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素养测练(一)　UNIT 1　Part 1
Ⅰ.单词拼写
1.Persistence is a 　　　　(关键性的) factor to solve this problem.
2.Our main 　　　　(目标) was the recovery of the child safe and well.
3.This research attempts to 　　　　(评估) the effectiveness of the different drugs.
4.The team examined the medical 　　　　(特性) of these plants.
5.Yesterday I finally　　　　(获得) a copy of the report.
6.It is generally 　　　　(承认) to be true.
7.She patiently 　　　　(分析) the results of the experiment and drew a conclusion.
8.His voice was quiet but every word was 　　　　 (清晰的).
9.This female scientist 　　　　(坚持) on testing the medicine on herself in the last experiment.
10.He took a very 　　　　(科学的) approach to management.
答案:1.crucial　2.objective　3.evaluate 4.properties　5.obtained　6.acknowledged
7.analysed　8.distinct　9.insisted　10.scientific
Ⅱ.语境填词
1.Being able to use a computer freely makes it much easier for him to do his 　　　　(academy) research.
2.He is a great scientist,　　　　(commit) to his research in physics.
3.A person should not be 　　　　(evaluate)by his appearance only.
4.Could you tell us the chief 　　　　(distinct) of Chinese poetry
5.　　　　 returning from Beijing,he dedicated himself to his medical work.
6.Their first attempt to extract artemisinin failed,but they wouldn’t be　　　　 (defeat).
7.We are faced with two 　　　　(apparent)contradictory statements.
8.The renowned　　　　 (novel) was awarded the prestigious literary prize for his latest work.
9.He decided to devote the rest of his life to 　　　　(science) investigation.
10.We haven’t got sufficient information from which to draw a 　　　　(conclude).
11.Although we have only met 　　　　 chance,I can see you are a very remarkable girl with a clear purpose in life.
12.Historians generally acknowledge her 　　　　 a genius in her field.
13.Further data　　　　 (obtain) has confirmed the result of this experiment.
14.The explorer’s expedition led 　　　　 a fascinating encounter with a previously undiscovered species.
15.Blood samples were sent to the lab for 　　　　 (analyse).
答案:1.academic　2.committed　3.evaluated　4.distinction　5.On/Upon　6.defeated　7.apparently　8.novelist　9.scientific　10.conclusion　11.by　12.as　13.obtained
14.to　15.analysis
Ⅲ.情境写作
1.她收到了一封信,信中对她在生物学研究方面的杰出贡献表示感谢。 (acknowledge)
2.重要的是我们应该从失败中吸取教训。(It is vital that)
3.作为一名化学家,他坚持以最高标准为实验做准备。(insist on)
4.最后,他的理论能否在社会发展中发挥作用尚待分晓。(in conclusion)
5.他们致力于保护环境。(be committed to doing sth)
答案:1.She received a letter acknowledging her outstanding contributions to biological research.
2.It is vital that we should learn a lesson from our failure.
3.As a chemist,he insists on the highest standards in preparing for experiments.
4.In conclusion,it remains to be seen whether his theory can play a role in social development.
5.They are committed to protecting the environment.
Ⅰ.阅读理解
A
China’s long history has seen many scientists making great contributions to the development of ancient China and even the world.We have selected several greatest scientists in ancient China and hope to help you learn more about Chinese science and technology.
Zhang Zhongjing was a Chinese physician in the Eastern Han Dynasty.He founded medication principles and summarized the medicinal experience before his time.His famous work Treatise on Cold Damage and Miscellaneous Diseases (《伤寒杂病论》) had a major influence on the practice of traditional Chinese medicine.Today,this great book is still considered very important in the practice of Chinese medicine.
Li Daoyuan was a great Chinese geographer during the Northern Wei Dynasty.He wrote the famous work Commentary on the Water Classic (《水经注》).The book is a great work on the ancient geography of China and it sums up China’s geography and its surrounding areas before Northern Wei Dynasty.
