则、法律等)；庆祝
stable n．[熟词生义] [C]
养马场；马房
move in搬进去
move out搬出去
on the move在行进中；在移动中；四处奔波
offer vt.提供
offer sb. sth.＝offer sth. to sb.为某人提供某物
day after day日复一日地；一天又一天
take sb. as one's teacher
某人拜某人为师
reply vt.& vi.回答；答复
majesty ['m d Isti] n.
陛下
sing high praises for...
高度赞扬……　
gallop ['ɡ l p] v.
(马)飞奔，疾驰
express one's admiration for...表达某人对……的赞赏
Han Gan and His Horses
What a magnificent① horse! Even after more than a thousand years have passed, we can still feel the power within its burning② eyes, bared③ teeth and kicking hooves④. Night Shining White, [1]now kept in New York's Metropolitan Museum of Art, is regarded as⑤ one of the most significant horse paintings in the history of⑥ Chinese art. Its artist, Han Gan, is known for his skill in⑦ capturing⑧ not only the physical features of the animal, but also its inner spirit and strength⑨.
[1]此处是过去分词短语作后置定语，修饰前面的Night Shining White。
[2]Born into a poor family⑩ in the early Tang Dynasty, the young Han Gan had to help support his family by working in a local wine shop. His artistic talent was discovered by accident when he was sent to the poet Wang Wei's house to collect payment for some wine. [3]While waiting at the gate, Han Gan used a stick to draw pictures in the dirt and was seen by the poet himself . Wang Wei decided to sponsor the young man to study painting and recommended him to a master. Due to Han Gan's natural talent and years of hard work, he was eventually chosen to serve Emperor Xuanzong in the royal palace .
[2]此处是过去分词短语作原因状语。
[3]此处是“连词＋现在分词”结构，可看作是时间状语从句“While he was waiting at the gate”的省略。
The Tang emperors were very fond of horses. This meant that the animal was a frequent subject for artists. At that time, the most common way to study horse painting was by copying the works of previous painters. Han Gan's method ， however, was different—he observed the animal itself. He was a frequent visitor to the royal stables and even moved in to live with the stable workers for quite some time. The horses, whether resting or on the move ， offered him plenty of inspiration. [4]The more time he spent observing these animals, the more his understanding of them grew. Day after day ， Han Gan painted the horses, [5]his brush presenting every detail that he saw with his own eyes．
[4]本句是“the＋比较级．.., the＋比较级．..”结构。“he spent observing these animals”为省略了关系词that或which的定语从句，修饰time。
[5]此处是独立主格结构，非谓语动词presenting与his brush之间为逻辑上的主谓关系。
[6]It is said that when the Emperor asked Han Gan to take a master of horse painting as his teacher ， the artist replied ， “I have my own teachers, Your Majesty . All the horses in your stables are my very teachers.”
[6]本句的主干是“It is＋过去分词＋that...”句型，It作形式主语，that引导的主语从句是真正的主语；主语从句中又包含一个when引导的时间状语从句。
[7]Those who saw Han Gan's horse paintings all sang high praises for his unique skill, saying that his horses “could gallop off the paper”. Even Su Shi, the famous poet of the Song Dynasty, expressed his admiration for Han Gan as a master of horse painting with the words, “The horses painted by Han Gan are real horses.”
