资源简介

　　Soil is a finite resource that cannot be substituted on a large scale as a basis for food production and many other essential ecosystem services such as nutrient recycling,water purification,habitat of organisms and so on.So protecting the quality of our soils is as important as protecting the air we breathe and the water we drink.
Part 1　核心考点突破
阅读单词
1.arable　　　 adj.耕作的;可耕的
2.goods n.商品;货物
3.renewable adj.可再生的
4.output n.产量;输出;输出量
vt.(output,output)输出
5.footprint n.足迹
6.soil n.泥土;土壤;国土;领土
7.strain n.(动、植物的)系;品种;拉伤;压力
8.greenhouse n.温室
9.grain n.谷物;谷粒;颗粒
10.plastic n.塑料
adj.塑料制的
11.mineral n.地下通道;地道;隧道
12.wheat n.矿物,矿产
核心单词
1.tackle vt.解决(难题);应付(局面);处理
2.poverty n.贫困,贫穷;贫乏
3.boost vt.使增长;使兴旺
n.增长;提高;激励
4.attain vt.(通常经过努力)获得;得到
5.income n.收入
6.overcome vt.(overcame,overcome)克服;解决;战胜
7.policy n.政策;方针
8.comprise vt.包括;包含;由……组成
9.capture v.用文字记录,捕捉
10.undergo vt.(underwent,undergone)经历;经受(变化,不快等)
11.urban adj.城市的;都市的;城镇的
12.stir vt.激发;搅动
运用词汇
1.devote vt.把……献(给);把……专用于;专心于→ devoted adj.忠诚的;挚爱的;全心全意的→devotion n.奉献;关爱;挚爱
2.shortage n.不足;缺少;短缺→short adj.短的;不足的;矮的 n.电影短片→shortly adv.不久;立刻→ shorten vt.变短;减少;缩短
3.starve v.(使)挨饿→starvation n.饥饿;饿死→starving adj.挨饿的
4.convince vt.使相信;使确信;说服→convinced adj.确信的;深信的→convincing adj.令人信服的;有说服力的
5.legal adj.合法的→illegal adj.不合法的;非法的→illegally adv.不合法地;非法地
6.characteristic n.特征;特点;品质adj.典型的;独特的→character n.性格,品质;特性;字母
7.assumption n.假定;设定;(责任的)承担;(权力的)获得→assume vt.假设;认为;承担→assumed adj.假定的;假设的→assuming conj.假定;假设
8.recycle vt.回收利用,再利用→recycling n.回收利用,再利用→recyclable adj.能再循环的;可回收的→unrecyclable adj.不可回收的
9.consumption n.消耗;消耗量;消费→consume vt.消耗;消费→consumer n.消费者;用户;顾客
10.waste v.浪费 n.浪费;废弃物;废料→wasteful adj.浪费的;挥霍的
11.generate vt.产生;引起→generation n.一代人;产生
12.reality n.现实;实际情况;事实→realise vt.实现;认识到→really adv.实际上,事实上;真正地→real adj.实际的;真实的;真正的
13.chemical adj.与化学有关的;化学的 n.化学制品;化学品→chemistry n.化学→chemist n.化学家
14.decrease v.& n.减少;降低→increase[反]v.& n.增加;增长→increasingly adv.渐增地
15.salty adj.含盐的;咸的→salt n.盐
重点词块
1.devote...to 把……用于;献身;致力;专心
2.run out (of) 用完;耗尽
3.depend on 依赖;依靠
4.do one’s part 尽某人的职责
5.cope with 应付(某种情况)
6.care for 关心;在意;照顾;照料
7.seek solutions to 寻找解决办法
8.be to blame 应受责备
9.through intense effort 历经千辛万苦
10.fulfil one’s dream 实现某人的梦想
11.stressed out 焦虑不安,心力交瘁
12.have a serious shortage of 严重短缺
重点句型
1.然而,最让农民沮丧的是,因气候变化不得不放弃传统的耕作方式。(what引导主语从句)
However,what frustrated the farmers most was having to abandon traditional farming methods due to climate change.
2.据估计,自去年以来全球10%以上的耕地因侵蚀而流失。(“It+be+过去分词+that...”句型)
It is estimated that over 10% of the world’s arable land has been lost to erosion since last year.
3.考虑到气候变化正在改变生长季,农业教育课程需相应调整。(given that引导条件状语
从句)
Given that climate change is altering growing seasons,agricultural education courses must be updated accordingly.
