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猜想3：解读农业发展与乡村振兴
样题1：阅读理解：冰川消融，粮食告急
本题考查对“人与社会”主题下新增子主题“农业发展、乡村振兴”在真实情境中应用的综合理解。试题以联合国教科文组织与相关国际组织的报告为依据，通过气候变化导致冰川消融、降雪量减少这一全球性现象，深刻揭示其对山区农业灌溉、粮食生产与农村社区发展的严峻影响。题目引导考生关注农业发展的自然基础与脆弱性，理解水资源安全与粮食安全、乡村振兴之间的内在联系，特别聚焦山地农业地区在气候适应与粮食生产方面面临的特殊挑战，这些地区往往既是生态屏障又是发展薄弱区域。
［2026届江苏泰州12月月考］ Two-thirds of all irrigated（灌溉的）agriculture in the world is likely to be affected in some ways by declining glaciers（冰川）and dwindling snowfall in mountain regions, driven by the climate crisis, according to a UNESCO report.
More than 1 billion people live in mountainous regions and, of those in developing countries,up to half are already experiencing food insecurity. That is likely to worsen, as food production in such regions is dependent on mountain waters, melting snow and glaciers, according to the UN World Water Development Report 2025. Developed countries are also at risk: in the US, for example, the Colorado River Basin has been in drought since 2000, and higher temperatures mean more water falls as rain instead of snow. Rain runs off much faster than melting snow,making dry conditions even worse.
The largest three-year loss of glacier masses on record occurred in the past three years,according to separate research from the World Meteorological Organization, with Norway and Sweden among the worst-affected areas. Eastern Africa has lost 80% of its glaciers in places.Glaciers in the Alps, the worst affected in Europe, have shrunk by about 40% over roughly the same period.
The decline of glaciers has had a further impact, added Abou Amani, director of the Division of Water Sciences at UNESCO. "The melting of glaciers has an impact on the reflectivity of (solar)radiation and that will impact the whole climate system,"he warned. More avalanches（雪崩）will also occur, as rain falling on snow is a major factor behind avalanche formation. Pooling water from melting glaciers can also be released, causing sudden floods in valleys or to people living furtherdown the side of the mountain.
These impacts are coming at a time when many food sources are already under pressure. Alvaro Lario, president of the International Fund for Agricultural Development and chair of UN-Water,called for more support for people who live in affected mountain regions. "Water flows downhill,but food insecurity rises uphill. Mountains provide 60% of our fresh water, but the communities that safeguard these vital resources are among the most food insecure,"he said.
1.What does the underlined word "dwindling" in Paragraph 1 mean
A.Increasing. B. Wasting.