[7]本句中“who saw Han Gan's horse paintings”为who引导的定语从句，修饰Those；现在分词短语“saying that...”在句中作伴随状语。
韩干和他的马
多么壮美的一匹马啊！即使已经过去了一千多年，我们仍能感受到它灼热的双眸、露出的牙齿和高扬的马蹄所展现的力量。《照夜白图》，现收藏于纽约大都会艺术博物馆，被认为是中国艺术史上最重要的马匹画作之一。创作这幅作品的艺术家韩干，以高超的技巧闻名，他不仅善于捕捉动物的身体特征，还擅长展现它的内在的精神和力量。
韩干出生于唐朝初期一个贫穷的家庭，为了帮忙养家，小小年纪就得在当地一家酒馆打工。当他被派到诗人王维家收取酒钱时，他的艺术天赋偶然间被发现了。在门口等待的时候，韩干用一根棍子在土上画画，结果被诗人王维看见了。王维决定资助这个年轻人学习绘画，并将他推荐给一位大画家。由于天资聪颖，加上多年的刻苦练习，韩干最终被召入皇宫，为唐玄宗效力。
唐朝皇帝都非常喜欢马。因此马经常是画家的创作主题。当时，学习马匹画最为普遍的方法就是临摹以前画家的作品。然而，韩干采取了不同的方式——观察马。他经常去皇家马场，甚至搬进去和马场工人生活了好长一段时间。无论是正在休息还是正在跑的马，都给他提供了很多灵感。他观察这些马的时间越长，对这些马的了解就越多。韩干日复一日地画马，他的画笔呈现了自己亲眼看到的每一处细节。
据说，当皇帝让韩干拜一位画马的大画家为师时，韩干回答说：“臣自有师，今陛下内厩之马，皆臣之师也。”
所有看过韩干马匹画作的人都盛赞他独特的技巧，称他的马“要从纸上疾驰而出”。就连宋朝著名诗人苏轼也说“韩生画马真是马”，表达了对马匹画作大师韩干的由衷钦佩。
　What an adventure!
教材原文助读9　
①good money大笔的钱
②spend money on sth.
把钱花在某物/某事上
③crowd [kra d] n．[C]人群
④discomfort n．[U]
不舒服；不自在； [C] 使人不舒服的事物
⑤air pressure气压
⑥lose one's life丢掉性命
⑦like no other与众不同
⑧write of sb./sth.记叙某人/某物(事)
⑨make money 赚钱
⑩succeed in (doing) sth.在某方面取得成功，成功做某事　
succeed vi.成功；继任
take one's life
夺去某人的生命
(be) similar to 与……相似/类似
bring...into focus
使……成为焦点
turn around转身；
转变；使好转
focus on关注；专注于；集中
unique adj.独特的
figure out理解；弄清楚，弄明白；计算出
as well as 和，也
attempt [ 'tempt] n.
努力，尝试 vt.尝试；
企图
result in导致
failure ['fe lj ] n．[U]
失败，故障； [C] 失败的人(或事)
risk taking n．[U]
冒险；承担风险
indicate [' nd ke t] vt.
表明；显示
indication n．[C，U]
表明；显示；象征
human nature人性
be likely to do sth.
可能做某事
likely adj.可能的
psychologist [sa 'k l d st]
n．心理学家
personality [ p s 'n l ti]
n．[C，U] 性格；个性
refer to...as...
把……称为……　
stand for代表
thrill [θr l] n．[C]
惊险，刺激；兴奋；激动
speaking to对……说(常放在句首作状语)
suggest vt.表明
benefit from...
从……中获益
be up to sb.由某人决定
[文化采风]
珠穆朗玛峰是喜马拉雅山脉的主峰，也是世界上海拔最高的山峰，位于中国与尼泊尔的边境线上。
CLIMBING QOMOLANGMA：
WORTH THE RISKS
Last year, hundreds of people spent good money① on② an experience [1]that they knew would include crowds ③， discomfort ④ and danger. Many would become sick, due to the extreme cold and low air pressure⑤， and a few would even lose their lives⑥.Yet, despite all this, by the end of the trip many were already planning to return. [2]For these people, climbing Qomolangma is an experience like no other⑦， making some feel weak and others, powerful.
[1]此处是that引导的定语从句，修饰先行词an experience；从句中they knew是插入语；would include是过去将来时，表示在过去某个时间点对未来的看法。
[2]本句是简单句。climbing Qomolangma为动词 ing 形式作主语；making some feel weak and others, powerful为现在分词短语作结果状语，其中包括“make＋宾语＋宾语补足语”结构。
British mountain climber George Mallory wrote of⑧ climbing Qomolangma, “[3]What we get from this adventure is just sheer joy...We do not live to eat and make money⑨. We eat and make money to be able to enjoy life. [4]That is what life means and what life is for.” Sadly, Mallory would die on the mountain in 1924, although his body would not be found until many years later.It is still not known if he succeeded in⑩ reaching the top of Qomolangma before it took his life .