[教师备用]
答案:1.a farmer　2.concerned　3.agriculture　4.technical　5.1974　6.innovation　7.celebrity　8.young
(　　)1.Why did Yuan Longping consider himself a farmer
A.Because he continually worked the land in his research.
B.Because his body was slim but strong like Chinese farmers.
C.Because he had devoted his life to Chinese farmers.
D.Because he was born in a family in the countryside.
(　　)2.What is the main idea of the text
A.It is about super hybrid rice.
B.It is about Yuan Longping who produced hybrid rice to increase rice output.
C.It mainly talks about how to increase rice output.
D.It mainly talks about how to solve the world hunger.
(　　)3.What did Yuan Longping make large contributions to
A.Medicine. B.Agriculture.
C.Education. D.Health.
答案:1.A　2.B　3.B
1.devote vt.把……献(给);把……专用于;专心于
devoted adj.忠诚的;挚爱的;全心全意的
devotion n.奉献;关爱;挚爱
Tu Youyou devotes her life to medical research,which inspires a lot of people.
屠呦呦一生投身于医学研究,激励了很多人。
If you have a job,do devote yourself to it and finally you’ll attain success.
如果你有一份工作,务必要全身心地投入其中,最终你会取得成功。
归纳拓展 ·devote...to...　把……用于;献身;致力;专心 devote oneself to...　献身于……;致力于…… ·be devoted to (doing) sth　献身于(做)某事;致力于(做)某事 ·devotion to...　对……的热爱/奉献
(1)句子语法填空
①He made up his mind to devote all he had to 　　　　 (help) those children.
②His energetic 　　　　 (devote) to work always wins him respect and praise from both his colleagues and students.
③Professor Black has been working in the forest for years,　　　　 (devote) to the research of plants and animals.
(2)一句多译
李教授专心于写作,根本没有注意到下雨了。
④ 　(devote oneself to...)
⑤ 　(be devoted to)
答案:(1)①helping　②devotion　③devoted
(2)④Professor Lee devoted himself to writing,not noticing it was raining at all.　⑤Professor Lee was devoted to writing,not noticing it was raining at all.
She is devoted to carrying out the research on The Dream of Red Mansion all her life.Every day,she devotes more than 10 hours to her work,and we all admire her for her devotion.
她一生致力于《红楼梦》的研究。每天,她花在工作上的时间超过10个小时,我们都很钦佩她的敬业精神。
2.shortage n.不足;缺少;短缺
short adj.短的;不足的;矮的,低的
n.电影短片
shortly adv. 不久;立刻
We should put all our efforts together to find a solution to the problem of water shortage.
我们应该齐心协力找到解决缺水问题的办法。
The floods may cause a shortage of food supplies.
洪水可能导致食物供应短缺。
归纳拓展 ·a shortage of... 缺乏…… ·in short 总之;简言之 ·be short for 是……的简称 be short of 缺乏;不足
　　除短语in short外,写作时还常常用到下面的短语作为全文总结语:in conclusion、in a word、in brief、all in all、to sum up、on the whole等。
(1)句子语法填空
①That would be short 　　　　 William,I imagined.
②They seemed to be very short 　　　　money again.
③Manufacturing industry was worst affected by the fuel 　　　　 (short).
④The work will be completed very 　　　　(short).
(2)翻译句子
⑤岛上缺少淡水,对农业发展是不利的。
答案:(1)①for　②of　③shortage　④shortly　
(2)⑤There is a shortage of fresh water on the island,which is bad for agricultural development.
3.convince vt.使相信;使确信;说服
convinced adj.确信的;深信的
convincing adj.令人信服的;有说服力的
You’ll need to convince them of your enthusiasm for the job.
你要让他们相信你对这份工作有热情。
Only by reasoning can we convince people completely.
只有以理服人,我们才能使人心悦诚服。
She used all her powers of persuasion to convince Tilly that it was the right thing to do.
她尽一切努力说服蒂莉这是正确的做法。
归纳拓展 ·convince sb of sth使某人相信某事 convince sb that...使某人确信…… convince sb to do sth说服某人做某事 ·be convinced that/of...确信……;坚信……
句子语法填空
①You need to convince them 　　　　 your ability to do the job,otherwise,you would fail to get it.
②I’ve been trying my best to convince him 　　　　 (see) a doctor.
③Based on so much 　　　　 evidence,all the judges were 　　　　 that it was Tom who was to blame for the crime.(convince)
答案:①of　②to see　③convincing;convinced
The convincing argument that he gave convinced me of the fact that hard work is the key to success.I am convinced that as long as I make every effort,I am bound to realise my dream.
