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中考英语语法复习
现在完成时态
一、现在完成时构成
1. 概念：过去发生或已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果，或从过去已经开始，持续到现在的动作或状态。
2. 基本结构：主语+have/has+p.p (过去分词)+其他.
3. 否定形式：主语+have/has+not+p.p(过去分词)+其他.
4. 一般疑问句：Have或Has+主语+p.p.+其他？
二、现在完成时的时间状语
1. since短语或从句表示过去的动作延续至今。
Mr. Smith has worked here since 1984. 1984年以来，史密斯先生一直在这工作。
for 短语表示动作延续多长时间，for 的宾语为时间段。
We have known each other for thirty years. 我们认识有三十年了。
I haven’t seen her for a long time. 我好久没有见到她了。
just, lately, recently 是完成时的时间状语，just now 是一般过去时的时间状语。 The train has just arrived. 火车刚到。
Did you see Joan just now 你刚才看到琼了吗？
Have you heard from your family lately/ recently 你最近收到家人的来信了吗
in the past few years 意思是“过去几年来”，可作现在完成时的时间状语。
in the past 意思是“在过去”，常作一般过去时的时间状语。
Great changes have taken place in my hometown in the past few years.
过去几年来，我的家乡发生了很大的变化。
Where did you work in the past 你过去在哪里工作？
ever since then 与from then on (after that) 都有“打那以后”之意，ever since then 是完成时的时间状语，from then on 常用作一般过去时的时间状语。
She has lived here ever since then. 打那以后，她一直住在这。
I didn’t hear of Tom from then on / after that. 打那以后，我就没有汤姆的消息。
ever和never 也是现在完成时常见的时间状语。前者意思是“曾经”，多见于疑问句或否定句中；后者意思是“从来没有”，表示全部否定。
--- Have you ever seen the film 你曾经看过这部影片吗？
--- No. I have never seen it. 没有，从来没看过。
already和yet 常见于现在完成时中，有“已经”之意。前者一般用于肯定句中，后者用在疑问句中。yet在否定句中有“还”之意。
--- “Has the bus left yet ” “汽车开走了吗？”
--- “Yes. It has already left.” “是的，已经开走了。”
so far(到目前为止)，these days (这些天)也是现在完成时常见的时间状语。
So far, no man has travelled farther than the moon. 到目前为止，还没有人到月球以外旅行。What have you done these days 这些天来，你做了什么事？
since 和 for的用法及区别
since 的四种用法
since +过去一个时间点 I have been here since 1990.
since + 一段时间+ ago I have been here since six months ago.
since + 从句 Great changes have taken place since you left.
It is + 一段时间+since 从句
It is two years since I became an English teacher.
since 和for 的区别
since + 时间点，具体时间，“自从...以来，从...以后”用来说明动作起始时间。 I have been in Shenzhen since 2005.
for +时间段，用来说明动作延续时间长度，谓语动词，用延续性动词。
I have been in Beijing for two years.
We have learnt English for about three years.
现在完成时与一般过去时的区别
强调的角度不同
一般过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情，强调动作；现在完成时为过去发生的事情对现在的影响，强调影响。
I have just been to London. I went there last month.
我刚去过伦敦，是上个月去的。
时间状态不同
一般过去时常与具体的时间状语连用，如：yesterday, last week, ... ago, in 1980, in September, just now... 等等，如：I cleaned the room yesterday.
现在完成时通常与for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, already, up to now, in the past few years... 等等连用，如：I have already cleaned the room.
五、have been to; have gone to 与have been in 的用法比较
have been to ... 意思是“到过，去过”，表示曾经到过某处，但现在人不在那儿。
have gone to ... 意思是“去了”，表示已经去了某地，现在人可能在去的途中或已在那儿了。
have been in ... 意思是“呆在某地方”
I have been to Guilin. I went there last year. 我去过桂林，我去年去的。
She has gone to Nanjing. 她已经去南京了。
She has been in Nanjing for ten years. 她生活在南京10年了。
六、巩固练习题：
1. 用since和for 填空
Jack has been in Ireland ________ Monday.
Karl has been in Ireland _________ three days.
His aunt has lived in Sweden _________ 15 days.
Mary is in her office. She has been there ___________ 7 o’clock.
India has been an independent country ___________ 1974.
The bus is late. They’ve been waiting _____________ 20 minutes.
Nobody lives in those houses. They have been empty ______ many years.
Mike has been ill ____ a long time. He has been in hospital ________ Oct.
Wanglin has been in Shenzhen _________ November 25, 2003.
Fisher is in his company. He has been there ___________ 2 o’clock in the afternoon.
They have been away ________ a few hours.
The bus is late. They have waited ________ 20 minutes.
2. 用already, yet, ever, never 填空
My brother has not ______ been to Paris, but I have been there twice.
I have _________ read this comic book. I can lend it to you now.
I haven’t made my model ship ________.
The couple have ________ been to Ireland. They know nothing about it.
3. 用括号内词的适当形式填空。
I _______ already ________ (see) the film. I ________ it last week.
_________ he ___________ (finish) his work today Not yet.
My father ________ just _________ (come) back from work. He is tired now.
Where’s Li Ming He ________ (go) to the teacher’s office.
I _______________ (work) here since I _________ (move) here in 1999.
So far I __________________ (make) quite a few friends here.
--- How long _________ the Wangs _________ (stay) here
--- For two weeks.
I _________ just ___________ (finish) my homework.