[3]此处是What引导的主语从句，what在该从句中作get的宾语。
[4]本句中and为并列连词，连接两个由what引导的表语从句，what在这两个表语从句中均作宾语。
In 2011, words similar to those of Mallory were spoken by American mountain climber Alan Arnette, [5]who climbed Qomolangma in that year and was going to climb other high mountains around the world. “[6]It brings into focus what's important to you.” He added, “There are a thousand reasons to turn around and only one to keep going. You really have to focus on the one reason that's most important and unique to you. It forces you to look deep inside yourself and figure out if you really have the physical, as well as mental, toughness to push when you want to stop.”
[5]此处是who引导的非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词Alan Arnette, who在该从句中作主语。
[6]本句的正常语序应是“It brings what's important to you into focus.”。由于宾语部分太长，介词短语太短，为了保持句子结构的平衡，宾语置于句尾。
[7]With the majority of attempts to climb Qomolangma resulting either in total success or failure ， is there also a scientific reason behind this risk taking ？ Recent studies indicate that risk taking may be part of human nature ， with some of us more likely to take risks than others. Psychologist Frank Farley has spent years studying people who jump out of planes and drive fast cars, as well as those who climb Qomolangma. He refers to the personalities of these people as “Type T”， with the “T” standing for “thrill ”．
[7]此处是“with＋宾语＋宾语补足语”结构，the majority of attempts是宾语，to climb Qomolangma是不定式作后置定语，修饰attempts；因attempts与result in之间是逻辑上的主谓关系，故用现在分词短语作宾语补足语。
Speaking to the LA Times about the “Type T” personalities, Farley said, “They'll say, ‘I'm not taking risks, I'm an expert...’ They don't want to die and they don't expect to die.”
Research also suggests that our desire to seek risks can be connected to how much we expect to benefit from the result.
With this in mind, are the benefits of climbing Qomolangma worth the risks It's totally up to you.
攀登珠穆朗玛峰：
值得冒险吗？
去年，数以百计的人花大价钱进行了一次明知会有拥挤、不适和危险的体验。由于严寒和低气压，许多人会生病，甚至少数人可能会丢掉性命。然而，尽管如此，到旅行结束时，许多人已经在计划着重返这里。对于这些人来说，攀登珠穆朗玛峰是一种无可比拟的体验，它让有些人感到虚弱，也让另一些人感到充满力量。
英国登山者乔治·马洛里曾这样记叙攀登珠穆朗玛峰的经历：“我们从这次冒险中获得的只是纯粹的快乐……我们活着不是为了吃饭和赚钱，我们吃饭和赚钱是为了能享受生活。那才是生活的意义和目标。”不幸的是，马洛里于1924年在山上去世，而他的遗体直到多年以后才被找到。至今人们也不知道他在生前是否成功登顶了珠穆朗玛峰。
2011年，美国登山者艾伦·阿内特说出了与马洛里类似的话。艾伦那年登上了珠穆朗玛峰，并打算登上世界各地的其他高山。“它会让你把注意力集中在对你来说重要的事情上。”他补充说，“(纵使)有一千个理由让你回头，但总有一个理由让你继续前行。你必须真正专注于对你而言最重要、最独特的那个理由。它会驱使你深入观察自己的内心，并在想要停下的时候，弄清楚自己的身体和心理是否真的有韧劲继续前行。”
大部分攀登珠穆朗玛峰的尝试都以完全的成功或彻底的失败结束，那么，在这样的冒险背后是否也有一个科学的原因呢？最近的研究表明，冒险可能是人性的一部分，我们中的一些人要比其他人更可能会去冒险。心理学家弗兰克·法利花费了几年的时间研究那些跳伞、飙车和攀登珠穆朗玛峰的人。他将这些人的人格称为“T型”，“T”代表“thrill(刺激)”。
法利在接受《洛杉矶时报》采访时谈到“T型”人格：“有人会说‘我不是在冒险，我是一个专家……’，他们并不想死，也不认为自己会死。”
研究还表明，我们寻求冒险的渴望可能与我们期望从结果中获益的程度有关。
了解这些以后，攀登珠穆朗玛峰的益处还是否值得(人们)冒险呢？这完全取决于你。
教材原文助读10
①league [li ɡ] n．[C] 里格(旧时长度单位，相当于3英里或3海里)
②servant ['s v( )nt] n．[C] 仆人，佣人
③along with...与……一起
④fall into 落入
⑤submarine ['s bm ri n] n.