他给出的令人信服的论据使我认识到勤奋是成功的关键。我相信只要尽全力,我一定会实现我的梦想。
4.assumption n.假定;设定;(责任的)承担;(权力的)获得
assume vt.假设;认为;承担
assumed adj.假定的;假设的
assuming conj.假定;假设
I think we’ve simply made a false assumption.
我觉得我们只是作了一个错误的假设。
Try to understand what’s actually happening instead of acting on the assumption you’ve made.
尽力去理解实际发生的事情,而不是按照你所作的假设行事。
It is generally assumed that smoking is harmful to health.
普遍认为,吸烟有害健康。
归纳拓展 ·make an assumption/assumptions (about...) (对……)作出假设 on the assumption that... 假定…… ·assume...to be...认为……是……; 假定……是…… ·It is generally assumed that...普遍认为…… ·assuming (that)... 假定/假设……
　　在英语中,有些看上去是现在分词或过去分词的词,实际上可直接用作介词或连词。这类单词有supposing (conj.假设;如果)、provided/ providing (conj.假设;如果)、considering (prep.& conj.鉴于;考虑到)、including (prep.包括;包含)等。
(1)句子语法填空
①We are working on the 　　　　 (assume) that the crisis will be tackled at the end of this month.
②　　　　 (assume) that you have such experience before,this problem will be very easy for you to solve.
③We assumed him 　　　　(be) the first boy to climb the mountain.
(2)完成句子
④普遍认为,压力是由工作量过大引起的。
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 stress is caused by too much work.
⑤他们将对你的经历和你的期望作出假设。
They will 　　　　　　　　　　　　 your experience and expectations.
答案:(1)①assumption　②Assuming　③to be　
(2)④It is generally assumed that　⑤make assumptions about
5.comprise vt.包括;包含;由……组成
The committee comprises members from all parts of society.
该委员会的成员来自社会各界。
Life is comprised of not only sunshine but also storms.
生活不仅有阳光,还有暴风雨。
归纳拓展 be comprised of 包括;包含;由……组成(或构成) 同义短语: be composed of/consist of/be made up of
　　comprise 表示“由……组成”时,不用于进行时态;consist of没有被动语态,相当于be made up of或be composed of,且不用于进行时。
句型转换
①The class is comprised mainly of Italian and French students.
→The class　　　　　　　　 Italian and French students.
②Three cool teenagers make up their band.
→Their band 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 three cool teenagers.
答案:①comprises mainly　②is made up of
6.reality n.现实;实际情况;事实
real adj.实际的;真实的;真正的
realistic adj.现实的;实际的;逼真的
When meeting with difficulties,one should face reality and try to solve the difficulties instead of escaping.
当一个人遇到困难的时候,应该面对现实,努力解决困难,而不是逃避。
We thought he was joking but in reality he was serious.
我们以为他是在开玩笑,但实际上他是认真的。
Many things that wouldn’t happen before have come into reality now.
许多以前不可能发生的事现在都实现了。
归纳拓展 in reality　事实上;实际上 turn...into reality　把……变成现实 come into reality　实现
　　truth、reality这两个词都有“真实;现实”的意思,其区别在于:truth强调与实际相符;reality指实际存在、实际看到或经历过的事实,也可指抽象的客观现实,还可指艺术塑造和真实存在非常相像、逼真。
(1)句子语法填空
①Hypnosis works by leading patients’ consciousness away from 　　　　 (real).
②　　　　 reality,different students have different learning habits,which I think have a great influence on their learning efficiency.
③Students are required to set 　　　　 (reality) goals so that they are more likely to gain a sense of achievement.
(2)翻译句子
④经过多年的努力,他的梦想已经实现。
答案:(1)①reality　②In　③realistic　(2)④After years of hard work,his dream has come into reality.
1.“It+be+过去分词+that...”句型
因为真正的主语过长,为了避免句子头重脚轻,所以用形式主语it,构成“It+be+过去分词+that...”句型。
(2022·全国乙卷)It is calculated that European railways alone spend approximately 20 billion euros a year on maintenance...
据估算,仅欧洲的铁路每年花费在维修上的费用就多达200亿欧元……
It is widely known that the Great Wall is one of the world’s miracles.
