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Unit 4 Space Exploration
Discovering Useful Structures
学习目标
Learn the structure, functions and features of infinitives.
Learn to summarize some rules about infinitives to show purpose and modify.
Learn to use infinitives in oral and writing English.
重点难点
Learn the structure, functions and features of infinitives.
Learn to summarize some rules about infinitives to show purpose and modify.
3. Learn to use infinitives in oral and writing English.
学习过程
Step 1 Lead in—Pair work
Look at the following sentences and focus on the italicized infinitives. In pairs, discuss their functions.
I trained for a long time to fly airplanes as a fighter pilot.(作_______)
As we all know, an astronaut needs to be healthy and calm in order to work in space.(作_______)
First of all, you must be intelligent enough to get a related college degree.(作_______)
Some scientist were determined to help humans realise their dream to explore space.(作_______)
On 12 April 1961, Yuri Gagarin became the first person in the world to go into space.(作_______)
Summary:
不定式的结构：_______________
分析上面的句子，我们知道在描述太空探索时，动词不定式不仅可以用来表______，还可以用来作_______，表_______。
Step 2 Functions of infinitives as attribute
Rewrite the sentences by using infinitives as attribute.
In 2003, Yuri Malenchenko became the first person who got married in space.
→In 2003, Yuri Malenchenko became the first person ______________ in space.
Mankind has always been curious about the universe and many people have dreamt that one day they would fly into space.
→Mankind has always been curious about the universe and many people have dreamt ______________ space.
But Janis Adkins has the ability and desire that he can do some useful work for the disabled.
→But Janis Adkins has the ability and desire ______________ for the disabled.
I usually have a lot of meetings which I have to attend next week.
→I usually have a lot of meetings______________ next week.
We need someone who can go and ask for a doctor.
→We need someone _____________________ a doctor.
Anderson gave her his suggestion that she should insist on her task.
→Anderson gave her his suggestion _____________________ her task.
Summary:
动词不定式用作定语， 放在被修饰的名词后面。
动词不定式作定语常放在名词或不定代词后面作后置定语, 表示尚未发生的动作。
We have much homework to do tonight.
名词前有first, last, next, only等词以及最高级修饰时, 其后要用动词不定式。
She was the first woman to win the gold medal in the Olympic Games.
抽象名词attempt, ability, chance, desire, determination, decision, plan, way或不定代词something, nothing等后面常用不定式作后置定语。
Janis Adkins has the ability and desire to do useful work.
当名词与定语之间存在动宾关系时。
She is a nice person to work with.
当名词与定语之间存在主谓关系时。
We must find a person to do the job.
当名词与定语有同位关系时。
We got the order to leave the city.
Practice
(1) The airport ______________(complete) next year will help promote tourism in this area.
(2) Do you have anything _____(do) tonight
(3) The best way __________(improve) your English is to join an English club.
(4) Miss Liu is a very nice person __________(work) with.
(5) China is the third country in the world __________(send) men into space.
(6) Mary had great determination _____________(achieve) her goal.
(7) The German girl has the ability ___________(learn) Chinese well.
(8) I have something important __________(tell) you.
Step 3 Functions of infinitives as purpose adverbial
Rewrite the sentences by using infinitives as purpose adverbial.
1. In space, astronauts collect all dirty water so that it can be recycled for later use.
→In space, astronauts collect all dirty water ________________ it for later use.
2.Astronauts’ bones and muscles can get very weak in space due to the lack of gravity, so they need to exercise every day, which will help them stay healthy.
→Astronauts’ bones and muscles can get very weak in space due to the lack of gravity, so they need to exercise every day _____________________.
3. Astronauts have to use tape to stick everything down while working in space because everything would float off otherwise.
→Astronauts have to use tape to stick everything down while working in space ________________.
4. During a spacewalk, astronauts have to move slowly so that they can keep their bodies under control.
→During a spacewalk, astronauts have to move slowly _____________________________.
Summary:
不定式作目的状语，常译作“______________”。主要用来修饰_______和形容词, 也可用来修饰副词。在句中, 不定式可作目的状语、原因状语、结果状语、条件状语等, 可表示目的、原因及结果等。
1. 目的状语, 置于句首或句末, 置于句首时常表示强调,为加强语气。
A group of young people got together to discuss this question.
(1)置于句首时只用to do / in order to do。如用于表示否定, 用 in order not to do 或 so as not to do形式。
I walked quietly so as not to disturb the baby.
(2)不定式作目的状语可转换为 so that / in order that 或 so... that ... 引导的目的状语从句。
He worked very hard to pass the exam.
→He worked so hard that he could pass the exam.
→He worked hard _____________________________________.
2. 原因状语, 多见于“sb. + be + adj. + to do...”结构句中。
I was very sad to hear the news.