[C] 潜(水)艇 adj.海底的；水下的
⑥charge [t ɑ d ] n．[U]
主管，负责
in charge主管；负责
⑦captain ['k pt n] n．[C]
船长；队长
⑧ahead [ 'hed] adv.在前面
ahead of...在……前面
⑨permit [p 'm t] v．允许，
准许，许可
⑩fascinated ['f s ne t d]
adj.被迷住的，被吸引住的
be adapted from...由……改编
adapt vt.改编，改写；使适应
chapter ['t pt ] n. [C]
章节
look back upon/on回忆，回顾
leave an impression on/upon sb. 给某人留下印象
water n．[pl.] [熟词生义]海域；水域
relate [r 'le t] vt.相联系，有关联；讲述
exchange n．[C，U] 交换；
交流；[C]交谈 vt.交换；兑换
helmet ['helm t] n．[C]
头盔，钢盔
nut [n t] n．[C] 坚果(仁)
light vt.(lit，lit)照亮；点燃
astonish [ 'st n ] v．使吃惊，使惊讶
ray [re ] n. [C] 光线，光束
solar rays阳光
consume [k n'sju m] v.
消耗
distinguish [d 'st ɡw ] v.
看清；认出
at a distance of...在……远的地方
in the distance在远处
darken vi.& vt.(使)变暗；变黑
gradually ['ɡr d u li] adv.逐渐地，逐步地
gradual adj.逐渐的；逐步的
surround [s 'ra nd] v.
环绕，围绕
but adv.[熟词生义]仅仅
(＝only)
even adj.[熟词生义]平坦的
wrinkled ['r k( )ld] adj.有皱褶的
wrinkle n．[C] (布或纸上的)皱褶，皱痕；皱纹
shore [ ] n．[C，U] 岸，滨
dazzling ['d zl ] adj.使人目眩的；令人眼花的
carpet ['kɑ p t] n．[C，U]地毯
reflector [r 'flekt (r)] n．[C] 反射物；反光板
drive away赶走；驱散
intensity [ n'tens ti] n.
(光、声等的)强度
account for...是……的原因；解释；占……(比例)
vibration [va 'bre ( )n] n．[C，U] 震颤，震动
pass through穿过；通过
atom [' t m] n．[C] 原子
depth [depθ] n．深，深度
at the depth of...在……深的地方　
in broad daylight在大白天
broad [br d] adj.宽的，阔的
TWENTY THOUSAND LEAGUES①
UNDER THE SEA
In 1866, a terrible sea creature is seen by several ships. Biologist Professor Pierre Aronnax and his servant②， Conseil, join a ship to find and kill the creature. After a long journey into the Pacific Ocean, the creature is finally seen. While attacking from the ship, Aronnax and Conseil, along with③ the whale hunter Ned Land, fall into④ the sea, and discover that the “creature” is actually a submarine⑤. They are captured and taken inside the submarine, [1]where they meet the man in charge⑥， Captain⑦ Nemo. Ahead⑧ of its time, the submarine is also a secret from the rest of the world. In order to keep this secret, Captain Nemo tells his three newest passengers that they are not permitted⑨ to leave the submarine. [2]While Ned Land can think only of escaping, Aronnax and Conseil are fascinated⑩ by their adventures in the new underwater world. In this part [3]adapted from a chapter of the book, Aronnax describes the experience of walking on the sea bed...
