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语法专项指导
现在完成时的被动语态
一、定义
现在完成时的被动语态表示:1.过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响或产生的结果,通常与already、yet、never、recently等副词及时间状语so far、by now、up to/till now、since等连用。2.表示一个被动的动作或状态从过去开始一直持续到现在,并可能继续持续下去。常与带for或since的时间状语连用,或用于“How long... ”句型中。
So far,the Internet has been used by countless users and it has become a useful tool.(强调过去的动作对现在的影响,强调现在的结果)
到目前为止,互联网已经被无数的用户使用,它已经成了一个有用的工具。
The machine has been repaired for two hours.
(动作从过去开始,持续到现在,并可能继续持续下去)
这台机器已经修理了两个小时了。
句子语法填空
①It is said that a plan 　　　　　　　　(make) by them already.
②In recent years,stress 　　　　　　　　 (regard) as a cause of a whole range of medical problems,from high blood pressure to mental illness.
③How many people 　　　　　　　　(invite) to the party up to now
答案:①has been made　②has been regarded　③have been invited
二、基本结构
现在完成时的被动语态的基本谓语结构如下表所示。
主语 谓语结构
主语是第三人称单数 has been done
主语不是第三人称单数 have been done
Tom has been selected to take part in the sports meeting.
汤姆已被选去参加运动会。
Tom and Jack have been selected to take part in the sports meeting.
汤姆和杰克已被选去参加运动会。
句子语法填空
①This novel 　　　　　　　　(translate) into English for a year.
②The magazines 　　　　　　　　(print) since last month.
答案:①has been translated　②have been printed
三、句式的变化
1.肯定句的结构是“主语+have/has+been done+其他成分.”。
My English has been greatly improved due to my English teacher’s help.
由于英语老师的帮助,我的英语得到了极大的提升。
The plan has been put forward for three times up to now.
到现在为止,这个计划已经被提出了3次。
2.否定句的结构是“主语+have/has+not+been done+其他成分.”。
The development of the software has not been finished.
这个软件的开发还没有完成。
Mary hasn’t been heard from since last year.
从去年起,玛丽就没来过信。
3.一般疑问句的结构是“Have/Has+主语+been done+其他成分 ”。
Has it been announced when the plane is to take off
是否已经宣布飞机何时起飞
Have the experiments been done successfully
这些实验做得成功吗
4.特殊疑问句的结构是“特殊疑问词+have/has+主语+been done+其他成分 ”。
How many buildings have been built in this school
这所学校建了多少栋楼
How long has this film been shown
这部电影已经放映多长时间了
翻译句子
①你的车已经修好了。
②这本书至今尚未被他读过。
③你的头发有多长时间没理了
答案:①Your car has already been repaired.　
②The book hasn’t been read by him yet.
③How long has your hair not been cut
四、注意事项
1.带有双宾语的动词,如give、bring、show、tell、buy、lend等,变为被动语态时,一般将间接宾语变为被动语态的主语; 若将直接宾语变为被动语态的主语,间接宾语前通常需要用相应的介词。
The teacher has given Jobs three pieces of advice recently.
→Jobs has been given three pieces of advice by the teacher recently.(Jobs是间接宾语)
→Three pieces of advice have been given to Jobs by the teacher recently.(Three pieces of advice是直接宾语,所以间接宾语Jobs前添加了介词to)
最近,老师给了乔布斯三条建议。
2.动词短语是一个不可分割的整体,在被动语态中要保持其完整性,不可省略动词短语中的介词或副词。
The baby has been taken good care of by the nurse.(of不能省略)
这个婴儿得到了护士的精心照料。
The traditional skill of making the paper by hand has been passed down for hundreds of years.(down不能省略)
手工制作纸张的传统技艺已经传承了数百年。
3.与一般过去时的被动语态的区别。
一般过去时的被动语态所表示的动作或状态与现在的情况没有联系,而现在完成时的被动语态则强调所表示的动作或状态与现在的情况有联系。
The park was opened to the public last year.(说明动作发生于过去)
去年这家公园向公众开放。
The park has been opened to the public.(说明动作发生于过去,但对现在有影响,即现在公园已经向公众开放)
这家公园已经向公众开放。
句子语法填空
①The robots 　　　　　　　　　　(use) to help humans do some dangerous work since the late 1990s.
②Where to spend our summer holiday 　　　　　　　　(decide) already.
③My pet dog 　　　　　　　　(look) after by my grandma in the past three years.
④He 　　　　　　　　 (give) a chance to work abroad recently by the company.
⑤A chance to work abroad 　　　　　　　　　　　 (give) to him recently by the company.
答案:①have been used　②has been decided　③has been looked　④has been given　⑤has been given
1.(2023·新高考全国Ⅱ卷)
—Aren’t you going to the conference then
—No.It 　　　　　　　　 (reschedule) for next Monday.
2.(2023·全国甲卷改编)Though DIY 　　　　　　　　 (see) as a male hobby traditionally,the research shows it is women now leading the charge.
3.(2023·全国甲卷)As grizzly bears expand their range into places where they 　　　　　(not see) in a century or more,they are increasingly being sighted by humans.
4.(2023·全国甲卷)Carson proves that a simple lyric form that 　　　　　　　　(pass) down through the ages can still be employed today to draw attention to important truths.
答案及剖析:
1.has been rescheduled　考查动词的时态和语态。由语境可知,此处是强调现在的结果,并且主语It与reschedule之间是被动关系,故要用现在完成时的被动语态。故填has been rescheduled。
2.has been seen　考查动词的时态和语态。由语境可知,此处是强调现在的结果,并且主语DIY与see之间是被动关系,故要用现在完成时的被动语态。故填has been seen。
3.haven’t been seen　考查动词的时态和语态。由语境可知,此处是强调现在的结果,并且主语they与see之间是被动关系,故要用现在完成时的被动语态。故填haven’t been seen。
4.has been passed　考查动词的时态和语态。由语境可知,此处是强调现在的结果,并且主语form与pass down之间是被动关系,故要用现在完成时的被动语态。故填has been passed。
Ⅰ.句子语法填空
1.Shakespeare’s play Hamlet 　　　　　　　　　 (make) into at least ten different films over the past years.