C. Decreasing. D. Changing.
2.What factors contributing to food insecurity are mentioned in the passage
A. Declining glaciers and more avalanches.
B. Dry conditions and rain falling on snow.
C. Climate impacts and lack of modern irrigation technology.
D. Dependence on glacier-fed water and stressed food sources.
3.Why does the author list the figures in Paragraph 3
A. To predict future trends of glacier melting.
B. To stress the severity of global glacier loss.
C. To call for policy in the worst-affected regions.
D. To list the decline of glaciers in different regions.
4.What is a suitable title for the text
A. Melting Glaciers, Rising Hunger
B. Climate Change, Water Shortage
C. Threats to Mountain Communities
D. Flood Risks from Melting Glaciers
参考答案与解析：
【语篇导读】这是一篇报道。文章结构：开篇点题（Para.1）→数据加案例（Paras.2-3）→影响（Para.4）→呼吁（Para.5）。文章主要介绍了全球冰川消融与山区降雪减少（源于气候危机）正严重威胁世界灌溉农业与山区粮食安全，并引发连锁生态风险。
1．设问方向在语境中理解关键术语。
答案解析词义猜测题。and连接并列成分（declining→dwindling)，语义相近，declining意为“越来越少的”，结合后文“the climate crisis”和第二段中的“mean more water falls as rain insteadof snow”可知，气候危机导致冰川消融、降雪量减少。A项（增加）与文意相反；B项（浪费）不符合语境；D项（改变）表述宽泛，未体现“减少”的核心含义；C项（减少）与“declining”语义一致，为正确答案。
【纠易错】易错选项为D。考生容易因只看到＂driven by the climate crisis”，就笼统认为“dwindling”表示“改变”，忽略了and连接的并列结构提示-“dwindling”应和“declining”语义相近，强调“数量减少”而非单纯“变化”。
2．设问方向细节整合-导致食品不安全的因素。
答案解析细节理解题。第二段提到“up to half are already experiencing food insecurity. That is likely to worsen, as food production in such regions is dependent on mountain waters, melting snow and glaciers”，表明冰川消融、降雪量减少会影响山区的粮食生产，加重食品不安全；第五段首句“These impacts are coming at a time when many food sources are already under pressure”说明，本就承压的食物来源进一步加剧了食品不安全问题。因此选D。
【纠易错】本题易误选A或B。A项中雪崩是冰川消融的衍生风险，非食品不安全的直接主因。B项中干旱和降雨现象是气候影响的具体表现，未直接指向食品不安全。
3．设问方向段落功能-数据在论证中的作用。
答案解析推理判断题。第三段列举的数据“The largest three-year loss of glacier masses on record""Eastern Africa has lost 80% of its glaciers"“Glaciers in the Alps...shrunk by about 40%”均为冰川消融的具体量化结果，通过“创纪录损失”“高比例消融”等信息，强调全球冰川损失的严峻程度，为后文论述冰川消融的影响（气候、粮食、灾害）提供事实支撑。故选B项。
【纠易错】易错选D。考生容易只看到数据的表面作用（列举不同地区情况），忽略列举数据是为了支撑观点、突出重点的写作逻辑，混淆了“表面内容”和“深层目的”。
4．设问方向主旨把握-文本核心因果链与全局观点。
答案解析主旨大意题。文章主线：冰川消融（原因）→水资源短缺→农业灌溉与粮食生产受威胁→食品不安全加剧。A项以对仗形式概括了“冰川融化”与“饥饿上升”的因果关系，紧扣全文核心。故选A项。
干扰项分析
B项 仅强调“气候变化与水资源短缺”，未突出对食品安全的影响。
C项 局限于“山区社区威胁”，未体现对全球农业与饥饿的影响。
D项 只提及洪水风险，忽略食品安全这一核心议题。
样题2：七选五：水培农业的潜力与挑战
本题考查对2025课程标准“人与社会”主题下新增子主题“农业发展、乡村振兴”的理解。该题以水培农业为切入点，围绕气候变化、城市化等现实挑战对传统农业的冲击，展现了现代农业科技在突破资源限制、保障粮食供给、赋能乡村产业等方面的潜力，同时客观呈现其落地过程中的成本等现实难题。题目引导考生思考农业创新与乡村发展的关联价值，助力考生理解“农业现代化是乡村振兴的重要路径”，启发其关注社会发展议题，形成兼具创新意识与务实思维的认知。
［2026届广东领航高中联盟12月模拟］ Humans are now up against a series of new demanding issues that are leading dramatic change to our lifestyles: climate change, threatening infectious diseases, and increasing urbanization. 1 Hydroponic（水培的）farming has strong potential to relieve the threats these issues pose to our agricultural system.
Growing crops in near perfect conditions using controlled environment agriculture technology is one of the biggest benefits of hydroponic farming. Crops grown indoors and hydroponically can be grown anywhere at any time of the year. 2 Hydroponic farming has the potential to provide fresh local food for areas with extreme droughts and low soil quality, such as in sub-Saharan Africa. 3
Keeping crop production in a controlled environment enables trained scientists and advanced climate control technology to improve the inputs of water, nutrients, and light fed to the plants. For example, sensors can measure the amount and nutrient content of the water that each plant consumes. This gives farmers insight into the amount of unused water and nutrients by the plants at each stage of growth. 4
5For small, start-up farmers, entering into the hydroponic farming world can come with high costs associated with renting the space, loans, the renovation（翻修）of a building or space to accommodate the hydroponic structures, initial costs for materials, and costs of the labor and electricity to keep the farm up and running. While these entry costs are high, hydroponic farms have the potential to turn underused buildings into farmland to serve the community and create jobs.
