资源简介

Discovering Useful Structures (Grammar)
观察下列句子，体会句中黑体词的含义
①Over time I have been changed quite a lot.
②Since the 1970s many new applications have been found for me.
③The important problem has been discussed for nearly two weeks.
④The ink has not been removed from the clothes.
⑤Haven’t your problem been solved
⑥How many buildings have been built in your school
自我归纳
1．以上例句中都使用了 ______________________。
2．以上例句中第①②③句是该时态的________句式；第④句是________句式；第⑤句是__________句式；第⑥句是__________句式。
现在完成时的被动语态
一、结构
肯定式 主语＋have/has been done…
否定式 主语＋have/has not been done…
一般疑问式 Have/Has＋主语＋been done… ？
特殊疑问式 疑问词＋have/has＋主语＋been done… ？
The construction of the bridge has not been finished.
桥的建设还没有完成。
Has the date for the next meeting been decided
下次会议的日期已决定了吗？
How long has the battery not been changed
电池多久没有更换了？
二、用法
1．现在完成时的被动语态同它的主动语态一样，强调过去的动作对现在造成的影响或结果，通常与already，yet，just，never，recently等副词连用。
The machine has already been repaired.
机器已经修好了。
2．表示一个被动的动作或状态开始于过去，持续到现在，并可能持续下去，常与for或since引导的时间状语连用，或用于“How long… ？”句型中。
Financial problems of the company have been discussed for nearly two hours.
公司的财务问题已被讨论了近两个小时了。
How long has this film been shown
这部电影已放映多长时间了？
3．用在时间或条件状语从句中，表示将来某时已完成的动作，即用现在完成时的被动语态代替将来完成时的被动语态。
You shouldn’t leave school before your homework has been finished.
在你的作业没完成之前你不应该离开学校。
[名师点津]
常与现在完成时连用的时间状语：
already 已经 yet 已经
recently/lately 最近 since then 从那时起
ever since 自那以来 ever 曾经
so far 迄今为止 for a long time 很长一段时间
by now 到现在为止 in recent years 在最近几年里
in/during/over the past/last years 在过去的几年里
三、注意事项
1．只带有一个宾语的动词变为被动语态时，将主动语态的宾语变为被动语态的主语。
His boss has already punished him.
→He has already been punished (by his boss)．
2．带有双宾语的动词，如give，send，bring，take，teach，show，tell，make，sing，write，read，sell，buy，pay，lend，pass，promise等，变为被动语态时，一般将间接宾语变为被动语态的主语，若将直接宾语变为被动语态的主语时，间接宾语前面要用相应的介词。
The company has given him a chance to work abroad recently.
→He has been given a chance to work abroad recently (by the company)．
→A chance to work abroad has been given to him recently (by the company)．
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．A new library in our school ___________(set) up so far.
2．Great changes ___________(take) place in my hometown in the past few years.
3．Since your work ______________(finish)，you can have a rest now.
4．Tom’s novel ______ not _________________(publish) by now.
5．Three new schools _______________(open) in our city in the past five years.
Ⅱ.语段填空(用所给词的正确时态、语态填空)
Li Ming：Hi，Lin Tao.How nice to see you on the first day of the new term!
Lin Tao：Yes.Nice to see you again.
Li Ming：I know that your parents 1. ______________(work) in that city for about a year.Can you tell me something there after the earthquake
Lin Tao：Of course.Since the earthquake 2. ___________(happen)，many soldiers 3. ______________(send) there，and many kinds of supplies (物资供应) 4. ______________(carry) there from all over the country.Now，most people there 5. ______________(live) a happy life again.
Li Ming：How about the schools there
Lin Tao：Several new schools 6. ______________(set up) and also some schools which 7. ______________(damage) in the earthquake 8. ______________(rebuild)．So all the students can go back to school to study now.
Li Ming：That’s wonderful.I’m sure their life will be better and better.When will your parents come back
Lin Tao：They will be back next month.