2.Despite the previous rounds of talks,no agreement 　　　　　　　　(reach) so far by the two sides.
3.Great changes 　　　　　　　　　　　(take) place in my hometown and a lot of factories 　　　　　　　　(set) up in the past ten years.
4.This is one of the farthest places that 　　　　　　　　(explore) so far in that country.
5.In recent years,much progress 　　　　　　　　(make) as a result of his efforts.
6.The government has proved that most of the buildings 　　　　　　　　(destroy),leaving many people injured.
7.Since the earthquake happened,many soldiers 　　　　　　　　(send) there,and many kinds of supplies(物资) 　　　　　　　　(carry) there from all over the country.
8.When and where to go for the on-salary holiday　　　　　　　　(decide) yet.
9.Measures 　　　　　　　　(take) to cope with these problems by the government up to now.
答案:1.has been made　2.has been reached　3.have taken;have been set　4.have been explored　5.has been made　6.have been destroyed　7.have been sent;have been carried　8.has not been decided　9.have been taken
Ⅱ.翻译句子
1.既然你的作业已经做完,你可以看电视了。
2.房子已经被我哥哥打扫干净了。
3.这些房子已经被粉刷过,它们看上去非常漂亮。
4.听说刘华已被一所著名大学录取,我们很高兴。
5.互联网增加了许多功能,让人们的生活变得更加方便。
答案:1.Since your homework has been finished,you can watch TV.
2.The house has been cleaned up by my elder brother.
3.These houses have been painted and they look very beautiful.
4.We are glad to hear that Liu Hua has been admitted into a famous university.
5.Many functions have been added to the Internet,which has made people’s lives more convenient.　　It is widely agreed that our lives have been changed significantly by the Internet.We can do a variety of things on the Internet,such as listening to music,watching movies,looking for information,and buying whatever things that we like.The Internet makes our life more convenient and colourful.However,every coin has both sides.Only when we use the Internet properly can we benefit a lot from it.
Part 1　核心考点突破
阅读单词
1.stream　　　　 vt.流播(不用下载直接在互联网上播放音视频);流出
vi.流动
n.小河;溪流
2.procedure n.程序
3.database n.数据库;资料库
4.software n.软件
5.bound adj.一定会
6.network n.(互联)网络;网状系统;人际网
vt.将……连接成网络;联播
vi.建立工作关系
7.structure n.结构;体系
8.stuck adj.卡住;陷(入);困(于)
9.conference n.会议;研讨会;正式会谈
10.Wi-Fi n.无线保真(用无线电波而非网线在计算机网络传输数据的系统)
11.file n.文件;文件夹;档案
核心单词
1.signal　　　　 vi.& vt.发信号
n.信号
2.chat vi.聊天;闲聊
3.available adj.可获得的,有空的
4.identity n.身份;个性
5.update vt.更新;向……提供最新信息
n.更新;最新消息
6.alternative adj.可替代的
n.可供选择的事物
7.surf vt.& vi.浏览;冲浪
8.switch vt.交换,调换
n.开关,转换
9.confirm vt.确认;使确信
运用词汇
1.convenient adj.方便的;近便的→conveniently adv.方便地→convenience n.方便;便利→
inconvenient adj.不方便的
2.crime n.犯罪活动;不法活动→criminal n.罪犯
3.benefit n.益处 vt.使受益 vi.得益于→beneficial adj.有益的;有利的;受益的
4.science n.科学→scientific adj.科学(上)的,关于科学的
5.distance n.距离→distant adj.遥远的;冷漠的
6.predict vt.预测;预言;预料→prediction n.预测;预言
7.inspire vt.鼓舞;激励;启发思考→inspiration n.鼓舞;灵感→inspired adj.备受鼓舞的;受到启发的→inspiring adj.启发灵感的;鼓舞人心的
8.invent v.发明;创造→inventor n.发明家;创造者→invention n.发明;创意
9.access n.通道;(使用、查阅、接近或面见的)机会vt.进入;使用;获取→accessible adj.可接近的;能得到的;可进入的;可使用的
重点词块
1.blog post 博文;博客帖子
2.in the lead 领先;处于领先地位
3.chat with 与……聊天
4.get rid of 摆脱;丢弃
5.apply for 申请
6.go through 经历;度过;通读
7.thanks to 幸亏;归因于
8.online community 在线社区
9.switch off/on 关/开(电灯、机器等)
10.digital divide 数字鸿沟
重点句型
1.每当我有空闲时间,我就会浏览互联网寻找有趣的信息。(whenever引导时间状语从句)
Whenever I have free time,I browse the Internet for interesting information.
2.由于网络环境如此脆弱,我们需要采取更多安全措施。(with复合结构)
With the network environment so vulnerable,we need to take more security measures.
3.这个网站提供如此清晰的信息,所以用户能轻松找到他们需要的内容。(so that引导结果状语从句)
The website provides information so clearly that users can easily find what they need.
4.既然网络安全系统已经升级,我们不必担心个人信息在网上泄露了。(now that引导原因状语从句)
Now that the network security system has been upgraded,we don’t have to worry about our personal information being leaked online.
[教师备用]
答案:1.carry　2.updated　3.software　4.lonely　5.inspired　6.improved
　　　　　　　　　　　　 　　　　　　　　　　 　　　　　　　　　　
(　　)1.What’s the main idea of Paragraph 1
A.The reason why people use the Internet.
B.How the Internet came into being.
C.What people do when shopping.
D.The changes the Internet has made.