Sun Simiao was an outstanding medical scientist in the Tang Dynasty.He was called “China’s King of Medicine” for his important contributions to traditional Chinese medicine.Sun authored two books—Essential Prescriptions Worth a Thousand Gold for Emergencies(《备急千金要方》) and Supplement to the Essential Prescriptions Worth a Thousand Gold(《千金翼方》) that were both landmarks in Chinese medicine history.
Shen Kuo was a great Chinese scientist and politician of the Northern Song Dynasty.He compiled (汇编) a scientific work Dream Pool Essays,which involves a lot descriptions about the animals and plants in the country.Shen also first described the magnetic needle compass,which would be used for navigation (航行).His discovery of concept of true north towards the north pole was more than four hundred years earlier than Europe.　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 　　　　　
(　　)1.The passage is mainly written to 　　　.
A.encourage readers to learn from these great scientists
B.explain what contributes to the development of ancient China
C.broaden readers’ horizons on Chinese science and technology
D.introduce the great medical contributions Chinese scientists made
(　　)2.Whose work had a great effect on the practice of traditional Chinese medicine
A.Zhang Zhongjing’s. B.Li Daoyuan’s.
C.Sun Simiao’s. D.Shen Kuo’s.
(　　)3.What do we know about Shen Kuo
A.He was a Chinese physician in the Eastern Han Dynasty.
B.He worked on the ancient geography of China.
C.He was regarded as “China’s King of Medicine”.
D.He described the animals and plants a lot in his work.
语篇导读:本文是说明文。文章主要介绍了中国古代四位伟大的科学家以及他们的主要成就,希望能帮助读者更多地了解中国的科学技术。
答案及剖析:
1.C　细节理解题。根据第一段的最后一句可知,作者写这篇文章的主要目的是希望能帮助读者更多地了解中国的科学技术。故选C。
2.A　细节理解题。根据第二段的第三句可知,张仲景的著作《伤寒杂病论》对中医实践产生了重大影响。故选A。
3.D　细节理解题。根据最后一段的第二句可知,沈括编写了一部科学著作《梦溪笔谈》,其中涉及很多关于动植物的描述。故选D。
B
Science is a process that builds upon existing theories and knowledge by continuously revising them.Every aspect of scientific knowledge can be questioned,including the general rules of thinking that appear to be most certain.So why is science trustworthy if it is always changing If tomorrow we no longer see the world as Newton or Einstein found it to be,why should we take seriously today’s scientific description of the world
The answer is simpler.Because at any given moment of our history,this description of the world is the best we have.The fact that it can be made better can’t weaken the fact that it is a useful instrument for understanding the world.
Consider a folk healer’s medicine.Can we say this treatment is “scientific” Yes,if it is proved to be effective,even if we have no idea why it works.In fact,quite a few common medications used today have their origins in folk treatments,and we are still not sure how they work.This does not imply that folk treatments are generally effective.To the contrary,many of them are not.What distinguishes scientific medicine is the readiness to seriously test a treatment and to be ready to change our minds if something is shown not to work.A research doctor in a modern hospital must be ready to change his theory if a more effective way of understanding illness,or treating it,becomes available.
What makes modern science uniquely powerful is its refusal to believe that it already possesses ultimate truth.The reliability of science is based not on certainty but on a complete absence of certainty.As John Stuart Mill wrote in On Liberty in 1859,“The beliefs which we have most warrant (依据) for,have no safeguard to rest on,but a standing invitation to the whole world to prove them unfounded.”
(　　)4.Why does the author raise the two questions in Paragraph 1
A.To add some fun.
B.To introduce the topic.
C.To express doubts.
D.To provide background.
(　　)5.What can we learn about today’s scientific description of the world
A.It can be timeless.
B.It is of little value.
C.It can be improved.
D.It is the best at any moment.
(　　)6.What is the author’s attitude towards folk treatments
A.Indifferent. B.Pessimistic.
C.Objective. D.Sympathetic.
(　　)7.What is the main idea of the last paragraph
A.It is unwise to believe in science.
B.Too much uncertainty lies in science.