众所周知,长城是世界奇迹之一。
在“It is suggested/ordered/commanded...that...”句型中,从句的谓语动词用should do,should可以省略。
翻译句子
①据估算,这项工程将用时4年。
②据报道,近一两日气温将明显下降。
③众所周知,“有志者事竟成”。
答案:①It is estimated that the project will last for four years.
②It is reported that the temperature will decline sharply in one or two days.
③It’s known to us all that “where there is a will,there is a way”.
2.“given+that从句”
given可用作介词,有“考虑到;假定;鉴于”等意思。“given+that从句”的意思是“考虑到”,相当于considering或“when you consider...”。
Given that she is interested in teaching,I’m sure being a teacher is the right career for her.
考虑到她对教学感兴趣,我可以确定当一名教师是适合她的职业。
Given the general state of his health,it may take a while for him to recover from the operation.
鉴于他整体的健康状况,他可能需要一段时间才能从手术中恢复过来。
和given that类似的句型:
Considering that... 考虑到……
Provided/Providing (that)...如果……;
假设……;在……条件下
Suppose/Supposing (that)...假定;假设;
设想……
翻译句子
①考虑到这对双胞胎没有做母亲节早餐的经验,父亲很乐意帮助她们,脸上洋溢着笑容。
②鉴于你要参加中国诗歌朗诵比赛,我想给你提供一些实际的建议。
③鉴于你对中国传统节日端午节非常感兴趣,我写信向你介绍一下。
答案:①Given that the twins had no experience in cooking a Mother’s Day breakfast,the father was willing to help them,with a smile spreading on his face.　②Given that you will participate in a Chinese poetry reciting competition,I’d love to provide you with some practical suggestions.　③Given that you are keen on the traditional Chinese festival,the Dragon Boat Festival,I am writing to introduce it to you.
[教师备用]
1.Through intense effort,Yuan overcame enormous technical difficulties ①to develop the first hybrid
rice②that could be used for farming in 1974.
历经千辛万苦,袁隆平攻克了艰巨的技术难题,在1974年开发出可用于耕作的第一代杂交水稻。
分析:①是动词不定式作目的状语,②是that引导的定语从句,修饰先行词hybrid rice。
2.However,①what concerned him most was ②that farmers often had poor harvests and sometimes even had a serious shortage of food to eat.
然而,他最关心的是农民经常粮食歉收,有时甚至出现严重的食物短缺。
分析:这是一个主从复合句。①是what引导的名词性从句,在从句中作主语,②是that引导的表语从句,其中and连接两个并列分句。
1.①手工实践作坊将会创立起来,为那些热衷于制作工艺品的学生提供一个平台来更深入地了解传统文化。
②她克服了许多语言障碍,完成了她的第一篇英语作文,得到了老师和同学们的高度评价。
2.①然而,给她留下最深刻印象的是这里优美的风景、热情好客的人们。
②然而,令他苦恼的是,他的英语水平比较低,他也不知道如何去提升。
答案:1.①Hands-on workshops will be set up to provide a platform for students who have a passion for making crafts to have a deeper understanding of traditional culture.
②She overcame many language obstacles to finish her first English composition that was highly thought of by her teachers and classmates.
2.①However,what impressed her most was that the scenery here was amazing and the people were hospitable.
②However,what bothers him is that he is weak in English and he is at a loss how to improve it.
人物形象及品性描写
1.reward sb with sth 用某物奖励某人
2.achieve great success 大获成功
3.be optimistic and energetic 乐观且精力充沛的
4.be kind-hearted and easy-going 心地善良,性情随和
5.a wise and warm-hearted man 一个睿智且热心的人
6.put all one’s heart into 全身心投入
7.try new ways to do sth 尝试用新方法做某事
8.make a great/significant contribution to...对……作出巨大贡献
9.dedicate one’s energy and youth to...将精力和青春奉献给……
1.Hard-working and knowledgeable,she is one of the best teachers in our school.
她工作勤奋,知识渊博,是我们学校最好的教师之一。
2.So hard does he work that he devotes almost all his lifetime to our human cause.
他工作如此努力,几乎一生都奉献给了人类的事业。
3.His helpfulness and kindness win him great popularity and a good reputation.
他的乐于助人和善良为他赢得了很高的人气和良好声誉。
1.他乐观且精力充沛,经常积极参加各种课外活动。
2.他投身于科研工作,为国家作出了不可估量的贡献。
3.他带着极大的决心花费了37年的时间完成这本书,为中国文学作出了巨大贡献。
答案:1.Being optimistic and energetic,he often takes an active part in various after-class activities.