(　　)2.What is the function of the last two sentences in Paragraph 1
A.To draw readers’ attention to the former part.
B.To introduce the following part.
C.To make a contrast.
D.To make a summary.
(　　)3.What does the word “bridge” in Paragraph 4 mean
A.Remove. B.Decorate.
C.Broaden. D.Increase.
(　　)4.What can we learn from Jan’s experiences
A.When you are ill,you must quit your job.
B.If you stay at home,you can’t live without the Internet.
C.Old people can’t learn how to use computers.
D.People’s lives have been changed by online communities and social networks.
答案:1.D　2.B　3.A　4.D
1.convenient adj.方便的;近便的
conveniently adv.方便地
convenience n.方便;便利
inconvenient adj.不方便的
She prefers to buy her groceries online because it’s more convenient for her.
她更喜欢在网上购买杂货,因为这样对她来说更方便。
It is very convenient for people to travel in Beijing by underground.
对人们来说,在北京乘地铁出行是非常方便的。
归纳拓展 ·be convenient for sb/sth对某人/某事来说是方便的 it is convenient for sb to do sth 对某人来说做某事是方便的 ·at one’s convenience 在某人方便的时候 for convenience 为了方便起见
(1)convenient作表语时,不可用人作主语,而要用物作主语或用it作形式主语。在“it is convenient for sb to do sth”结构中介词for不能用介词of代替。“当你方便的时候”应翻译成when it is convenient for you,而不是when you are convenient。
(2)convenience意为“方便;便利”时,为不可数名词;意为“便利的事物或设施”时,为可数名词。
(1)句子语法填空
①To enjoy the 　　　　 (convenient) of digital payment,many senior citizens started to use smartphones.
②　　　　 is convenient for us to chat,stream videos and download softwares with the help of Wi-Fi.
③His apartment is 　 　　(convenient) situated close to the city centre.
(2)完成句子
④Can you telephone me 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　(在你方便时) to arrange a meeting
答案:(1)①convenience　②It　③conveniently (2)④at your convenience
2.stuck adj.卡住;陷(入);困(于);被难住
stick vt.& vi.(stuck,stuck)刺入,戳进;粘(住),贴(住);伸出
(2022·新高考全国Ⅰ卷)We were stuck in the middle of the lake with a dead motor.
我们被困在湖中央,马达坏了。
(2023·浙江1月卷)They get stuck in traffic.
他们遇到了交通堵塞。
归纳拓展 ·be/get stuck in 卡住;陷入 ·stick to 坚持;遵守;粘住 stick out 伸出;突出;醒目
(1)句子语法填空
①The best way to success is sticking 　　　　 your goal.
②Unfortunately,the car got 　　　　(stick) in the muddy ground.
(2)完成句子
③They wrote the notice in big red letters so that it would 　　　　　　　　　　(醒目).
答案:(1)①to　②stuck　(2)③stick out
3.benefit n.益处
vt.使受益
vi.得益于
beneficial adj.有益的;有利的;受益的
(2023·新高考全国Ⅱ卷)She adds that the programme’s benefits go beyond nutrition.
她补充说这个项目的好处不仅仅在于营养。
We should spend the money on something that will benefit everyone.
我们应该把这笔钱花在大家都能获益的事上。
归纳拓展 ·for the benefit of sb=for one’s benefit 为了某人的利益 ·benefit sb/sth 使某人/某物受益 benefit from/by... 从……中受益/获益 ·be beneficial to...=be of benefit to... 对……有益;对……有利
(1)句子语法填空
①As we all know,books are the source of knowledge,　　　　 which we benefit a lot.
②As a result,　　　　 the benefit of your health,it is necessary that you should have enough sleep and rest.
(2)一句多译
了解中国的餐桌礼仪将对你很有益。
③ 　(vt.benefit)
④ 　(n.benefit)
⑤ 　(adj. beneficial)
答案:(1)①from/by　②for
(2)③Having a good knowledge of table manners of China will benefit you greatly.
④Having a good knowledge of table manners of China will be of great benefit to you.
⑤Having a good knowledge of table manners of China will be very beneficial to you.
4.distance n.距离
distant adj.遥远的;冷漠的
Distance is no problem on the Internet.
在互联网上距离根本不是问题。
You need a seat which supports your back and the book should be at the right distance from your eyes.
你需要一个可以支撑你背部的座位,书应该与你的眼睛保持适当的距离。
归纳拓展 ·keep sb at a distance(=keep one’s distance from sb) 与某人保持一定距离;对某人冷淡、疏远 in the distance 在远处(强调距离很远) at/from a distance 从远处;离一段距离;久远地 at a distance of 在……远处 within walking distance 走着就能到 ·be distant from 远离;与……保持距离;与……疏远
(1)句子语法填空
①It was difficult to get along well with her because she always kept everyone 　　　　 a distance.
②The sound of the train was now fainter 　　 　 the distance.
③To many people,technology means computers,hand-held devices,or vehicles that travel to
　　　　(distance) planets.
(2)完成句子
④You can also visit the city museum,which is 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　(从你住的旅店走着就能到).
答案:(1)①at　②in　③distant　(2)④within walking distance of the hotel where you stay
5.inspire vt.鼓舞;激励;启发思考
inspired adj.备受鼓舞的;受到启发的
inspiring adj.启发灵感的;鼓舞人心的
inspiration n.鼓舞;灵感
(2023·全国乙卷)“I’m going to inspire so many people,” she said.
“我要激励很多人。”她说。
Her work didn’t exactly inspire me with confidence.
她的工作并没有真正地使我产生信心。
归纳拓展 inspire sb to do sth激励某人做某事 inspire sb with sth=inspire sth in sb用某事激励某人 be inspired by...受……激发
句子语法填空
①Dreams can be a rich source of 　　　　(inspire) for an artist.
②I 　　　　(inspire) by my mother’s words and decided to work hard to realise my own dream.