A. The only condition is sufficient water resources.
B. Access to green vegetables is often limited there.
C. The exhaustion of natural resources is also a factor.
D. They are not subject to weather and soil conditions.
E. It would be great if we could grow plants without water.
F. Thus, they can adjust input quality and quantity for plants.
G. However, these advantages do not come without challenges.
参考答案与解析：
【语篇导读】这是一篇科普类说明文。引出说明对象（Para.1）→分述优点（Paras.2-3）→转向挑战（Para.4）。本文介绍了水培农业作为一种创新农业模式，在应对当今全球性挑战方面具有巨大潜力，它能够突破传统农业的限制，实现高效、本地化的食物生产，但其发展也面临着高成本的挑战。
1．段中设空，问题补充。上文列举具体的挑战“climate change,threatening infectious diseases,and increasing urbanization”，空处要填入一个与前文并列或相关的挑战。选项C“自然资源的耗竭也是一个因素”与前文的气候变化等同属全球性挑战范畴，使引出水培解决方案的背景更加充分。故选C项。
【纠易错】本题易错选A项，选项A内容上确实与水培农业相关，因为水培需要水。这会造成强烈的内容相关性干扰，让人忽略其在文章结构中的位置的合理性。忽略了第一段的核心功能是提出问题（气候、疾病、城市化等），为引入水培方案铺垫。A选项讨论的是解决方案（水培）的具体条件，属于“方案细节”，直接跳到了下一阶段，破坏了“提出问题-引出方案”的行文逻辑。
2．段中设空，承上启下。D项“They are not subject to weather and soil conditions”直接解释了为什么可以做到“任何地方、任何时间种植”，是前句观点的原因说明。同时，这也为后文在“极端干旱、土壤质量低”地区应用的例子做了铺垫。故选D项。
【释疑难】本题干扰项再次出现A项（The only condition is sufficient water resources）。在讨论水培优势的段落中，它似乎是一个合理的“条件”。但是，逻辑焦点出现偏差，本段讨论的核心优势是“不受时空和自然条件限制”。A项虽看似正确，但将焦点窄化为“水资源”这一单一条件，与前后文强调的综合性自由（anywhere at any time of the year）不匹配。
3．段尾设空，补充说明。B项“Access to green vegetables is often limited there”指出了该地区的具体问题（绿色蔬菜获取困难），从而解释了为什么水培农业的“潜力”对该地区具有现实意义和紧迫性。它使前句的“潜力”具体化，论证更有说服力。
4．段尾设空，得出结果。F项“因此，他们可以调整对植物的投入质量和数量”中的“Thus”是明显的结论性信号词。它明确指出前文技术监测的最终目的和产生的结果，即实现精准农业和资源优化。这里的“they”指代前句中的“farmers”。
5．段首设空，承上启下。G项“However,these advantages do not come without challenges”是典型的段落过渡句。其中的“these advantages”指代并总结前文内容，“However”和“challenges”则预示下文将转向讨论不利方面，实现了从“利”到“弊”的自然转折。
样题3：七选五：生物炭技术——把粪便变成安全肥料
本题是对“人与社会”主题下新增子主题“农业发展、乡村振兴”的综合应用与理解，是对课程标准相关要求的具体落实。试题以“人类排泄物转化为肥料”的创新研究为切入点，引导考生关注农业生产中化肥过度使用导致的污染、经济负担与生态破坏问题，并探讨以生物炭技术为代表的资源循环利用方案在推动农业可持续发展中的作用。题目不仅体现了农业与环境保护、资源再生的紧密联系，也启发考生思考科技创新如何赋能乡村产业振兴、促进生态宜居，从而理解“绿色发展”在农业现代化与乡村振兴中的核心价值。
［2026届江苏扬州11月期中］
Human waste could help farmers
Some types of farming are harmful to the planet. 1
A lot of crops need extra nutrition to grow, so farmers add substances called fertilizers to their soil to boost plants' growth. These are important because they keep crops healthy and make sure that there is enough food for people and animals.2 Every year, farmers around the world spend huge amounts of money on a total of 205 million tons of fertilizers, leading to severe water pollution and loss of biodiversity.
3 They are mostly made in factories by burning natural gas and mixing it with minerals. Producing fertilizers takes a lot of energy and the whole process-from digging out the minerals to transporting the final product to farms-creates pollution. This pollution includes carbon dioxide, a gas that contributes to climate change.