【参考答案】
自我归纳
1. 现在完成时的被动语态 2. 肯定；否定；一般疑问；特殊疑问
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1. has been set 2. have taken 3. has been finished 4. has；been published 5. have been opened
Ⅱ.语段填空(用所给词的正确时态、语态填空)
1. have been working 2. happened 3. have been sent 4. have been carried 5. live/are living 6. have been set up 7. were damaged 8. have been rebuiltOnline Shopping
With the development of the e-commerce①，more and more people intend to do the shopping online.There are many advantages of online shopping，yet there are some disadvantages too.
On the one hand，the online shopping is very convenient.Unlike the physical stores，there is no limit of time for you to do the shopping online.And you can find anything in the online store，some of which you may hardly buy at the local.And also，the price is relatively transparent②，you can choose the affordable③ one to buy.
On the other hand，since the goods are only presented by the pictures and descriptions，it is hard to tell its reality，so you might have bought something you don’t like，or even the fake one.Of course you can ask for the after service，but it will increase your cost of the time.And the advertisements on the online shops may make you spend much more money on online shopping without being conscious④.
Anyway，the online shopping makes the shopping easier，but please do it with rationality⑤.
Notes：
1．ecommerce n．电子商业 2.transparent adj.透明的；易看穿的
3．affordable adj.付得起的 4.conscious adj.意识到；有知觉的
5．rationality n．合理性；理由
Listening and Speaking &Reading and Thinking (Pre-reading)
Step 1　Before reading
Ⅰ.Please match the words with their proper meanings.
1．chat A．n.软件
2．identity B．adj.方便的；近便的
3．convenient C．vi.聊天；闲聊
4．software D．vt.&vi.浏览；冲浪
5．stuck E．n.慈善；慈善机构
6．surf F．n.省
7．charity G．n.会议；研讨会；正式会谈
8．tough H．adj.卡住；陷(入)；困(于)
9．province I．艰难的；严厉的
10．conference J．n.身性；个性
Ⅱ.Leadin
In which way has the Internet changed our life？Which benefits does it bring to us
Step 2　While reading
Ⅰ.Fastreading
1．What’s the main idea of the passage
2．Match each paragraph with its main idea.
Para. 1 A．Jan started an IT club.
Para. 2 B．The convenience of the Internet.
Para. 3 C．Jan’s illness and online activities.
Para. 4 D．Jan took online classes.
Para. 5 E．Thinking about others’ situations inspired Jan.
Ⅱ. Carefulreading
Read the text carefully and choose the best answers.
1．When did Jan find herself out of work
A．At 50. B．At 40.
C．At 59. D．At 61.
2．Jan can do the following activities except ________ with her computer.
A．surfing the Internet B．listening to music
C．exploring the world D．raising a pet
3． ________ is Jan’s next goal.
A．Starting an IT club
B．Starting a small online company
C．Starting a charity website
D．Starting online classes
4．Why do Jan and her friends organise events and collect money after she started an IT club
A．To pay for private teachers.
B．To help people in need.
C．To teach people how to use computers.
D．To apply for work online.
Step 3　Post reading
The Internet 1. ___________(change) Jan’s life since she developed a serious illness 2. _________ had to quit her job.She could do all kinds of 3. ___________(activity)，such as listening to music，watching films，playing games and 4. ___________(explore) the world.She was so inspired by the people she met 5. ________ she started an IT club to teach older people how 6. __________(use) computers and the Internet.Jan has also started taking online classes to learn 7. _________(much) about how to use the Internet to make society better.Her next goal is 8. ___________(start) a charity website to raise money 9. ________ children in poor countries.Jan says that thinking about other people’s situations inspired 10. ________(she) to offer help.
【参考答案】
Step 1　Before reading
1～5　CJBAH　6～10　DEIFG
Ⅱ.Lead-in
From all the fields of life.The benefits include：the convenience in shopping，transport and working；entertainment；chatting online；writing a blog post；enjoying movies and music and so on.
Step 2　While reading
Ⅰ.Fast-reading
1.The Internet has changed people’s lives，including Jan’s.