③When asked where her 　　　　 of the novel came from,she said her father’s 　　　　 words 　　　　 her to write it.(inspire)
答案:①inspiration　②was inspired
③inspiration;inspiring;inspired
In the lecture,the professor inspired the students to study hard to make contributions to the society.All the students present were inspired by his inspiring words,which gave them inspiration.
在讲座中,教授激励学生们努力学习,为社会作贡献。所有出席的学生都被他鼓舞人心的话所激励,这些话给了他们鼓舞。
6.access n.通道;(使用、查阅、接近或面见的)机会
vt.进入;使用;获取
accessible adj.可接近的;能得到的;可进入的;可使用的
(2023·新高考全国Ⅱ卷)As cities balloon with growth,access to nature for people living in urban areas is becoming harder to find.
随着城市的飞速发展,生活在城市地区的人们越来越难接触到大自然。
With the Internet,it is more convenient for us to access information.
有了互联网,我们获取信息更方便了。
归纳拓展 ·have/get/gain access to拥有……的机会;可以接近;进入 ·be accessible to...可接近/可靠近/可使用……
access前通常不加冠词,且上述短语中的to都是介词。
(1)句子语法填空
①All the citizens should be given free access 　　　　 the library.
(2)完成句子
②Medicine should not be kept where it 　　　　　　　　(易接近的) children.
③Students in our school 　　　　　　　(有机会接近) excellent sports facilities.
答案:(1)①to　(2)②is accessible to　③have/get/gain access to
7.go through经历;度过;通读;完成;仔细检查;彻查;(法律、协议等)被通过;查看
He went through many difficulties,which didn’t discourage him.
他经历了许多困难,但这没有让他灰心丧气。
Lily went through the book quickly just now.
莉莉刚才很快地把这本书通读了一遍。
They spent several days going through all related materials.
他们花了好几天的时间详细查看了所有相关的资料。
归纳拓展 go by (时间)流逝;过去 go after 争取;追求 go ahead 前进;领先;进行;说吧 go over 复习;越过;检查 go against 违背;违反 go up 上涨;上升 go down 下降;(日、月)落下
一词多义
①Not until he went through real hardship did he realise the love we have for our families is important.　　　　　　　
②We need to go through the security before we can board the plane.　　　　　　　
③I had just gone through my homework when the telephone rang.　　　　　　　
④I went through my pockets looking for the keys.　　　　　　　
答案:①经历　②通过　③完成　④仔细检查
1.with复合结构
With so many emails to answer,he will be much busier tomorrow.(表示将要发生的动作)
有这么多电子邮件要回复,他明天会更忙。
With the audiences cheering,the famous pianist walked to the concert hall.(表示主动的或者正在发生的动作)
在观众们的欢呼声中,这位著名的钢琴家走向音乐厅。
He lay on the bed with the bedroom door closed.(表示完成的动作)
他躺在床上,卧室的门关着。
(1)完成句子
①我有许多问题要解决,不能跟你去滑冰了。
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　,I can’t go skating with you.
②问题解决了,他对结果感到相当满意。
　　　　　　　　　　　　,he felt quite satisfied with the result.
③有那么多的孩子围坐在他周围,这个老人感到非常开心。
The old man felt very happy 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　.
④他的注意力集中在屏幕上,清楚地听到了老师提出的问题。
He heard the question his teacher raised clearly 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　.
(2)句型转换
⑤So many people communicate in English every day.It will become more and more important to have a good knowledge of English.
→With　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　,it will become more and more important to have a good knowledge of English.
答案:(1)①With a lot of problems to settle ②With the matter settled　③with so many children sitting around him　④with his attention on the screen　(2)⑤so many people communicating in English every day
2.now that 引导原因状语从句,意为“既然;由于”。
(2023·全国甲卷)Now,please tell us,do you sometimes feel worried about your daughter,now that she’s grown up
现在请告诉我们,既然你的女儿已经长大了,那你有时候还会担心她吗
Now that you have got such a good chance,you may as well make good use of it.
既然你得到了这样一个好的机会,你不妨好好利用它。
归纳拓展 　　now that引导原因状语从句,在口语中可以省略that。now that与since意思相近,不能与so连用。
引导原因状语的介词短语有due to、thanks to、because of、as a result of、owing to、on account of等。
The flight was cancelled due to the bad weather.
由于天气不好,航班被取消了。
The team won the game as a result of their excellent performance.
该团队由于表现出色,赢得了比赛。
完成句子
①　　　　　　　　　　　　　　(由于他已经退休了),he has more time to do the things he enjoys.
②　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　(既然你已经吸取了教训),try not to repeat the mistake.
③　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　(由于我们有了明确的策略),it will be easier for us to achieve our goals.
答案:①Now that he’s retired　②Now that you have learnt the lesson　③Now that we have a clear strategy
[教师备用]
　She was ①so inspired by the people ②she met online that she decided to start an IT club ③to teach older people how to use computers and the Internet.
她受到网友的启发,决定成立一个IT俱乐部来教年长一些的人们学习使用电脑和互联网。
分析:本句是一个复合句。①为“so...that...”结构,其中that引导结果状语从句;②是省略了who/that的定语从句,修饰先行词people; ③是动词不定式作目的状语。
　①她受到作演讲的教授的鼓舞,决定加入一个志愿者俱乐部,帮助有需要的人。
She was 　　　　　　　　 by the professor 　　　　 gave the speech 　　　　 she decided to join a volunteer club 　 .
②汤姆被旅途中看到的风景所吸引,决定再多待两天来欣赏这里的美景。
Tom was 　　　　　　　　 by the beautiful scenery 　　　　 he saw during the trip 　　　　 he decided to stay for two more days 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　.