He ________ (go) to school on foot every day.
___________ you ___________ (find) your science book yet
If it _________ (be) fine tomorrow, I’ll go with you.
The students ______________ (read) English when the teacher came in.
Look! The monkey ______________ (climb) the tree.
My mother __________________ (come) to see me next Sunday.
I’ve lost my pen. __________ you _________ (see) it anywhere
I ___________ (buy) a book just now.
I _________ (lose) my watch yesterday.
My father _________________ (read) this book since yesterday.
He _______________ (go) to America on business. He ____________ (be) back in two weeks.
His grandma _______________ (die) for a year.
15 years _________________ (pass) since I became a teacher.
Mr. Black __________________ (travel) to China once.
Leave the book here, please. I ____________________ (not finish) it yet. I ___________ (read) it this evening.
答案解析：
用since和for 填空
填since，因为后面接的是时间点、具体时间。
填for, 因为后面接的是时间段。
填for, 因为后面接的是时间段。
填since，因为后面接的是时间点、具体时间。
填since，因为后面接的是时间点、具体时间。
填for, 因为后面接的是时间段。
填for, 因为后面接的是时间段。
第一空填for, 因为后面接的是时间段。第二空填since，因为后面接的是时间点、具体时间。
填since，因为后面接的是时间点、具体时间。
填since，因为后面接的是时间点、具体时间。
填for, 因为后面接的是时间段。
填for, 因为后面接的是时间段。
2. 用already, yet, ever, never 填空
填ever，本句为否定句，句意为：我兄弟还未曾去过巴黎，但是我已经去过那两次了。
填already，本句为肯定句，句意为：我已经读完这本连环漫画册了，我现在可以把它借给你了。
填yet，本句为否定句，句意为：我还没有做好我的模型轮船。
填never，本句为否定句，句意为：这对夫妻从来没有去过爱尔兰。他们对它一无所知。
3. 用括号内词的适当形式填空。
填have; seen; saw 前句通过already 提示词即可知需用现在完成时，主语是I, 故填have, see的过去分词是seen；后句通过last week时间状语提示词即可知需用一般过去时，see的过去式是saw。
填Has ; finished 通过后面的回答语Not yet即可知前面需用现在完成时，主语是he，第三人称，故填Has, finish的过去分词为常规变化加ed即可。
填has; come 通过提示词just 即可知需用现在完成时，主语是my father，第三人称，故填has，come的过去分词保持原形。
填has gone 询问李明去哪了？他去老师办公室了（去了还没有回来），故需用现在完成时，主语是he，第三人称，故填has，go的过去分词为不规则变化gone。
填have worked; moved 通过since后面的句子，即可知前面用现在完成时，主语是I，故填have, work 的过去分词为常规变化加ed即可。后面从句里，通过时间提示词in 1999，即可知是一般过去时，故填moved。
填have made 通过提示词so far即可知需用现在完成时，主语是I，故填have, make的过去分词为不规则变化made。
填have; stayed 通过回答语for two weeks即可知需用现在完成时，主语是the Wangs一家，故填have, stay的过去分词为常规变化加ed即可。
填have; finished 通过提示词just 即可知需用现在完成时，主语是I，故填have， finish的过去分词为常规变化加ed即可。
填goes 通过提示词every day即可知需用一般现在时，主语是He，第三人称，谓语动词需变形，go以o结尾的需加es。
填Have; found 通过yet即可知前面需用现在完成时，考核的是疑问句，主语是you，故用Have, find 的过去分词为不规则变化found。
填is 此句考核if引导的条件状语从句，主句用将来时，从句用一般现在时，it 是第三人称，故be动词需用is。
填were reading 此句考核when引导的时间状语从句，需用过去进行时。句意：当老师进来时，学生们正在读英语。
填is climbing 此句考核现在进行时，通过提示词Look!即可知需用现在进行时，主语the monkey，第三人称，故be动词需用is。
填will come 此句考核一般将来时，通过提示词next Monday即可知需用将来时，故为will come （will+动词原形）。
填Have; seen 通过前句I’ve lost 即可知是现在完成时，后句主语是you, 故用Have，see 的过去分词为不规则变化seen。
填bought 通过提示词just now 即可知需用一般过去时，buy的过去式为不规则变化bought。
填 lost 通过提示词yesterday 即可知需用一般过去时，lose的过去式为不规则变化lost。
填has read 通过提示词since yesterday 即可知需用现在完成时，主语是my father，第三人称，故用has， read 的过去分词保留原形。
填has gone; will be 通过后句的提示词back in two weeks，可推算出前句他已经去美国出差了，故需用现在完成时，主语是he，第三人称，故填has， go的过去分词为不规则变化gone。后句的时态是将来时，故用will be。
填has been dead 通过提示词for a year即可知需用现在完成时，die 需要变成形容词形式dead，表示状态持续，句意：他的奶奶已经去世一年了。
填has passed 通过提示词since I became a teacher 即可知需用现在完成时，15 years 作主语，故用has, pass的过去分词为常规变化加ed。
填has travelled 通过提示词once即可知需用现在完成时，主语是Mr. Black，第三人称，故用has, travel 的过去分词需双写辅音字母l再加ed。
填haven’t finished; will read 前句通过提示词yet即可知需用现在完成时，又有否定词not，主语为I, 故用haven’t，finish的过去分词为常规变化加ed即可。后句提示词this evening即可知用将来时，故用will read。

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