3. 结果状语, 多见于“too ... to”; “enough to ... ”; only to do(表示意料之外的结果的发生); so/such ... as to(意为“如此……以至于……”)结构句中。
He is old enough to go to school.
I’m too tired to do well.
He rushed back, only to find the book missing.
Practice
(1) ___________(work out) the difficult maths problem, I have consulted Professor Russell several times.
________(learn) more about Chinese culture, Jack has decided to take Chinese folk music as an elective course.
He hurried to the station only ______(find) the train had left.
We travel on Day 2 to northern France ______(visit) the World WarⅠbattlefields.
When the gorillas and I frightened each other, I was just glad ______(find) them alive.
Join us _______(taste) a variety of fresh local food and drinks.
Step 4 More about infinitive as purpose adverbial
现在分词与不定式作结果状语的区别：
动词不定式作结果状语强调的是一种意想不到的结果。
Anxiously, she took the dress out of the package and tried it on, only to find it didn’t fit.
现在分词作结果状语强调的是一种顺承的, 必然造成的结果。
His father passed away, leaving him a little money.
【参考答案】
Step 1
目的状语
目的状语
目的状语
定语
定语
Summary:
to+do原形
目的，定语，修饰
Step 2
1. to get married 2. to fly into 3. to do some useful work
4.to attend 5.to go and ask for a doctor 6. to insist on her task
Practice
(1)to complete (2)to do (3)to improve (4)to work
(5)to send (6)to achieve (7)to learn (8)to tell
Step 3
1. so as to/in order to/to recycle
2. so as to/in order to/to keep healthy
3. so as not to/in order not to/not to float off
4. so as to/in order to/to keep their bodies under control
Summary:
以便……，目的是……
动词
so that/in order that he could pass the exam.
Practice
(1) To work out (2)To learn (3) to find (4) to visit
(5) to find (6)to tasteUnit 4 Space Exploration
Listening and Speaking and Talking
学习目标
1. Students can get detailed information about how Yang Liwei became an astronaut and Max’s space life.
2. Students learn to proper listening strategy to get detailed information—listening for numbers and taking notes.
3. Students can learn related sentences or phrases to express their curiosity like “I wish to know...” “I’d love to know...”
4. Students can learn more about the space and astronauts, even be interested in working hard to be an astronaut.
重点难点
1. Students can get detailed information about how Yang Liwei became an astronaut and Max’s space life.
2. Students learn to proper listening strategy to get detailed information—listening for numbers and taking notes.
3. Students can learn related sentences or phrases to express their curiosity like “I wish to know...” “I’d love to know...”
学习过程
Part A Listening and Speaking—Talk about how to become an astronaut
Step 1 Lead in—Small talk
Look at the picture on Page 38 and tell your classmates what you can see.
I can see the solar system and the Chinese astronaut Yang Liwei waving to us.
Step 2 Before-listening
1. As for the space exploration, what do you think about
Can you name any famous astronauts from China or abroad
China:
Abroad:
Do you know anything about the selection procedure for astronauts Make a list of the possible requirements.
Step 3 While-listening—Task 1
Listen to the interview and tick the correct statements.
1. The audience is curious about how Yang Liwei became the first Chinese astronaut.
2. Mr Yang always believed that he would become an astronaut one day.
3. Mr Yang was selected to attend pilot training with 13 other people.
4. To become an astronaut in China, you have to have 1,350 hours of flying experience.
5. Astronauts not only had to learn how to use space equipment, but also had to do a lot of mental and physical training.
Step 4 While-listening—Task 2
Listen again and fill in the blanks with the correct numbers.
1. Yang Liwei graduated from college at the age of ___________.
Before he joined China’s space programme, Mr Yang trained as a fighter pilot for ___________ years.
Mr Yang was one of the ___________ pilots who were chosen to train for space flights.
At the time when Mr Yang entered the space programmes, astronauts had to shorter than ___________ cm in height and less than ___________kg in weight.
Mr Yang became China’s first astronaut when he was ___________ years old.
Step 5 While-listening—Task 3
Listen to the interview again and make a list of the requirements for becoming an astronaut.
Education background:
Experience:
Health condition:
Courses:
Special training:
Step 6 Post-listening—Speaking
Work in pairs. Discuss whether you would like to be an astronaut in the future and give your reasons. Use what you have learnt from the interview to help you.
Example:
A: You know, I think being an astronaut would be cool.
B：Do you want to work in space in the future
A: I’m not sure, but I think it might be too difficult for me. There are so many requirements. First of all, you must be intelligent enough to get a related college degree. Then you have to ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
B: So what might be the most difficult part for you.
A: I guess it might be the ____________________________________.