2.He devoted himself to scientific research and made invaluable contributions to the country.
3.With great determination,he spent 37 years finishing the book,which made a great contribution to Chinese literature.
课文二次开发利用
[教师备用]
课文语法填空
Yuan Longping,known as the “father of hybrid rice”,was one of China’s most famous scientists.He considered 1.　　　　 (he) a farmer because he continually worked the land in his research.
Seeing that farmers had a serious shortage of food to eat,Yuan 2.　　　　 (choose) to study agriculture.After graduating from college,Yuan worked as a researcher.He realised the key to 3.　　　　 (tackle) hunger was to boost yields in the fields.To realise the goal,Yuan must find a hybrid rice 4.　　　　 is a cross between two or more varieties of a species.After years of hard work,the first hybrid rice 5.　　　　 (develop) by Yuan in 1974.This hybrid enabled farmers 6.　　　　 (expand) their output greatly.
Today,it is estimated that about 60% of domestic rice consumption in China is comprised 7.　　　　 crops generated from Yuan’s hybrid strains.Yuan’s innovation has helped feed not just China,but many other countries that depend on rice,too.
Because of his invaluable contributions,Yuan Longping received numerous awards at home and abroad.He cared little for celebrity or money.Instead,he made large donations to support agricultural research.8.　　　　 impressed people most about Yuan Longping was his ongoing ability to fulfil his dreams.His later vision for “seawater rice” also became a 9.　　　　(real).Despite his 10.　　　　(late) years,Yuan was still young at heart and full of vision.
答案:1.himself　2.chose　3.tackling　4.that/which
5.was developed　6.to expand　7.of
8.What　9.reality　10.later　　Soil is a finite resource that cannot be substituted on a large scale as a basis for food production and many other essential ecosystem services such as nutrient recycling,water purification,habitat of organisms and so on.So protecting the quality of our soils is as important as protecting the air we breathe and the water we drink.
Part 1　核心考点突破
阅读单词
1.arable　　　 adj.
2.goods n.
3.renewable adj.
4.output n.
vt.(output,output)
5.footprint n.
6.soil n.
7.strain n.
8.greenhouse n.
9.grain n.
10.plastic n.
adj.
11.mineral n.
12.wheat n.
核心单词
1. vt.解决(难题);应付(局面);处理
2. n.贫困,贫穷;贫乏
3. vt.使增长;使兴旺
n.增长;提高;激励
4. vt.(通常经过努力)获得;得到
5. n.收入
6. vt.( , )克服;解决;战胜
7. n.政策;方针
8. vt.包括;包含;由……组成
9. v.用文字记录,捕捉
10. vt.( , )经历;经受(变化,不快等)
11. adj.城市的;都市的;城镇的
12. vt.激发;搅动
运用词汇
1.devote vt.把……献(给);把……专用于;专心于→ adj.忠诚的;挚爱的;全心全意的→ n.奉献;关爱;挚爱
2.shortage n.不足;缺少;短缺→ adj.短的;不足的;矮的 n.电影短片→ adv.不久;立刻→ vt.变短;减少;缩短
3.starve v.(使)挨饿→ n.饥饿;饿死→ adj.挨饿的
4.convince vt.使相信;使确信;说服→ adj.确信的;深信的→ adj.令人信服的;有说服力的
5.legal adj.合法的→ adj.不合法的;非法的→ adv.不合法地;非法地
6.characteristic n.特征;特点;品质adj.典型的;独特的→ n.性格,品质;特性;字母
7.assumption n.假定;设定;(责任的)承担;(权力的)获得→ vt.假设;认为;承担→ adj.假定的;假设的→ conj.假定;假设
8.recycle vt.回收利用,再利用→ n.回收利用,再利用→ adj.能再循环的;可回收的→ adj.不可回收的
9.consumption n.消耗;消耗量;消费→ vt.消耗;消费→ n.消费者;用户;顾客
10.waste v.浪费 n.浪费;废弃物;废料→ adj.浪费的;挥霍的
11.generate vt.产生;引起→ n.一代人;产生
12.reality n.现实;实际情况;事实→ vt.实现;认识到→ adv.实际上,事实上;真正地→ adj.实际的;真实的;真正的
13.chemical adj.与化学有关的;化学的 n.化学制品;化学品→ n.化学→ n.化学家
14.decrease v.& n.减少;降低→ [反]v.& n.增加;增长→ adv.渐增地
15.salty adj.含盐的;咸的→ n.盐
重点词块
1. 把……用于;献身;致力;专心
2. 用完;耗尽
3. 依赖;依靠
4. 尽某人的职责
5. 应付(某种情况)
6. 关心;在意;照顾;照料
7. 寻找解决办法
8. 应受责备
9. 历经千辛万苦
10. 实现某人的梦想
11. 焦虑不安,心力交瘁
12. 严重短缺
重点句型
1.然而,最让农民沮丧的是,因气候变化不得不放弃传统的耕作方式。(what引导主语从句)
However, having to abandon traditional farming methods due to climate change.