[1]此处是where引导的非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词the submarine，where在从句中作地点状语。
[2]此处while作并列连词，表对比，意为“而、然而”。
[3]此处是过去分词短语作后置定语，修饰this part。
And now, how can I look back upon the impression [4]left upon me by that walk under the waters ？ Words are not enough to relate such wonders! Captain Nemo walked in front, [5]one of his men following some steps behind. Conseil and I remained near each other, [6]as if an exchange of words had been possible through our metal cases. I no longer felt the weight of my clothes, or of my shoes, of my air supply, or my thick helmet ， [7]inside which my head shook like a nut in its shell．
[4]此处是过去分词短语作后置定语，修饰the impression。
[5]此处是独立主格结构，在句中作伴随状语，one of his men与动词follow之间是逻辑上的主谓关系。
[6]此处是as if引导的方式状语从句，从句中使用了虚拟语气，表示与过去事实相反的假设。
[7]此处是由“介词＋关系代词”引导的非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词my thick helmet。inside the helmet意为“在头盔里”，所以这里的介词用inside。
The light, which lit the soil thirty feet below the surface of the ocean, astonished me by its power. The solar rays shone through the watery mass easily, and consumed all colour, and I clearly distinguished objects at a distance of a hundred and fifty yards. Beyond that the colours darkened into fine shades of deep blue, and gradually disappeared.Truly this water which surrounded me was but another air heavier than the Earth's atmosphere, but almost as clear. [8]Above me was the calm surface of the sea. We were walking on fine, even sand, not wrinkled ， as on a flat shore ， which keeps the impression of the waves. This dazzling carpet ， really a reflector , drove away the rays of the sun with wonderful intensity ， which accounted for the vibration which passed through every atom of liquid. [9]Shall I be believed when I say that, at the depth of thirty feet, I could see as if I was in broad daylight ？
[8]本句是表语提前引起的倒装。正常语序是“The calm surface of the sea was above me.”。
[9]本句是主从复合句。主句是“Shall I be believed？”；when引导的时间状语从句中包含一个that引导的宾语从句，该宾语从句中又包含一个as if引导的方式状语从句。
(Adaptation from Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea by Jules Verne)
海底两万里
1866年，几艘船上的人都看到了一个可怕的海洋生物。生物学家皮埃尔·阿龙纳斯教授和他的仆人康塞尔登上了一艘船，前去寻找并猎杀这个生物。经过一段漫长的太平洋之旅，他们终于看到了这个生物。从船上发起攻击时，阿龙纳斯、康塞尔和捕鲸手内德·兰德都掉进了海里，然后发现这个“生物”实际上是一艘潜水艇。他们被俘虏，并被带进潜水艇里，在那里他们遇到了负责人尼摩船长。潜水艇领先于当时的时代，对于世界上其他人而言也是一个秘密。为了保守秘密，尼摩船长告诉他的三名新乘客，他们不得离开潜水艇。内德·兰德只想着逃跑，但阿龙纳斯和康塞尔着迷于在新的海底世界的冒险。此部分改编自原著的一个章节，在这部分内容中，阿龙纳斯描述了在海底漫步的经历……
现在，我该怎样回顾那次海底漫步给我留下的印象呢？言语不足以描述这样的奇遇！尼摩船长走在前面，他的一个下属跟在身后，距离他几步远。我和康塞尔彼此紧挨着，好像我们可以通过金属外壳交谈似的。我再也感受不到衣服、鞋子、空气供给瓶和厚厚的头盔的重量。我的脑袋在头盔里面摇来晃去，像坚果壳里的果仁一样。
(阳)光照亮了海平面以下三十英尺处的土壤，这股力量真让我感到惊奇。阳光毫不费力地穿过了水层，把水中的所有颜色驱散，我可以清晰地辨认出一百五十码远的物体。再远一点，颜色渐次晕染成深蓝，接着渐渐消失了。真的，在我周围的海水只是另一种空气，虽然密度比地面上的空气大，但清澈程度跟地面上的空气相仿。平静的海面在我头顶之上。我们走在又细又平、毫无褶皱的沙滩上，像走在平坦的海岸上一样，留下了海浪的痕迹。这块炫目的地毯，犹如一块反光板，把太阳光强烈地反射出去，由此产生会穿透所有水分子的震动。当我说在水下三十英尺的地方，可以像在大白天一样看得清楚时，会有人相信我吗？
(改编自儒勒·凡尔纳《海底两万里》)
　Disaster and hope
教材原文助读11
①pick up拿起；捡起；接电话；(偶然)学会；(开车)接人；改善，好转
②tube [tju b] n．管子
the Tube (伦敦的)地下铁道，地铁
at the Tube station
在地铁站
③be expected to do sth.
预计做某事
expect sb.to do sth.
期待/预料某人做某事
expectation n．[U，C]
预料；期待；[C，usually pl.] 希望；盼望
④plus [pl s]adj.(用于数字后面表示)多

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