C.The foundation of science is unfounded.
D.The lack of certainty makes science reliable.
语篇导读:本文是议论文。文章主要论述了科学的发展是一个不断修正现有理论和知识的过程。
答案及剖析:
4.B　推理判断题。根据第一段内容及下文对于科学描述的论述可推知,文章第一段提出这两个问题是为了引出话题——科学的发展是一个不断修正现有理论和知识的过程。故选B。
5.C　细节理解题。根据第二段内容可知,尽管我们在历史的任何时刻对于世界的描述都是最好的,但对世界的描述可以变得更好,故当今对于世界的描述是可以改进的。故选C。
6.C　推理判断题。根据第三段的“In fact,quite a few common medications...To the contrary,many of them are not.”可推知,作者既说明了民间疗法现在仍然起作用,又提到了其存在不足,可见作者对民间疗法持客观态度。故选C。
7.D　段落大意题。根据最后一段的前两句可知,最后一段主要论述了科学的可靠性源自缺乏确定性,即缺乏确定性使科学变得可靠。故选D。
C
When antibiotics(抗生素)first became available,farmers used them freely.Now scientists know that the overuse of antibiotics can cultivate drug-resistant bacteria that are dangerous to human health.Among debates over what kinds of restrictions should be put in place,figuring out how antibiotic-resistant bacteria evolve and make their way to humans remains an area of intense interest.
Jo Handelsman is tracing one such pathway that,as she puts it,travels from “farm to table”.Handelsman,a microbiologist,looked into dairy cows,which are often treated with antibiotics and produce manure(排泄物)that farmers use on their crops.In addition to nutrients,that fertilizer may harbour antibiotic-resistant bacteria—a problem because the bacteria can come into contact with plants that are finally shipped to supermarkets and sometimes eaten raw.
To find out how those antibiotic-resistant bacteria come to exist,Handelsman and her colleagues added manure from a nearby farm to raised beds of soil in 2013.In this case,the manure specifically came from cows that were not treated with antibiotics.The researchers unexpectedly found that there were more soil bacteria carrying antibiotic-resistant genes when they were grown with the manure than when they were grown with synthetic nitrogen-based fertiliser—even though the cows were drug-free.
Previous research has found that manure from pigs treated with antibiotics contains resistant bacteria,but the cow-pie results suggest there are more factors promoting resistance besides antibiotic use.Something about manure itself may encourage naturally resistant bacteria to increase.
The findings should not,however,give the impression that resistance is everywhere,notes Lance Price,a microbiologist who was not involved in the study.“We can control this.There’s very clear evidence that when we turn off the antibiotic tap,we bring down drug-resistant bacteria,” says Lance.
Next on the farm-to-table schedule,Handelsman will test whether radishes grown in soil treated with cow manure are capable of taking up resistant genes from bacteria through their vascular system(循环系统).“They have veins (血管) just like us,” she says.“We don’t have any evidence yet that they’re taking up the bacteria,but it’s a really interesting possibility.”
(　　)8.What does Jo Handelsman’s research focus on
A.How antibiotics make their way onto our table.
B.What restrictions should be put to antibiotics use.
C.How antibiotic-resistant bacteria reach human beings.
D.What damage the overuse of antibiotics does to humans.
(　　)9.What did Jo Handelsman’s research find
A.Drug-free cows produced manure with antibiotic-resistant bacteria.
B.Synthetic nitrogen-based fertilizer did more good to the environment.
C.Soil bacteria carrying antibiotic-resistant genes were increasing with time.
D.Manure from pigs treated with antibiotics contained fewer resistant bacteria.
(　　)10.Lance Price is quoted in the passage in order to 　　　.
A.provide more evidence that drug-resistance bacteria are dangerous
B.suggest another possible explanation to the antibiotics problems
C.emphasise the importance of feeding cows with no antibiotics
D.show that the research findings may not be that worrisome
(　　)11.Which of the following statements is Jo Handelsman most likely to agree with
A.It is very likely that widespread resistance to antibiotics is not inevitable.