2.据估计,自去年以来全球10%以上的耕地因侵蚀而流失。(“It+be+过去分词+that...”句型)
over 10% of the world’s arable land has been lost to erosion since last year.
3.考虑到气候变化正在改变生长季,农业教育课程需相应调整。(given that引导条件状语
从句)
climate change is altering growing seasons,agricultural education courses must be updated accordingly.
[教师备用]
(　　)1.Why did Yuan Longping consider himself a farmer
A.Because he continually worked the land in his research.
B.Because his body was slim but strong like Chinese farmers.
C.Because he had devoted his life to Chinese farmers.
D.Because he was born in a family in the countryside.
(　　)2.What is the main idea of the text
A.It is about super hybrid rice.
B.It is about Yuan Longping who produced hybrid rice to increase rice output.
C.It mainly talks about how to increase rice output.
D.It mainly talks about how to solve the world hunger.
(　　)3.What did Yuan Longping make large contributions to
A.Medicine. B.Agriculture.
C.Education. D.Health.
1.devote vt.把……献(给);把……专用于;专心于
devoted adj.忠诚的;挚爱的;全心全意的
devotion n.奉献;关爱;挚爱
Tu Youyou devotes her life to medical research,which inspires a lot of people.
屠呦呦一生投身于医学研究,激励了很多人。
If you have a job,do devote yourself to it and finally you’ll attain success.
如果你有一份工作,务必要全身心地投入其中,最终你会取得成功。
归纳拓展 ·devote...to...　把……用于;献身;致力;专心 devote oneself to...　献身于……;致力于…… ·be devoted to (doing) sth　献身于(做)某事;致力于(做)某事 ·devotion to...　对……的热爱/奉献
(1)句子语法填空
①He made up his mind to devote all he had to (help) those children.
②His energetic (devote) to work always wins him respect and praise from both his colleagues and students.
③Professor Black has been working in the forest for years, (devote) to the research of plants and animals.
(2)一句多译
李教授专心于写作,根本没有注意到下雨了。
④ 　(devote oneself to...)
⑤ 　(be devoted to)
She is devoted to carrying out the research on The Dream of Red Mansion all her life.Every day,she devotes more than 10 hours to her work,and we all admire her for her devotion.
她一生致力于《红楼梦》的研究。每天,她花在工作上的时间超过10个小时,我们都很钦佩她的敬业精神。
2.shortage n.不足;缺少;短缺
short adj.短的;不足的;矮的,低的
n.电影短片
shortly adv. 不久;立刻
We should put all our efforts together to find a solution to the problem of water shortage.
我们应该齐心协力找到解决缺水问题的办法。
The floods may cause a shortage of food supplies.
洪水可能导致食物供应短缺。
归纳拓展 ·a shortage of... 缺乏…… ·in short 总之;简言之 ·be short for 是……的简称 be short of 缺乏;不足
　　除短语in short外,写作时还常常用到下面的短语作为全文总结语:in conclusion、in a word、in brief、all in all、to sum up、on the whole等。
(1)句子语法填空
①That would be short William,I imagined.
②They seemed to be very short money again.
③Manufacturing industry was worst affected by the fuel (short).
④The work will be completed very (short).
(2)翻译句子
⑤岛上缺少淡水,对农业发展是不利的。
3.convince vt.使相信;使确信;说服
convinced adj.确信的;深信的
convincing adj.令人信服的;有说服力的
You’ll need to convince them of your enthusiasm for the job.
你要让他们相信你对这份工作有热情。
Only by reasoning can we convince people completely.
只有以理服人,我们才能使人心悦诚服。
She used all her powers of persuasion to convince Tilly that it was the right thing to do.
她尽一切努力说服蒂莉这是正确的做法。
归纳拓展 ·convince sb of sth使某人相信某事 convince sb that...使某人确信…… convince sb to do sth说服某人做某事 ·be convinced that/of...确信……;坚信……
句子语法填空
①You need to convince them your ability to do the job,otherwise,you would fail to get it.