Part B Listening and Talking—Talk about life in space
Step 1 Before-listening
Look at the pictures below and guess whether they would be useful for astronaut in space.
soap towel guitar shower
Microwave pen tape tissue
Answers: ______________________________________________________
Step 2 While-listening—Task
Max is interviewing Captain Brown about his life in space. Listen to the interview and answer the questions.
1. What did Captain Brown usually wear inside the station
How did he prepare his food in space
How did he keep himself clean in space
How did he spend most of his time in space
What did he do during his free time
6. What did he look forward to most during his stay in space
Step 3 Talking
Work in groups. Imagine you are going to a space camp and Captain Brown has been invited to give a talk. Discus the questions you would like to ask him and then make a list.
Example:
A: Hey, guys. We’re going to meet a real astronaut. Isn’t it exciting
B: Yeah. I can’t wait to see Captain Brown! I’m really curious about his life in space. I have plenty of questions to ask him.
C: Such as
B: Oh, such as what facilities do they have in space to support their daily life
C: That sounds like a good question. But I’d like to know about how astronauts sleep. What do they do so as to not to float around while they sleep
Expressing curiosity
参考答案
Part A Listening and Speaking--- Talk about how to become an astronaut
Step 1
I can see the solar system and the Chinese astronaut Yang Liwei waving to us.
Step 2
1. space, shuttle, astronaut, spaceship, rocket, space suit, solar system, ...
2. China: Yang Liwei, Wang Yaping, Zhang Xiaoguang, Liu Yang, ...
Abroad: Neil Armstrong, Gagarin,...
3. Get good education; flying experience; excellent health; rich knowledge; special training, ...
Step 3
1, 3, 5
Step 4
1. 22 2.10 3.14 4.172; 70 5.38
Step 5
Education background: college degree
Experience: rich experience of fighter
Health condition: perfect physical and mental health and body shape; proper height and weight
Courses: English, science and astronomy
Special training: using space equipment; physical and mental training
Step 6
A: I’m not sure, but I think it might be too difficult for me. There are so many requirements. First of all, you must be intelligent enough to get a related college degree. Then you have to work hard to be a great fighter pilot for rich experience. In addition, you have to keep in a perfect physical and mental health and learn science and astronomy well.
A: I guess it might be the astronomy, which is too difficult for me.
Part B Listening and Talking—Talk about life in space
Step 1
soap, towel, guitar, microwave, pen, tissue
S tep 2
1.Shorts and T-shirt.
2. He didn’t prepared his food. Because they didn’t have cooking in space. They chose what they wanted to eat before going to space and then the food was prepared and stored for them. They just needed to heat the food and enjoyed it.
3. He used a soapy towel to wash and swallowed their tooth paste after brushing his teeth.
4. Doing different experiments.
5. Played the guitar.
6. His weekly video call with his family.Unit 4 Space Exploration
Reading for Writing
学习目标
1. Read quickly to get main idea; read carefully to get the detailed information.
2. Learn the characteristics or structures of argumentative essay.
3. Learn to write an argumentative essay.
4. Learn to correct others’ writing.
重点难点
Learn the characteristics or structures of argumentative essay.
Learn to write an argumentative essay.
学习过程
Step 1 Lead in—Small talk
Space exploration has a great many of benefits, but there are also great risks and a large amount of money to spend. So some people support space exploration because they think it has brought a lot of benefits to humans. But on the other hand, some people think there are a lot of questions to solve like hunger and diseases, why not spend more money and effort on them What is your idea and why
Step 2 While reading—Task 1
Find the topic sentence of each paragraph.
Para. 1 _____________________________________________
Para. 2 _____________________________________________
Para. 3 _____________________________________________
Para 4 _____________________________________________
Para. 5 _____________________________________________
The main idea of the passage is about _________________________________________.
Step 3 While reading—Task 2
Read the text and answer the following questions.
Q1: Why are some people against space exploration according to the passage
Q2: What are the benefits of exploring space
Q3: What did the picture of Earth from space make people realise
Q4: What’s the author’s attitude to exploring space
Step 4 Post reading—Summary
Step 5 Before writing—Words and phrases
Translate the phrases from the text.