B.Plants grown in soil fertilised with cow manure may contain drug-resistant genes.
C.There is possibility that radishes take up resistant genes wherever they are planted.
D.The vascular system plays a key role in guarding radishes against bacteria.
语篇导读:本文是说明文。文章主要介绍了科学家Jo Handelsman关于“耐抗生素细菌是如何传播给人类的”的研究成果。
答案及剖析:
8.C　细节理解题。根据第一段最后一句中的“how antibiotic-resistant bacteria evolve and make their way to humans”可知,Jo Handelsman 的研究重点是耐抗生素细菌是如何传播给人类的。故选C。
9.A　细节理解题。根据第三段最后一句中的“even though the cows were drug-free”可知,Jo Handelsman的团队发现无药(drug-free)奶牛产生的粪便中含有耐抗生素细菌。故选A。
10.D　推理判断题。根据倒数第二段中的“We can control this.”可知,文章引用Lance的话是为了说明研究结果可能并不那么令人担忧(worrisome)。故选D。
11.B　推理判断题。根据最后一段内容可知,Jo Handelsman认为在施用牛粪的土壤中生长的植物可能含有抗药基因。故选B。
Ⅱ.七选五
Characteristics of an Excellent Scientist
The dictionary defines a scientist as a person having professional knowledge on one or more sciences,especially natural science.It also defines a scientist as someone who uses scientific methods.1.　 　
Curiosity.
2.　　　 Scientists such as Thomas Edison and George Westinghouse discovered things mainly because they wanted to know how things work.Without a drive to ask questions or even wonder,a scientist will never get to the first stage of the scientific process.
Patience.
Becoming a scientist takes a long time.There are very few jobs that take longer than this one.3.　　　 If you’re an instant-gratification type of person,this may not be the best choice for you.
Ethical (道德的) qualities.
In order to truly discover and use knowledge for the greater good,a scientist must have a desire to improve people’s life as well as the environment,since they are linked and they can affect one another in the long run.4.　　
Sticking to an old belief contradicted with evidence is dishonest.However,that belief shouldn’t be changed without powerful evidence.
5.　　
An excellent scientist even takes notes of the smallest observation and keeps it in mind.He/She can work well alone or in groups depending on what’s needed,and he/she also needs to communicate thoughts on paper and verbally.Networking connects him/her with colleagues working on similar projects where he/she may discover something new.
A.Working habits.
B.A scientist must report findings honestly regardless of personal interests or public opinion.
C.An excellent scientist must be very curious about things.
D.You still have much scientific research to do even if you received education on science.
E.One of the main places that many scientists work in is the research laboratory.
F.Working time.
G.Let’s look at some characteristics of an excellent scientist.
语篇导读:本文是说明文。文章主要介绍了优秀的科学家应该具备的一些性格特征与优秀品质。
答案及剖析:
1.G　根据上文可知,词典将科学家定义为“在一门或多门科学,特别是自然科学领域具有专业知识,使用科学方法的人”。结合下文介绍的科学家应有的特征可知,空处应起到承上启下的作用。故选G。
2.C　根据小标题“Curiosity.”以及下文科学家如托马斯·爱迪生和乔治·威斯汀豪斯发现事物主要是因为他们想知道事物是如何工作的可知,科学家都对于这个世界的一切未知抱有探索的欲望,对于一切充满好奇心,这是他们发现新事物的原因。故选C。
3.D　根据上文成为一名科学家需要很长时间,以及下文对于即时满足型的人来讲,这不是最好的选择可知,上文中关键词“takes a long time”以及下文关键词“an instant-gratification type of person、not be the best choice for you”与D项有对应关系,表明成为科学家需要很长时间,也需要耐心。故选D。
4.B　上文提到,科学家必须有改善人们生活和环境的愿望,下文坚持与证据相矛盾的旧观念是不诚实的,由此可知,科学家需要有更高的社会责任心与道德价值观,这与B项对应。故选B。
5.A　下文提到,一位优秀的科学家甚至会记下最微小的观察结果,将其牢记在心等工作细节的描述,由此可知,本段主要介绍科学家应有好的工作习惯,这将有助于他/她的工作和发现。故选A。
Ⅲ.语法填空
　　Keeping water in a plastic bottle for just one day may allow hundreds of chemicals to get into your drink.