2.Para. 1—B　Para. 2—C　Para. 3—A Para. 4—D　Para. 5—E
Ⅱ. Carefulreading
1～4　ADCA
Step 3　Post reading
1. has changed 2.and 3.activities 4.exploring 5.that 6.to use 7.more 8.to start 9.for 10.herListening and Talking, Reading for Writing& Building Up Your Vocabulary
Ⅰ.重点词汇
1．___________(n.)功能；作用；机能(vi.)起作用；正常工作；运转
2．___________(vt.)确认；使确信
3．_________(vt.)压，按；敦促
4．_________(n.)按钮；纽扣
5．___________(n.)折扣(vt.)打折
6．_________(n.)账户；描述
7．_________(n.)目标；对象；靶子(vt.)把……作为攻击目标
8．________(adj.)假的；错误的
9．_________(adj.)心烦的；苦恼的；沮丧的
10．_________(adj.)熟悉的；熟知的
11．_______(n.)盒；箱；情况；案件
12．_________(n.)偷(窃)；盗窃罪→_________(n.)小偷；贼
13．_________(adj.)粗鲁的；无礼的→__________(n.)粗鲁；无礼
14．_________(adj.)让人难堪的→___________(adj.)难堪的→__________ (vt.)使难堪→___________(n.)难堪
Ⅱ.重点短语
1．______ shape 状况良好
2．keep track ______ 掌握……的最新消息；了解……的动态
3．make fun ______ 取笑；戏弄
4．keep…______ mind 牢记
5．in ______ past 在过去
6．rather ______ 而不是
7．first ______ all 首先
8．upside ______ 上下颠倒
Ⅲ.核心句型
1．whenever 引导让步状语从句
You get a message ____________ there has been an update.
每次当有上传时，你就会获得相关信息。
2．the＋比较级… ，the＋比较级…
越……越……
However， ____________ polite you are， __________________ it is you will be attacked.
然而，你越礼貌，你被攻击的可能性就越小。
Ⅰ.根据课文内容判断正(T)、误(F)
1．It is always safe to stay online.( )
2．When you see or read something that makes you feel uncomfortable，you’d better not post comments.( )
3．When someone asks you for your address，you can give him.( )
4．Trolls often uses a true name online.( )
5．Boy 579’s photo was posted online by someone.( )
Ⅱ.课文阅读理解
1．How many suggestion does the writer give in the text
A．Four B．Two
C．Three D．One
2．What’s the main idea of the passage
A．The tips for staying safe online.
B．The golden rule of the Internet.
C．Being polite online.
D．Protecting your privacy.
Ⅰ.重点词汇
1．function n．功能；作用；机能vi.起作用；正常工作；运转
①Its function is to show happiness and put people at ease.
它的作用是表示快乐和安人心境。
function as 起……作用；具有……功能
②Some English adjectives function ______nouns.
英语中有些形容词可作名词用。
2．confirm vt.确认；使确信
①The expression on her face confirmed her sadness.
她脸上的表情证明了她很难过。
confirm＋sth./that从句/wh 从句 证实……
It has been confirmed that… 已证实……
confirm sb.in (belief/opinion/view) 使某人确信信念/意见/观点
②The latest evidence confirmed me ______ his honesty.
最新的证据让我坚信他是诚实的。
③It ____________________(confirm) that it’s the most effective treatment.
已证实这是最有效的治疗方法。
3．account n．账户；描述 vt.认为；解释；说明
①Please keep an account of your activities.
请把你每天的活动记录下来。
(1)account sb.(to be)… 认为某人……
account for 解释或说明……的原因；总共有……
account to sb.for… 向某人说明……
(2)on account of 由于；因为
on no account 决不(放在句首时，句子用部分倒装)
take… into account 考虑……
②His illness accounts _______ his absence from the meeting.
他因为生病而缺席会议。
③We should take everything ________ account and then make a decision.
我们应该考虑一切，然后再做决定。
[语境串记]
When the teacher asked for the account why he was not present at school yesterday，he accounted for his absence then，but later he accounted to the teacher that on no account did he tell a lie.
当老师问起他昨天没来上学的原因时，他当时就向老师做了解释，但是后来他向老师说明他绝没有撒谎。
[名师点津]
on account of的同义短语有：because of，due to，owing to，thanks to，as a result of等。
4．particular adj.不寻常的；特别的
①I don’t have any particular reason to distrust them.
我没有任何特别的理由怀疑他们。
(1)in particular 特别地；尤其地
be particular about 对……挑剔
(2)particularly adv. 特殊地；特别地
②What I ___________(particular) dislike about this lesson is that it is really boring.