答案:①so inspired;who/that;that;to help those in need
②so attracted;that/which/不填;that;to enjoy/appreciate the beauty here
网络与网络社交描写
1.follow 关注
2.unfollow 取消关注
3.block 屏蔽
4.report 举报
5.like 赞/点赞
6.forward 转发
7.netizen 网友
8.subscription 订阅号
9.personal information 个人信息
10.post article 推送文章
11.social networking application 社交网络应用软件
12.abundant resources 丰富的资源
1.Lots of parents share cute photos of their babies on social media sites.
许多父母在社交媒体网站上分享自己孩子的可爱的照片。
2.You can choose to simply unfollow those users,block them or report the accounts to the platform—all with just one click.
你可以选择简单地取消关注那些用户、屏蔽他们或向平台举报那些账号——只需单击一下鼠标即可。
1.这些订阅号每天推送有用的文章,获得网友们的点赞。
2.和网上的朋友交流时,我们最好不要透露个人信息。
答案:1.These subscriptions post useful articles every day and receive “likes” from netizens.
2.When communicating with friends online,we’d better not give out personal information.
课文二次开发利用
[教师备用]
课文语法填空
Jan Tchamani,an English teacher in Birmingham,UK,suddenly developed a serious illness and had to quit her job.At age 50,she found herself out of work and 1.　　　　(stick) at home.After a while,she discovered that 2.　　　　 (surf) the Internet could help her feel less lonely and bored.She could do all kinds of things online.She also joined 3.　　　 　 online group where she could talk about her problems and get support and advice 4.　 　 others.
She realised that one of the greatest 5.　　　　(benefit) of the Internet was its ability to remove the distance 6.　　　　 usually exists between people.7.　　 　　(inspire) by the people she met online,she decided to start an IT club to teach older people how to use computers and the Internet.She and her friends now organise events and collect money
8.　　 　　 (pay) for private teachers.Jan has started taking online classes to learn more about how to use the Internet to make society 9.　　 　　(good).Jan’s life has been 10.　　　　(great) improved by the Internet.
答案:1.stuck　2.surfing　3.an　4.from　5.benefits　6.that/which　7.Inspired　8.to pay　9.better　10.greatlyPart 2　核心考点突破
阅读单词
1.troll n.发挑衅帖子的人;恶意挑衅的帖子
2.immoral adj.不道德的,道德败坏的
3.cyberbully n.网霸
vt.& vi.网络欺凌
核心单词
1.desire　　　 n.渴望,欲望;渴求
vt.希望得到;想要
2.account n.账户;描述
3.wired adj.内含金属丝的,夹丝的
4.theft n.偷(窃);盗窃罪
5.command n.指令;命令;掌握;控制
v.命令;控制
6.false adj.假的;错误的
7.monitor vt.监视,跟踪调查;监听
n.显示屏;监测器
8.upset adj.心烦的;苦恼的;沮丧的
vt.(upset,upset)使烦恼;使生气;搅乱
9.case n.盒;箱;情况;案件
运用词汇
1.privacy n.隐私;私密→private adj.私有的;私人的;秘密的→privately adv.私下(地);秘密地
2.creativity n.创造力;独创性→creative adj.创造性的→create vt.创造
3.rude adj.粗鲁的;无礼的→rudely adv.粗鲁地;无礼地→rudeness n.粗鲁;无礼
4.secure adj.安全的→security n.安全;保护措施
5.particular adj.特定的;特别的;讲究的→particularly adv.非常;尤其;特别
重点词块
1.keep track of 掌握……的最新消息;了解……的动态
2.click on (在计算机屏幕上用鼠标)点击
3.speed up 加速
4.give out 泄露;分发;耗尽
5.have access to 接近;接触;进入
6.make fun of 取笑;戏弄
7.keep (...) in mind 牢记
重点句型
1.在网上分享个人信息可能会有风险。(动名词短语作主语)
Sharing personal information online can be risky.
2.我每天浏览很多网络新闻,以便我能了解世界上发生的事情。(so that引导目的状语从句)
I browse a lot of online news every day so that I can learn about what’s going on around the world.
3.你掌握的网络知识越多,你对数字世界的视野就越开阔。(the+比较级,the+比较级)
The more knowledge about the network you acquire,the broader your vision of the digital world will be.
[教师备用]
答案:1.uncomfortable　2.comments　3.privacy　4.rude　5.Mean　6.made fun of
(　　)1.What does the writer tell us in Paragraph 1
A.Definition of online safety. B.The writer’s bad experiences.
C.Guidelines on online safety. D.The topic of the post.
(　　)2.What is the golden rule of the Internet
A.Leave uncomfortable sites at once.
B.Protect your personal information.
C.Be polite to others.
D.Post comments on anything.
(　　)3.What can we learn according to Boy579
A.Boy579 always makes trouble in the chat room.
B.Boy579 had a bad experience online.
C.Amy’s photo was posted online by Boy579.
D.Amy was made fun of by Boy579.
答案:1.D　2.A　3.B
1.account n.账户;描述;解释
vt.说明……的原因;解释
What’s your account number please
请问你的账户号码是什么
Scientists are trying to account for this phenomenon.
科学家们正在努力解释这个现象。
归纳拓展 ·open/close a bank account 开启/关闭银行账户 on no account(=in no way) 决不(位于句首时,句子要用倒装结构) on account of(=because of) 由于;因为 give an account of 报告;叙述;说明 take account of sth=take...into account/consideration 考虑 ·account for 解释;是……的原因;(在数量和比例上)占
完成句子
①He 　　　　　　　　　　　　(描述了) what happened to him in the forest.
②The flight was delayed 　　　　　　　　　　(由于) the bad weather.
③This experimental result can 　　　　　　　　(被解释) by multiple reasons.
④I do hope you will 　　　　　　　　　　　　(考虑我的申请).
答案:①gave an account of　②on account of/because of　③be accounted for　④take account of my application/take my application into account/consideration
They were prevented from returning home on account of the sudden rain.Besides,taking safety into account,they decided to stay in the tent for another night.