The finding comes from a study by a group of 1.　　　　 (chemist) at the University of Copenhagen.They left tap water in both new and used plastic bottles 2.　　 　　 24 hours—both before and after machine washing—and then looked for substances that migrated (转移) from the plastic bottles into the water.Over 400 substances from the bottle plastic and over 3,500 substances from dishwasher soap 3.　　　　 (detect).Even the new bottles that had been rinsed (冲洗) out with water had nearly 500 chemicals in the water,more than 100 of 4.　　　　 came from the plastic itself.
The study showed machine washing a bottle leads to more substances 5.　　　　 (enter) the water.Selina Tisler,the study author,said,“A dishwasher seems quite 6.　　　　 (help) in rinsing (冲洗) out some of these unwanted chemicals but the heat and water actually wear down the plastic.This offers a possible 7.　　　　 (explain) for why most of the chemicals from the water bottles remain after machine washing.It is the first time we 8.　　　　 (be) aware of the fact.”
While 9.　　　　 is unclear whether these substances could have an impact on human health,researchers appeal to people 10.　　　　 (choose) glass bottles or quality stainless steel (不锈钢) bottles from now on.
语篇导读:本文是说明文。文章主要介绍了哥本哈根大学的一批化学家的一项研究。
答案及剖析:
1.chemists　考查名词复数。chemist(化学家)为可数名词,结合空前的a group of可知,此处要用复数含义。故填chemists。
2.for　考查介词。“for+ 时间段”意为“持续达……(时间)”,结合句子含义可知,此处指化学家们把瓶子放置24小时。故填for。
3.were detected　考查动词的时态和语态。分析句子可知,空处在句中为谓语,结合前文可知此处应表过去的动作,所以时态应用一般过去时;句子主语Over 400 substances和over 3,500 substances为复数含义,且与动词detect为动宾关系,所以此处应用一般过去时的被动语态形式。故填were detected。
4.which　考查定语从句。分析句子可知,逗号后的内容在句中为非限制性定语从句,先行词为500 chemicals。在从句中作介词of的宾语,应用关系代词。故填which。
5.entering　考查非谓语动词。分析句子可知,此处指使得更多的物质进入瓶子里边,substances与动词enter为主谓关系,应用现在分词形式。故填entering。
6.helpful　考查形容词。分析句子可知,空处在句中为表语,seem(似乎)为系动词,所以此处应用形容词形式。故填helpful。
7.explanation　考查名词。结合空前的a possible可知,此处应用单数名词。故填explanation。
8.have been　考查固定句型。固定句型“It is the first time+that从句”意为“第一次做……”,从句要用现在完成时,主语为we,所以助动词应用have。故填have been。
9.it　考查代词。分析句子可知,空处应指代从句“whether these substances could have an impact on human health”,且在句中作形式主语。故填it。
10.to choose　考查固定结构。短语appeal to sb to do sth意为“呼吁某人做某事”。故填to choose。素养测练(一)　UNIT 1　Part 1
Ⅰ.单词拼写
1.Persistence is a 　　　　(关键性的) factor to solve this problem.
2.Our main 　　　　(目标) was the recovery of the child safe and well.
3.This research attempts to 　　　　(评估) the effectiveness of the different drugs.
4.The team examined the medical 　　　　(特性) of these plants.
5.Yesterday I finally　　　　(获得) a copy of the report.
6.It is generally 　　　　(承认) to be true.
7.She patiently 　　　　(分析) the results of the experiment and drew a conclusion.
8.His voice was quiet but every word was 　　　　 (清晰的).
9.This female scientist 　　　　(坚持) on testing the medicine on herself in the last experiment.