②I’ve been trying my best to convince him (see) a doctor.
③Based on so much evidence,all the judges were that it was Tom who was to blame for the crime.(convince)
The convincing argument that he gave convinced me of the fact that hard work is the key to success.I am convinced that as long as I make every effort,I am bound to realise my dream.
他给出的令人信服的论据使我认识到勤奋是成功的关键。我相信只要尽全力,我一定会实现我的梦想。
4.assumption n.假定;设定;(责任的)承担;(权力的)获得
assume vt.假设;认为;承担
assumed adj.假定的;假设的
assuming conj.假定;假设
I think we’ve simply made a false assumption.
我觉得我们只是作了一个错误的假设。
Try to understand what’s actually happening instead of acting on the assumption you’ve made.
尽力去理解实际发生的事情,而不是按照你所作的假设行事。
It is generally assumed that smoking is harmful to health.
普遍认为,吸烟有害健康。
归纳拓展 ·make an assumption/assumptions (about...) (对……)作出假设 on the assumption that... 假定…… ·assume...to be...认为……是……; 假定……是…… ·It is generally assumed that...普遍认为…… ·assuming (that)... 假定/假设……
　　在英语中,有些看上去是现在分词或过去分词的词,实际上可直接用作介词或连词。这类单词有supposing (conj.假设;如果)、provided/ providing (conj.假设;如果)、considering (prep.& conj.鉴于;考虑到)、including (prep.包括;包含)等。
(1)句子语法填空
①We are working on the (assume) that the crisis will be tackled at the end of this month.
② (assume) that you have such experience before,this problem will be very easy for you to solve.
③We assumed him (be) the first boy to climb the mountain.
(2)完成句子
④普遍认为,压力是由工作量过大引起的。
stress is caused by too much work.
⑤他们将对你的经历和你的期望作出假设。
They will your experience and expectations.
5.comprise vt.包括;包含;由……组成
The committee comprises members from all parts of society.
该委员会的成员来自社会各界。
Life is comprised of not only sunshine but also storms.
生活不仅有阳光,还有暴风雨。
归纳拓展 be comprised of 包括;包含;由……组成(或构成) 同义短语: be composed of/consist of/be made up of
　　comprise 表示“由……组成”时,不用于进行时态;consist of没有被动语态,相当于be made up of或be composed of,且不用于进行时。
句型转换
①The class is comprised mainly of Italian and French students.
→The class Italian and French students.
②Three cool teenagers make up their band.
→Their band three cool teenagers.
6.reality n.现实;实际情况;事实
real adj.实际的;真实的;真正的
realistic adj.现实的;实际的;逼真的
When meeting with difficulties,one should face reality and try to solve the difficulties instead of escaping.
当一个人遇到困难的时候,应该面对现实,努力解决困难,而不是逃避。
We thought he was joking but in reality he was serious.
我们以为他是在开玩笑,但实际上他是认真的。
Many things that wouldn’t happen before have come into reality now.
许多以前不可能发生的事现在都实现了。
归纳拓展 in reality　事实上;实际上 turn...into reality　把……变成现实 come into reality　实现
　　truth、reality这两个词都有“真实;现实”的意思,其区别在于:truth强调与实际相符;reality指实际存在、实际看到或经历过的事实,也可指抽象的客观现实,还可指艺术塑造和真实存在非常相像、逼真。
(1)句子语法填空
①Hypnosis works by leading patients’ consciousness away from (real).
② reality,different students have different learning habits,which I think have a great influence on their learning efficiency.
③Students are required to set (reality) goals so that they are more likely to gain a sense of achievement.
(2)翻译句子
④经过多年的努力,他的梦想已经实现。
1.“It+be+过去分词+that...”句型
因为真正的主语过长,为了避免句子头重脚轻,所以用形式主语it,构成“It+be+过去分词+that...”句型。
(2022·全国乙卷)It is calculated that European railways alone spend approximately 20 billion euros a year on maintenance...
据估算,仅欧洲的铁路每年花费在维修上的费用就多达200亿欧元……
It is widely known that the Great Wall is one of the world’s miracles.