因为突然下雨,他们不能回家。而且出于安全考虑,他们决定在帐篷里再待一晚。
2.give out泄露;分发;耗尽
Tom was so careless that he gave out his address and ID card number online.
汤姆如此粗心以至于把地址和身份证号泄露在网上了。
Our teacher is giving out the test papers.
我们的老师正在分发考卷。
归纳拓展 give off 发出,放出(气味、光、热等) give away 分发;捐赠;泄露;背叛 give back 归还;恢复 give in 交上;让步;投降 give up 放弃;认输
句子语法填空
①The sun gives 　　　　 light and heat.
②Those flowers look pretty but don’t give 　　　　 a nice smell.
③You are supposed to give your work 　　　　 before Monday.
④Did you really give 　　　　 all your furniture when you moved into the new house last month
答案:①off　②off　③in　④away
3.particular adj.特定的;特别的;讲究的
particularly adv.非常;尤其;特别
He loves science fiction in particular.
他尤其喜爱科幻小说。
My good friend Jane is very particular about food.
我的好朋友简对食物很挑剔。
归纳拓展 in particular 特别;尤其 be particular about/over 对……挑剔 be particular to 为……所特有
(1)句子语法填空
①The weather conditions in that area are 　　　　 (particular) noteworthy (注意) for tourists.
②My deskmate Jane is very particular 　　　　 her appearance.
(2)完成句子
③The architectural style of this city is very unique,　　　　　　　　(特别;尤其) the ancient buildings.
答案:(1)①particularly　②about/over　(2)③in particular
4.make fun of取笑;戏弄
He was made fun of for his new hairstyle,which left him upset a whole morning.
他因自己的新发型而被取笑,这使他难过了整整一个上午。
Making fun of others is something that we should never do.
我们永远都不应该取笑他人。
归纳拓展 ·have fun 玩得开心 for fun 为了消遣 ·it is fun to do sth 做某事很有趣 What fun it is to do sth!做某事真有趣!
(1)句子语法填空
①I’ll do some reading 　　　　 fun and for knowledge as well.
②It is fun 　　　　 (play) the game of hide and seek.
③Jack gets along well with his classmates,and they often make fun　　　　 each other.
(2)完成句子
④　　　　　　　　　　　　(多有趣) to go skating with your friends in winter!
答案:(1)①for　②to play　③of　(2)④What fun it is
5.upset adj.心烦的;苦恼的;沮丧的
vt.(upset,upset)使烦恼;使生气;搅乱;打翻
I was upset to learn that many sea animals eat plastic garbage,thinking it is food.
当我得知许多海洋动物吃塑料垃圾,以为那是食物时,我很难过。
I am upset that my friend didn’t invite me to the party.
使我难过的是,我的朋友没有邀请我参加聚会。
归纳拓展 ·be upset about/over/at 对……烦恼/不安/不高兴 be upset that对……感到心烦/难过 be upset to do sth 对做某事感到不安/难过 ·upset sb使某人心烦 it upsets sb that...使某人不高兴的是……
(1)句子语法填空
①He was upset 　　　　 the examination result.
②She was upset 　　　　 (discover) that her application for the job had been rejected.
(2)完成句子
③　　　　　　　　　　　　 (让他不高兴的是) the team lost the game.
答案:(1)①about/over/at　②to discover
(2)③It upsets him that/upset him that
Jim was doing his homework.The flies’ flying around him without a stop upset him.He was so upset and annoyed that he upset the cup at the corner of the desk.
吉姆在做家庭作业。苍蝇不停地在他周围飞来飞去,这让他心烦意乱。他如此烦躁和生气,以至于打翻了放在桌角的杯子。
6.keep(...) in mind牢记
We must keep this lesson in mind to avoid making similar mistakes.
为了避免犯类似的错误,我们要牢记这个教训。
Keep in mind that you should never give away your personal information to any strangers on the Internet.
记住,你绝不要在网上把你的个人信息透露给任何陌生人。
归纳拓展 bear...in mind 牢记 keep/bear in mind that...牢记…… make up one’s mind to do sth 下定决心做某事 change one’s mind 改变主意
完成句子
①Although he is very busy,he has 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　(下定决心) to attend the conference.
②Please 　　　　　　　　(记住) that success comes from hard work while laziness leads to failure.
③He refused to listen to our advice,but in the end he 　　　　　　　　　　(改变了主意).
答案:①made up his mind　②keep/bear in mind ③changed his mind
7.case n.盒;箱;情况;案件;病例
The books were carefully packed in strong cases.
这些书被小心地装进结实的箱子里。
It was a classic case of bad management.
这是一个典型的管理不善的案例。
归纳拓展 in case 以防;万一;以免 in case of 如果发生;假设;万一…… in this/that case 假使这样/那样的话 in no case 决不;在任何情况下都不(放在句首时,句子用部分倒装) in any case 无论如何 in most cases 在多数情况下 as is often the case (with...) (对……来说)这是常有的事
case作定语从句的先行词时,若从句缺少状语,用where引导。
Today,we’ll discuss a number of cases where beginners of English fail to use the language properly.
今天,我们将讨论一些英语初学者不能正确使用语言的情况。
(1)句子语法填空
①　　　　 no case should anybody be allowed to smoke here.
②I can think of many cases 　　　　 students knew quite a few English words and expressions but couldn’t write a good essay.
(2)完成句子
③　　　　　　　　　　　　　 (这是常有的事),he shouts when he gets angry.
④You’d better take the keys just 　　　　　　　　(以防) I am out.
答案:(1)①In　②where　(2)③As is often the case　④in case
　“the+比较级...,the+比较级...”意为“越……,就越……”。
The more careful you are,the fewer mistakes you will make.
你越仔细,你犯的错就会越少。
(2022·全国甲卷)The more time you spend in any given country,the more comfortable you’ll begin to feel with its foreign cultural practices.