10.He took a very 　　　　(科学的) approach to management.
Ⅱ.语境填词
1.Being able to use a computer freely makes it much easier for him to do his 　　　　(academy) research.
2.He is a great scientist,　　　　(commit) to his research in physics.
3.A person should not be 　　　　(evaluate)by his appearance only.
4.Could you tell us the chief 　　　　(distinct) of Chinese poetry
5.　　　　 returning from Beijing,he dedicated himself to his medical work.
6.Their first attempt to extract artemisinin failed,but they wouldn’t be　　　　 (defeat).
7.We are faced with two 　　　　(apparent)contradictory statements.
8.The renowned　　　　 (novel) was awarded the prestigious literary prize for his latest work.
9.He decided to devote the rest of his life to 　　　　(science) investigation.
10.We haven’t got sufficient information from which to draw a 　　　　(conclude).
11.Although we have only met 　　　　 chance,I can see you are a very remarkable girl with a clear purpose in life.
12.Historians generally acknowledge her 　　　　 a genius in her field.
13.Further data　　　　 (obtain) has confirmed the result of this experiment.
14.The explorer’s expedition led 　　　　 a fascinating encounter with a previously undiscovered species.
15.Blood samples were sent to the lab for 　　　　 (analyse).
Ⅲ.情境写作
1.她收到了一封信,信中对她在生物学研究方面的杰出贡献表示感谢。 (acknowledge)
2.重要的是我们应该从失败中吸取教训。(It is vital that)
3.作为一名化学家,他坚持以最高标准为实验做准备。(insist on)
4.最后,他的理论能否在社会发展中发挥作用尚待分晓。(in conclusion)
5.他们致力于保护环境。(be committed to doing sth)
Ⅰ.阅读理解
A
China’s long history has seen many scientists making great contributions to the development of ancient China and even the world.We have selected several greatest scientists in ancient China and hope to help you learn more about Chinese science and technology.
Zhang Zhongjing was a Chinese physician in the Eastern Han Dynasty.He founded medication principles and summarized the medicinal experience before his time.His famous work Treatise on Cold Damage and Miscellaneous Diseases (《伤寒杂病论》) had a major influence on the practice of traditional Chinese medicine.Today,this great book is still considered very important in the practice of Chinese medicine.
Li Daoyuan was a great Chinese geographer during the Northern Wei Dynasty.He wrote the famous work Commentary on the Water Classic (《水经注》).The book is a great work on the ancient geography of China and it sums up China’s geography and its surrounding areas before Northern Wei Dynasty.
Sun Simiao was an outstanding medical scientist in the Tang Dynasty.He was called “China’s King of Medicine” for his important contributions to traditional Chinese medicine.Sun authored two books—Essential Prescriptions Worth a Thousand Gold for Emergencies(《备急千金要方》) and Supplement to the Essential Prescriptions Worth a Thousand Gold(《千金翼方》) that were both landmarks in Chinese medicine history.
Shen Kuo was a great Chinese scientist and politician of the Northern Song Dynasty.He compiled (汇编) a scientific work Dream Pool Essays,which involves a lot descriptions about the animals and plants in the country.Shen also first described the magnetic needle compass,which would be used for navigation (航行).His discovery of concept of true north towards the north pole was more than four hundred years earlier than Europe.　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 　　　　　
(　　)1.The passage is mainly written to 　　　.
A.encourage readers to learn from these great scientists
B.explain what contributes to the development of ancient China
C.broaden readers’ horizons on Chinese science and technology
D.introduce the great medical contributions Chinese scientists made
(　　)2.Whose work had a great effect on the practice of traditional Chinese medicine
A.Zhang Zhongjing’s. B.Li Daoyuan’s.
C.Sun Simiao’s. D.Shen Kuo’s.
(　　)3.What do we know about Shen Kuo
A.He was a Chinese physician in the Eastern Han Dynasty.
B.He worked on the ancient geography of China.
C.He was regarded as “China’s King of Medicine”.
D.He described the animals and plants a lot in his work.