Nevertheless, a method known as biochar technology, which is already used to make fuel,could turn human waste into a different type of fertilizer. The new study suggests this could be better for the planet and cheaper for farmers. Human waste is rich in nutrients which plants love. 4 Even worse, it can also contain leftover medicines, microplastics and poisonous metals.
According to the new study, biochar technology can turn human waste into safe plant food. The process is called pyrolysis, where the waste is heated up in special tanks. 5 Besides,the waste is made into solid, dry blocks, which are up to 90% smaller and lighter than the original form,making it much easier to store and transport.
A. Fertilizers are usually a mix of certain chemicals.
B. What is beneficial to plants is beneficial to the environment.
C. On the negative side, it can carry harmful bacteria and viruses.
D. But with too much use of fertilizers, the quality of crops suffers.
E. Unfortunately, they are expensive and come at an environmental cost.
F. However, a new study has found that could change thanks to human waste.
G. The harmful stuff in the waste won't be a problem as it can be removed in the process.
参考答案与解析：
【语篇导读】这是一篇新事物类说明文。文章结构：提出问题（Para.1）→分析问题（Paras.2-3）→提出解决方案（Paras.4-5）。本文探讨了传统化学肥料在农业生产中造成的环境污染与经济负担，并提出一种可持续的替代方案：利用生物炭技术将人类排泄物转化为安全、高效且易于运输的肥料，从而减少碳排放、降低农民成本、促进资源循环利用，实现农业与环境的双赢。
1．段尾设空，承上启下。首句提出总问题“某些农业方式对地球有害”，紧接着需要一个承上启下的过渡句。F项中的“However”表示转折，“that could change”指代前文提到的有害状况，“thanks to human waste”引出后文将要讨论的解决方案-利用人类排泄物。这完美地衔接了问题与转机。故选F。
【避陷阱】部分考生看到第一句就急于寻找“问题”的具体表述，从而错选E项。前文未出现E项中“they”指代的“fertilizers”（肥料）一词，会造成指代断裂。
2．段中设空，承上启下。前两句解释了肥料对作物生长和粮食安全的重要性，后句则用具体数据（花费巨资、2.05亿吨）和后果（水污染、生物多样性丧失）来说明问题。选项 E“Unfortunately，they are expensive and come at an environmental cost”在此处的作用是转折与聚焦问题。“Unfortunately”把文章从论述肥料的“必要性”转向揭露其“双重代价”-经济成本和环境成本。这正好为后文“每年花费巨资······导致污染”的具体数据论述提供了总括句，形成了“重要性→但有问题（E）→问题具体表现（后文数据）”的清晰逻辑链。
【纠易错】易错选D项。虽然D项有转折词“But”，但其论述焦点是“过度使用肥料导致作物质量下降”，而文章后文完全没有涉及作物质量，讨论的是经济成本和环境污染。因此，D项与下文内容脱节。
3．段首设空，定义与铺垫。上一段结尾在讲肥料使用的代价，本段将深入剖析其生产过程中产生的污染。A项“Fertilizers are usually a mix of certain chemicals”在此扮演了定义与介绍原因的角色。它首先对“化肥”进行了本质定义（化学混合物），这解释了为什么其生产会涉及后文的“工厂制造”、“燃烧天然气”等工业过程。句子从讨论“使用环节”的污染，自然过渡到“生产环节”的污染，是因果链条中的重要一环。
4．段中设空，承上启下。前句提出人类排泄物富含植物所需的营养成分，这是一个优点。C项“On the negative side,it can carry harmful bacteria and viruses”的作用是提出关键挑战。用“On the negative side”明确转折，指出将人类排泄物直接用作肥料的核心障碍-卫生安全风险。它与后句“Even worse,it can also contain...”构成递进关系，共同阐述了排泄物作为原料的潜在危害，从而凸显了下文介绍的“生物炭技术”在安全处理方面的必要性。
5．段中设空。前句介绍了“热解”技术，后句以“Besides”开头，补充说明该技术带来的物理形态上的好处（体积减小、便于运输）。因此，空处应阐述该技术处理的核心优势-解决前文提到的有害物质问题。G项直接点明“有害物质可在过程中被去除”，承上（回应前文担忧）启下（引出另一好处），逻辑连贯。
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