你在任何一个国家待的时间越长,你就会越适应当地的文化习俗。
归纳拓展 在此句型中,前面的“the+比较级...”相当于一个条件状语从句,因此在表示将来意义的情况时,通常要用一般现在时表示将来;而后一个“the+比较级...”是主句,用一般将来时
完成句子
①你练习得越多,你的英语就会说得越好。
　　　　　　　 you practise,　　　　　　　 you will speak English.
②问题越难,他回答出来的可能性就越小。
　　　　　　　　 the questions are,　　　　　　　　 he is to answer them.
③你对我们的传统文化了解得越多,你就对它越感兴趣。
　　　　　　　　 you know about our traditional culture,　　　　　　　　 you are interested in it.
答案:①The more;the better　②The more difficult;the less likely　③The more;the more
[教师备用]
If you see or read something ②that makes you feel①uncomfortable,leave the site immediately.
如果你的所见所读让你反感,立即退出该网站。
分析:本句是一个复合句,其中leave the site immediately为主句。①是If引导的条件状语从句,②是that引导的定语从句,修饰先行词something。
　①如果你在读文章时碰到不认识的单词,先试着根据上下文猜猜它的含义。
　　　　　　　　　　 a word 　　　　 you don’t know while reading,　　　　　　　　　　　　　 from the context first.
②如果你在上网时看到吸引你的好句子,记下来并试着把它们用在自己的作文中。
　　　　　　　　　 some good sentences 　　　　 appeal to you when surfing the Internet,　 and try to use them in your own composition.
答案:①If you come across; that; try to guess the meaning　②If you see; that; write them down
实用的英文连接词
1.as well as 以及;也
2.for example/for instance 例如
3.thus/therefore/hence/consequently/accordingly/as a result/as a consequence 因此
4.then/next 然后;接下来
5.to begin with/to start with/firstly/ in the first place 首先
6.otherwise 否则;要不然
7.even if/even though 即使
8.finally/in the end/eventually/lastly 最后
9.in addition/what’s more/additionally 此外
10.in the same way 同样地
11.not only...but (also)...不仅……而且……
12.on the one hand/on the other hand 一方面/另一方面
13.in short/in brief/in a word/in conclusion/all in all 总而言之
14.on the contrary 恰恰相反
15.in other words/that is to say/to put in another way 换句话说
16.last but not least 最后但同样重要的是
17.for one thing/for another一则/二则
1.In conclusion,network security not only involves national security,but also affects economic and social stability.
总而言之,网络安全不仅涉及国家安全,而且影响着经济和社会稳定。
2.First of all,what we can do is to regulate our daily actions.For example,garbage can’t be thrown into ocean.
首先,我们能做的是规范我们的日常行为。例如,不把垃圾扔进海洋。
3.What’s more,we can also hand out leaflets to call on more people to protect the ocean.
此外,我们还可以分发传单,呼吁更多的人来保护海洋。
1.一方面,互联网可以让我们便捷地获取信息,但另一方面,互联网带来的负面影响也不容忽视。
2.总之,网络是有用的工具,但是我们决不能沉迷其中。
答案:1.On the one hand,the Internet can make us get information conveniently;but on the other hand,the negative influence brought by the Internet can not be ignored.
2.In a word/In conclusion/In short,the Internet is a useful tool;however,we should never be addicted to it.写作专项指导
写一篇博文
1.文体类型:议论文。通常用于在网络上分享经验和发表评论。
2.要点内容:
(1)提出安全上网的建议;
(2)介绍常见的网络问题:身份盗用(identity theft),网络挑事者(troll)挑起争端和网络恶霸(cyberbully)写恶评;
(3)邀请读者分享经验和发表评论。
1.议论文开头常用句式。
Recently,the problem of...has aroused people’s concern.
It is commonly believed that.../It is a common belief that...
With the development of science and technology,more and more people hold a belief that...
Nowadays,...has become a serious problem.
I am writing to express my views concerning...
2.议论文主体常用句式。
The problem has been mentioned and emphasised in our society more frequently than ever before.
Some people,maybe,hold the view while I still think...
However,some argue that...
I think it would be more beneficial if you could...
When it comes to such a situation,I would like to suggest that you...
3.议论文结尾常用句式。
As for me...
Hopefully,the advice can be helpful to you.
Do you have some good advice Please post your comments below.
I hope you will find these suggestions/recommendations helpful/practical/useful.
I would be more than happy to see improvement in this regard.
假设你是李华,你的好友Amy邀请你参加“网上安全”论坛,请在该论坛上以“网上购物时,如何维护自身安全”为话题,用英语发表你的看法与建议。
注意:写作词数应为80个左右。
Ⅰ.对接话题词汇
1.　　　　　　　　 网上购物
2.　　　　　　　　 n.网页;网站
3.　　　　　　　　 对……熟悉
4.　　　　　　　　 n.密码
5.　　　　　　　　 n.账户;描述;解释
6.　　　　　　　　 牢记
7.　　　　　　　　 泄露;分发;耗尽
答案:1.shopping online　2.website　3.be familiar with
4.password　5.account　6.keep (...) in mind　7.give out
Ⅱ.巧用核心句式、语法
1.今天,我想谈论一个问题——如何在网上购物时维护自身安全。
Today,I want to talk about a question—　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　.
2.首先,最好使用你熟悉的网站。
Firstly,you’d better use a website 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　.
3.有必要使用一些由知名公司运营的正规购物网站。
It is necessary to use some 　　　　　　　　　　 which are run by the famous companies.
4.此外,使用强密码来保护你自己的账号会更安全。
Furthermore,it will be safer to use a strong password 　 .
5.如果你的密码加强了,你的账号就会更安全。
If your password is stronger,　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　.
6.最后但同样重要的是,记住,你不应该使用公共电脑在网上购物。
Last but not least,you shouldn’t use public computer to shop online,　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　.