B
Science is a process that builds upon existing theories and knowledge by continuously revising them.Every aspect of scientific knowledge can be questioned,including the general rules of thinking that appear to be most certain.So why is science trustworthy if it is always changing If tomorrow we no longer see the world as Newton or Einstein found it to be,why should we take seriously today’s scientific description of the world
The answer is simpler.Because at any given moment of our history,this description of the world is the best we have.The fact that it can be made better can’t weaken the fact that it is a useful instrument for understanding the world.
Consider a folk healer’s medicine.Can we say this treatment is “scientific” Yes,if it is proved to be effective,even if we have no idea why it works.In fact,quite a few common medications used today have their origins in folk treatments,and we are still not sure how they work.This does not imply that folk treatments are generally effective.To the contrary,many of them are not.What distinguishes scientific medicine is the readiness to seriously test a treatment and to be ready to change our minds if something is shown not to work.A research doctor in a modern hospital must be ready to change his theory if a more effective way of understanding illness,or treating it,becomes available.
What makes modern science uniquely powerful is its refusal to believe that it already possesses ultimate truth.The reliability of science is based not on certainty but on a complete absence of certainty.As John Stuart Mill wrote in On Liberty in 1859,“The beliefs which we have most warrant (依据) for,have no safeguard to rest on,but a standing invitation to the whole world to prove them unfounded.”
(　　)4.Why does the author raise the two questions in Paragraph 1
A.To add some fun.
B.To introduce the topic.
C.To express doubts.
D.To provide background.
(　　)5.What can we learn about today’s scientific description of the world
A.It can be timeless.
B.It is of little value.
C.It can be improved.
D.It is the best at any moment.
(　　)6.What is the author’s attitude towards folk treatments
A.Indifferent. B.Pessimistic.
C.Objective. D.Sympathetic.
(　　)7.What is the main idea of the last paragraph
A.It is unwise to believe in science.
B.Too much uncertainty lies in science.
C.The foundation of science is unfounded.
D.The lack of certainty makes science reliable.
C
When antibiotics(抗生素)first became available,farmers used them freely.Now scientists know that the overuse of antibiotics can cultivate drug-resistant bacteria that are dangerous to human health.Among debates over what kinds of restrictions should be put in place,figuring out how antibiotic-resistant bacteria evolve and make their way to humans remains an area of intense interest.
Jo Handelsman is tracing one such pathway that,as she puts it,travels from “farm to table”.Handelsman,a microbiologist,looked into dairy cows,which are often treated with antibiotics and produce manure(排泄物)that farmers use on their crops.In addition to nutrients,that fertilizer may harbour antibiotic-resistant bacteria—a problem because the bacteria can come into contact with plants that are finally shipped to supermarkets and sometimes eaten raw.
To find out how those antibiotic-resistant bacteria come to exist,Handelsman and her colleagues added manure from a nearby farm to raised beds of soil in 2013.In this case,the manure specifically came from cows that were not treated with antibiotics.The researchers unexpectedly found that there were more soil bacteria carrying antibiotic-resistant genes when they were grown with the manure than when they were grown with synthetic nitrogen-based fertiliser—even though the cows were drug-free.
Previous research has found that manure from pigs treated with antibiotics contains resistant bacteria,but the cow-pie results suggest there are more factors promoting resistance besides antibiotic use.Something about manure itself may encourage naturally resistant bacteria to increase.
The findings should not,however,give the impression that resistance is everywhere,notes Lance Price,a microbiologist who was not involved in the study.“We can control this.There’s very clear evidence that when we turn off the antibiotic tap,we bring down drug-resistant bacteria,” says Lance.
Next on the farm-to-table schedule,Handelsman will test whether radishes grown in soil treated with cow manure are capable of taking up resistant genes from bacteria through their vascular system(循环系统).“They have veins (血管) just like us,” she says.“We don’t have any evidence yet that they’re taking up the bacteria,but it’s a really interesting possibility.”
(　　)8.What does Jo Handelsman’s research focus on
A.How antibiotics make their way onto our table.