我特别不喜欢这节课的地方是它的确令人乏味。
③I am not particular ________ my clothes while my wife minds what I wear.
我不怎么讲究着装，我的妻子却很在乎我穿什么。
5．embarrassing adj.让人难堪的
①Now he is in an embarrassing situation.
现在他处境尴尬。
(1)embarrass vt. 使尴尬；使难堪
(2)embarrassed adj. 感到难堪的
be/feel embarrassed about/at… 对……感到难为情/不知所措
be/feel embarrassed to do sth. 对做某事感到尴尬
(3)embarrassment n. 窘迫；尴尬
②I was ___________(embarrass) at his unexpected question.
他突然的发问使我不知所措。
③My face turned red with ________________(embarrass)．
我窘得脸都红了。
④Tom was too embarrassed ___________(say) anything to his wife.
汤姆尴尬地对妻子一句话也讲不出来。
6．upset adj.心烦的；苦恼的；沮丧的 v．打翻；弄乱；使不安
①The result of the exam made me upset.
考试结果令我心烦。
(1)be upset over/about/at… 对……感到不安/难过/心烦
be upset that… 对……感到不安
(2)It upsets sb.that… 让某人心烦的是……
②I am upset about what he said.
对他说的话，我很难过。
③They were very upset ________ their child hadn’t given them any reply to their letter.
他们的孩子没有给他们回信，他们很不安。
7．familiar adj.熟悉的；熟知的
①The voice sounds familiar.
这口音听起来很熟。
be familiar with 熟悉……
be familiar to 被……熟悉
②I am familiar ________ Beijing，so I can help visitors find their way in the city.
我熟悉北京，所以可以帮忙给游客指路。
③If you are not familiar ________ the topic，you may write something that is familiar to you.
如果你不熟悉这个话题，你可以写些你熟悉的东西。
8．rather than与其；不愿；与其说……倒不如说……
①These shoes are comfortable rather than pretty.
这些鞋子与其说漂亮，不如说舒服。
(1)
(2)or rather 更准确地说
②_______ rather，his whole person was a stupid man.
更确切地说，他整个人就是一个傻子。
③At last I would __________(write) rather than telephone.
最后我决定写信而不是打电话。
[名师点津]
(1)rather than连接的两个并列成分作主语时，谓语与rather than前面的成分在人称与数上保持一致。
④I think Tom，rather than you， is (be) to blame.
我认为是汤姆，而不是你应受到责备。
(2)rather than前后连接并列成分。
⑤She likes dancing rather than _________(sing)．
她喜欢跳舞，而不是喜欢唱歌。
Ⅱ.经典句型
1．You get a message whenever there has been an update.
每次当有上传时，你就会获得相关信息。
whenever意为“无论何时”，在句中引导让步状语从句。
①Whenever I am in trouble，he always helps me out.
每当我有麻烦时，他总是帮我摆脱困境。
(1)引导让步状语从句
(2)whatever，whichever，who(m)ever既可引导让步状语从句，又可引导名词性从句。
(3)no matter what/which/who(m)只引导让步状语从句
②Only by working hard can we make a difference in ___________ we hope to achieve.
只有通过勤奋的工作，我们才能对希望完成的事产生影响。
③___________ road you take，it will lead you to the station.
无论你走哪一条路，都会到车站。
2．However， the more polite you are， the less likely it is you will be attacked.
然而，你越有礼貌，你被攻击的可能性就越小。
the more… ，the less… 属于“the＋比较级… ，the＋比较级… ”的结构，其意义为“越……，就越……”。
①The more you practise，the better you can understand.
你练习得越多，理解得就越透。
②The more you stand，the ___________(far) you will see.
你站得越高就看得越远。
[名师点津]
前一个“the＋比较级”是条件状语从句，用一般现在时表示将来；后一个是主句，用一般将来时。
③The more you speak English，the better your English ___________(become)．
你说英语越多，你的英语就会越好。
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．In this project，the young man functions ______ a manager.
2．I think nobody can account ______ the fire in the factory.
3．__________(take) everything into consideration，we made a careful plan about it.
4．The lady is particular _________ her clothes and often goes shopping.