众所周知,长城是世界奇迹之一。
在“It is suggested/ordered/commanded...that...”句型中,从句的谓语动词用should do,should可以省略。
翻译句子
①据估算,这项工程将用时4年。
②据报道,近一两日气温将明显下降。
③众所周知,“有志者事竟成”。
2.“given+that从句”
given可用作介词,有“考虑到;假定;鉴于”等意思。“given+that从句”的意思是“考虑到”,相当于considering或“when you consider...”。
Given that she is interested in teaching,I’m sure being a teacher is the right career for her.
考虑到她对教学感兴趣,我可以确定当一名教师是适合她的职业。
Given the general state of his health,it may take a while for him to recover from the operation.
鉴于他整体的健康状况,他可能需要一段时间才能从手术中恢复过来。
和given that类似的句型:
Considering that... 考虑到……
Provided/Providing (that)...如果……;
假设……;在……条件下
Suppose/Supposing (that)...假定;假设;
设想……
翻译句子
①考虑到这对双胞胎没有做母亲节早餐的经验,父亲很乐意帮助她们,脸上洋溢着笑容。
②鉴于你要参加中国诗歌朗诵比赛,我想给你提供一些实际的建议。
③鉴于你对中国传统节日端午节非常感兴趣,我写信向你介绍一下。
[教师备用]
1.Through intense effort,Yuan overcame enormous technical difficulties ①to develop the first hybrid
rice② .
历经千辛万苦,袁隆平攻克了艰巨的技术难题,在1974年开发出可用于耕作的第一代杂交水稻。
分析:①是动词不定式作 ,②是that引导的 从句,修饰先行词hybrid rice。
2.However,① was ② .
然而,他最关心的是农民经常粮食歉收,有时甚至出现严重的食物短缺。
分析:这是一个主从复合句。①是what引导的 从句,在从句中作 ,②是that引导的 从句,其中and连接两个 分句。
1.①手工实践作坊将会创立起来,为那些热衷于制作工艺品的学生提供一个平台来更深入地了解传统文化。
②她克服了许多语言障碍,完成了她的第一篇英语作文,得到了老师和同学们的高度评价。
2.①然而,给她留下最深刻印象的是这里优美的风景、热情好客的人们。
②然而,令他苦恼的是,他的英语水平比较低,他也不知道如何去提升。
人物形象及品性描写
1.reward sb with sth 用某物奖励某人
2.achieve great success 大获成功
3.be optimistic and energetic 乐观且精力充沛的
4.be kind-hearted and easy-going 心地善良,性情随和
5.a wise and warm-hearted man 一个睿智且热心的人
6.put all one’s heart into 全身心投入
7.try new ways to do sth 尝试用新方法做某事
8.make a great/significant contribution to...对……作出巨大贡献
9.dedicate one’s energy and youth to...将精力和青春奉献给……
1.Hard-working and knowledgeable,she is one of the best teachers in our school.
她工作勤奋,知识渊博,是我们学校最好的教师之一。
2.So hard does he work that he devotes almost all his lifetime to our human cause.
他工作如此努力,几乎一生都奉献给了人类的事业。
3.His helpfulness and kindness win him great popularity and a good reputation.
他的乐于助人和善良为他赢得了很高的人气和良好声誉。
1.他乐观且精力充沛,经常积极参加各种课外活动。
2.他投身于科研工作,为国家作出了不可估量的贡献。
3.他带着极大的决心花费了37年的时间完成这本书,为中国文学作出了巨大贡献。
课文二次开发利用
[教师备用]
课文语法填空
Yuan Longping,known as the “father of hybrid rice”,was one of China’s most famous scientists.He considered 1. (he) a farmer because he continually worked the land in his research.
Seeing that farmers had a serious shortage of food to eat,Yuan 2. (choose) to study agriculture.After graduating from college,Yuan worked as a researcher.He realised the key to 3. (tackle) hunger was to boost yields in the fields.To realise the goal,Yuan must find a hybrid rice 4. is a cross between two or more varieties of a species.After years of hard work,the first hybrid rice 5. (develop) by Yuan in 1974.This hybrid enabled farmers 6. (expand) their output greatly.
Today,it is estimated that about 60% of domestic rice consumption in China is comprised 7. crops generated from Yuan’s hybrid strains.Yuan’s innovation has helped feed not just China,but many other countries that depend on rice,too.
Because of his invaluable contributions,Yuan Longping received numerous awards at home and abroad.He cared little for celebrity or money.Instead,he made large donations to support agricultural research.8. impressed people most about Yuan Longping was his ongoing ability to fulfil his dreams.His later vision for “seawater rice” also became a 9. (real).Despite his 10. (late) years,Yuan was still young at heart and full of vision.

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