B.What restrictions should be put to antibiotics use.
C.How antibiotic-resistant bacteria reach human beings.
D.What damage the overuse of antibiotics does to humans.
(　　)9.What did Jo Handelsman’s research find
A.Drug-free cows produced manure with antibiotic-resistant bacteria.
B.Synthetic nitrogen-based fertilizer did more good to the environment.
C.Soil bacteria carrying antibiotic-resistant genes were increasing with time.
D.Manure from pigs treated with antibiotics contained fewer resistant bacteria.
(　　)10.Lance Price is quoted in the passage in order to 　　　.
A.provide more evidence that drug-resistance bacteria are dangerous
B.suggest another possible explanation to the antibiotics problems
C.emphasise the importance of feeding cows with no antibiotics
D.show that the research findings may not be that worrisome
(　　)11.Which of the following statements is Jo Handelsman most likely to agree with
A.It is very likely that widespread resistance to antibiotics is not inevitable.
B.Plants grown in soil fertilised with cow manure may contain drug-resistant genes.
C.There is possibility that radishes take up resistant genes wherever they are planted.
D.The vascular system plays a key role in guarding radishes against bacteria.
Ⅱ.七选五
Characteristics of an Excellent Scientist
The dictionary defines a scientist as a person having professional knowledge on one or more sciences,especially natural science.It also defines a scientist as someone who uses scientific methods.1.　 　
Curiosity.
2.　　　 Scientists such as Thomas Edison and George Westinghouse discovered things mainly because they wanted to know how things work.Without a drive to ask questions or even wonder,a scientist will never get to the first stage of the scientific process.
Patience.
Becoming a scientist takes a long time.There are very few jobs that take longer than this one.3.　　　 If you’re an instant-gratification type of person,this may not be the best choice for you.
Ethical (道德的) qualities.
In order to truly discover and use knowledge for the greater good,a scientist must have a desire to improve people’s life as well as the environment,since they are linked and they can affect one another in the long run.4.　　
Sticking to an old belief contradicted with evidence is dishonest.However,that belief shouldn’t be changed without powerful evidence.
5.　　
An excellent scientist even takes notes of the smallest observation and keeps it in mind.He/She can work well alone or in groups depending on what’s needed,and he/she also needs to communicate thoughts on paper and verbally.Networking connects him/her with colleagues working on similar projects where he/she may discover something new.
A.Working habits.
B.A scientist must report findings honestly regardless of personal interests or public opinion.
C.An excellent scientist must be very curious about things.
D.You still have much scientific research to do even if you received education on science.
E.One of the main places that many scientists work in is the research laboratory.
F.Working time.
G.Let’s look at some characteristics of an excellent scientist.
Ⅲ.语法填空
　　Keeping water in a plastic bottle for just one day may allow hundreds of chemicals to get into your drink.
The finding comes from a study by a group of 1.　　　　 (chemist) at the University of Copenhagen.They left tap water in both new and used plastic bottles 2.　　 　　 24 hours—both before and after machine washing—and then looked for substances that migrated (转移) from the plastic bottles into the water.Over 400 substances from the bottle plastic and over 3,500 substances from dishwasher soap 3.　　　　 (detect).Even the new bottles that had been rinsed (冲洗) out with water had nearly 500 chemicals in the water,more than 100 of 4.　　　　 came from the plastic itself.
The study showed machine washing a bottle leads to more substances 5.　　　　 (enter) the water.Selina Tisler,the study author,said,“A dishwasher seems quite 6.　　　　 (help) in rinsing (冲洗) out some of these unwanted chemicals but the heat and water actually wear down the plastic.This offers a possible 7.　　　　 (explain) for why most of the chemicals from the water bottles remain after machine washing.It is the first time we 8.　　　　 (be) aware of the fact.”
While 9.　　　　 is unclear whether these substances could have an impact on human health,researchers appeal to people 10.　　　　 (choose) glass bottles or quality stainless steel (不锈钢) bottles from now on.

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