7.可能有一些计算机病毒会泄露你的账号密码。
There may be some computer viruses which can 　 .
8.总而言之,记住这个黄金法则:网上购物时要谨慎。你的建议呢
All in all,remember the golden rule:　　　　　　　　　　　 when shopping online.How about your advice
答案:1.how to stay safe when you are shopping online
2.that/which you are familiar with
3.formal shopping websites
4.to protect your own account
5.your account will be safer
6.which you must keep in mind
7.give out your account password
8.Being cautious
1.将第5句改成“the+比较级...,the+比较级...”结构。
2.先用it作形式宾语改写第6句,再把第6、第7两句连成一句。
答案:1.The stronger your password is,the safer your account will be.
2.Last but not least,keep it in mind that you shouldn’t use public computer to shop online,because there may be some computer viruses which can give out your account password.
Today,I want to talk about a question—how to stay safe when you are shopping online.
Firstly,you’d better use a website that/which you are familiar with.It is necessary to use some formal shopping websites which are run by the famous companies.Furthermore,it will be safer to use a strong password to protect your own account.The stronger your password is,the safer your account will be.Last but not least,keep it in mind that you shouldn’t use public computer to shop online,because there may be some computer viruses which can give out your account password.
All in all,remember the golden rule:Being cautious when shopping online.How about your advice
随着社会的发展和互联网的普及,许多不文明用语在网上流传开来。假设你是李华,最近学校网站正在征集建议,请你以“网络不文明用语”为话题写一篇英文博文,内容要点如下:
1.现状;
2.危害(损害网络环境,影响身心健康等);
3.提出建议(远离不文明用语,共创网络文明环境等)。
注意:写作词数应为80个左右。
参考词语:网络环境the Internet
environment;不文明的uncivilised。
One possible version:
With the development of society and the popularity of the Internet,more and more people like chatting online.
As a result,lots of uncivilised words come into being,which does great harm to our society.On the one hand,they damage the Internet environment.On the other hand, they influence teenagers’ physical and mental health,which will have a bad effect on their development.
As high school students,we need to take measures to solve the problem.Firstly,we should call for our classmates and friends to keep away from uncivilised words and express our ideas politely.Secondly,we should report this problem to the government to ask for some help.Let’s work together to create a better network atmosphere.
Ⅰ.重点讲义回顾
1.convenient adj.方便的;近便的
adv.方便地 conveniently
n.方便;便利 convenience
adj.不方便的 inconvenient
①为了方便起见 for convenience
②在某人有空的时候 at one’s convenience
③您能在有空的时候修改一下我的简历吗
Could you please polish my résumé when it is convenient for you
2.benefit n.益处
vt.使受益
vi.得益于
adj.有益的;有利的;受益的 beneficial
①为了某人的利益 for the benefit of sb=for one’s benefit
②从……中受益/获益 benefit from/by...
③对……有益;对……有利 be beneficial to...=be of benefit to...
④杰克从来没有想到这个小小的善举会让他受益良多。
It never occurred to Jack that his small act of kindness would benefit him so much.
3.inspire vt.鼓舞;激励;启发思考
adj.备受鼓舞的;受到启发的 inspired
adj.启发灵感的;鼓舞人心的 inspiring
n.鼓舞;灵感 inspiration
①用某事激励某人inspire sb with sth=inspire sth in sb
②受……激发 be inspired by...
③这次比赛的目的是激励学生更加重视体育锻炼。
The purpose of this race was to inspire students to pay more attention to physical exercise.
4.access n.通道;(使用、查阅、接近或面见的)机会
vt.进入;使用;获取
adj.可接近的;能得到的;可进入的;可使用的 accessible
①拥有……的机会;可以接近;进入have/get/gain access to
②可接近/可靠近/可使用…… be accessible to...
③我们学校的体育馆对我们学生来说很方便,我们锻炼时能使用。
Our school stadium is accessible to us students,and we can get access to it when taking exercise.
5.account n.账户;描述;解释
vt.说明……的原因;解释
①由于;因为 on account of(=because of)
②决不 on no account=(in no way)
③考虑 take account of sth=take...into account/consideration
④然而,选择阅读英语书籍的学生只占18%。
However,those who choose to read English books only account for 18%.
6.case n.盒;箱;情况;案件;病例
①以防;万一;以免 in case
②无论如何 in any case
③(对……来说)这是常有的事 as is often the case (with...)
④我决不会忘记他眼中的失望。
In no case shall I forget the disappointment in his eyes.
Ⅱ.重点句型练习
1.因为要参加一个重要的会议,我不能陪你去看电影了。
With an important meeting to attend,I can’t accompany you to see the movie.
2.我很外向,与聚会上的人交流毫无困难。
I am so outgoing that I have no trouble in talking to the people at the party.
3.无论何时我遇到困难,他积极的生活态度总是让我受到鼓舞。
His positive attitude towards life always makes me inspired whenever I am in trouble.
4.你学习越努力,你取得的进步就越大。
The harder you study,the greater progress you will make.
Ⅲ.重点语法回顾
1.现在完成时的被动语态的构成有以下几种。
(1)肯定句的结构是“主语+have/has been done+其他成分.”。
(2)否定句的结构是“主语+have/has not been done+其他成分.”。
(3)一般疑问句的结构是“Have/Has+主语+been done+其他成分 ”。
(4)特殊疑问句的结构是“特殊疑问词+have/has+主语+been done+其他成分 ”。
2.(1)带有双宾语的动词,如give、bring、show、tell、buy、lend等,变为被动语态时,一般将间接宾语变为被动语态的主语;若将直接宾语变为被动语态的主语,间接宾语前通常需要用相应的介词。
(2)动词短语是一个不可分割的整体,在被动语态中要保持其完整性,不可省略动词短语中的介词或副词。

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