①________________________发射卫星
②________________________收集数据
③________________________探索太空
④________________________有很大影响
⑤________________________导致
⑥________________________从中受益
⑦________________________先进的技术
⑧________________________满足要求
⑨________________________改变我们的生活
⑩________________________有限的资源
________________________靠近；接近
________________________提供生活所需
________________________促进技术改进
________________________提供解决问题的办法
Step 6 While writing
最近，你班同学就“太空探索是否值得”这一话题展开了一场讨论。请你根据下表提供的信息，用英语写一篇短文介绍讨论的情况，并谈谈自己的看法。
30%的同学认为： 70%的同学认为：
不值得探索 2．离我们及我们的日常生活太遥远 3．浪费金钱。这些金钱本可用来解决地球上的饥饿、污染等问题 1. 值得探索 2．已使用卫星进行通讯传播、天气预报 3．有望解决地球人口问题、地球能源短缺问题
Step 7 While writing—the Outline
Paragraph 1：________________________________________________
Paragraph 2：________________________________________________
Paragraph 3：________________________________________________
Paragraph 4：________________________________________________
Step 8 While writing—Words and phrases
①________________________举行热烈的讨论　　　
②________________________值得做
③________________________ 持有不同的观点
④________________________离……很远
⑤________________________被用来做……
⑥________________________从……受益良多
⑦________________________ n．交际
⑧________________________天气预报
⑨________________________能源短缺
⑩________________________ 在我看来
Step 9 While writing—Make sentences
①用于太空探索的资金可以用来解决地球的饥饿和污染等问题。(过去分词作定语)
②30%的同学认为不值得探索。
③他们认为太空探索离我们及我们的日常生活太遥远并且浪费金钱。
④70%的人认为太空值得探索，因为我们从中受益匪浅。(because)
⑤总有一天，我们可以搬到其他星球去解决人口问题。(by doing)
⑥太空研究将使我们能够找到新的能源来解决地球上的能源短缺问题。(不定式作目的状语)
⑦在我看来, 探索太空是值得的。
Step 10 Writing—draft
Step 11 Pair work
Exchange drafts with a partner. Use this checklist to help your partner revise his/her draft.
1.Does the writer explain why he/she changed/wanted to change
2.Does the writer tell how the changes have improved or will improve his/her life
3.Is the text well-organised
4.Does the writer use words and expressions to show similarities and differences
5.Are there any grammar or spelling errors
6.Does the writer use correct punctuation
Step 12 Homework
Put up your revised draft in the classroom or read it to your class.
参考答案
Step 1
I think we should be favor of it because a lot of space technologies has already provided service for us common people, like GPS.
I think we should stop because we need more money and effort to help the poor and the disabled. What’s worse, there are a lot of risks in space exploration, like the Challenger accident.
Step 2
1. Find out the main idea of each paragraph.
Para. 1 Present an argument whether exploration space a waste of time and money.
Para. 2 Exploring space has already made a difference in the fight against world hunger.
Para. 3 Space exploration has already promoted technological improvements that benefit us all.
Para. 4 Sending astronauts into space has furthered understanding of the world’s problems and figuring out ways to solve them.
Para. 5 Draw a conclusion that exploring space is of great benefit, so we should continue.
2. introducing different benefits of exploring space.
Step 3
Q1: Because they think it costs too much time and money.
Q2: Make a difference in the fight against world hunger;
promote technological improvements that benefit us all;
help people to think about the world’s problems and find ways to solve them.
Q3: Our earth’s resources are limited.
Q4: Supportive.
Step 4
1. shallow 2. made a difference 3. promoted 4. think about 5. continue
Step 5
①launch a satellite
②collect data
③explore space
④make a difference
⑤result in
⑥benefit from
⑦advanced technology
⑧meet the requirements
⑨change our lives
⑩limited resources
be close to
provide for
promote technological improvement
provide solutions to problems
Step 6
Step 7 While writing—the outline
Paragraph 1：Recently, students in our class have had a discussion on whether space is worth exploring.
Paragraph 2：30% of us think space exploration is not worthwhile.
Paragraph 3：On the other hand, 70% think space is worth exploring.
Paragraph 4：As far as I am concerned, it is worthwhile to explore the space.
Step 8
①have a discussion　　　
②be worth doing
③worthwhile
④be far away from
⑤be used to do
⑥benefit a lot from...
⑦communication
⑧weather forecast
⑨energy shortages
⑩as far as I’m concerned
Step 9
①And the money spent on space exploration can be used to solve the earth’s problems such as starvation and pollution.
②30% of us think space exploration is not worthwhile.
③They think space is too far away from us and our daily life and is a waste of money.
④70% think space is worth exploring because we have benefited a lot from it.
⑤We may solve the population problem by moving to other planets one day.
⑥Space research will enable us to find new sources to solve the problem of energy shortages on the earth.
⑦As far as I am concerned, it is worthwhile to explore the space.
Step 10
Recently, students in our class have had a heated discussion on whether space is worth exploring. Students hold different ideas about it.
30% of us think space exploration is not worthwhile. They think space is too far away from us and our daily life and is a waste of money. And the money spent on space exploration can be used to solve the earth’s problems such as starvation and pollution.
On the other hand，70% think space is worth exploring because we have benefited a lot from it，such as using satellites for communication and weather forecast. What’s more，with further space research，we may solve the population problem by moving to other planets one day. Also，space research will enable us to find new sources to solve the problem of energy shortages on the earth.
As far as I am concerned, it is worthwhile to explore the space. Not only can it promote the development of society but also enrich our life.

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