5．To my ____________(embarrass)，he found out my lies.
6．What he said and did ______(upset) me very much yesterday.
7．I would rather stay at home than ______(see) a film tonight.
8．He was put into prison because of _________(thief)．
Ⅱ.完成句子
1．你越小心，你犯的错就越少。
_______ _______ ________ you are， _______ _________ mistakes you will make.
2．没有人喜欢被嘲笑。
Nobody likes ________ ________ ________ ______.
3．无论你去哪里，我都跟着你。
__________ _______ _____，I’ll follow you.
4．而且我们必须记录下我们的行为。
And we must _______ ________ _______ our actions.
5．请记住，你曾答应她两点钟打电话给她。
Please _______ _______ ________ that you promised to call her at two o’clock.
【参考答案】
Ⅰ.重点词汇
1. function 2. confirm 3. press 4.button 5.discount 6.account 7.target 8.false 9.upset 10.familiar 11.case 12. theft; thief 13. rude; rudeness 14. embarrassing; embarrassed；embarrass；embarrassment
Ⅱ.重点短语
1. in 2.of 3.of 4.in 5.the 6.than 7.of 8.down
Ⅲ.核心句型
1. whenever 2. the more；the less likely
Ⅰ.根据课文内容判断正(T)、误(F)
1-5 FTFFF
Ⅱ.课文阅读理解
1～2　CA
Ⅰ.重点词汇
1. ②as 2.②in ③has been confirmed 3. ②for ③into 4. ②particularly ③about
5. ②embarrassed ③embarrassment ④to say 6. ③that 7.②with ③with
8.② Or ③write ⑤singing
Ⅱ.经典句型
1. ②whatever ③Whichever 2.②farther ③will become
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1. as 2.for 3.Taking 4.about 5.embarrassment 6.upset 7.see 8.theft
Ⅱ.完成句子
1. The more careful; the fewer 2. being made fun of 3. Wherever you go 4. keep track of 5. keep in mind同步写作——博客
博客，是网络时代的个人“读者文摘”，是以超级链接为入口的网络日记，结合了文字、图像、其他博客或网站的链接及其它与主题相关的媒体，能够让读者以互动的方式留下意见。
大部分的博客内容以文字为主，但仍有一些博客专注在艺术、摄影、视频、音乐、播客等各种主体。基本框架如下：
1．标题
我们在撰写之前，可以构思一个新颖别致的标题。标题的设置对于吸引访问者来说，还是很重要的。
2．正文
①引入：可告诉读者关于自己的情况及你对此主题的了解。
②正文：告诉读者他们应干的东西及牢记的一些相关东西。
③结束：可通过要求读者写评论而结束。
写作中，语言文字尽可能明白晓畅，通俗易懂。可插入一些精美的图片。字体和颜色，可以根据自己的喜好来选择。
1．disagree v． 不同意
2．share v. 分享
3．secret n. 秘密
4．safety n. 安全
5．download v. 下载
6．identity theft 身份盗窃
7．comment v．&n. 评论
8．give out 分发；泄露
9．happy adj. 快乐的
10．post v．&n. 发帖；帖子
11．target n. 目标
12．embarrassing adj. 令人难堪的
13．troll n. 恶意挑衅的帖子
14．privacy n. 隐私；秘密
1．Today I thought I’d blog about a question…
今天我想就……的问题写篇博客。
2．We should not give out all our personal information.
我们不应该泄露我们的所有个人信息。
3．I think you should…
我想你应该……
4．Personally，I hold the view that…
我个人认为……
5．Have you had the same experiences online
在网上你有过同样的经历吗？
6．Please keep in mind that…
请牢记……
请就online chat rooms为话题，写一篇博客，讨论一下网络安全问题。
注意：
1．字数100字左右；
2．可适当增加情节。
Step One　审题谋篇
体裁 博客
话题 网络安全
时态 一般现在时
人称 第一、二人称
Step Two　词汇运用
1．保持安全 ___________
2．辨别他们的身份 ___________
3．泄露个人信息 ______________________
4．伤害 ___________
Step Three　句式表达
1．完成句子
①你在聊天室里怎样保持安全？
How do you __________ _________ in chat rooms
②不要泄露你的地址和号码。
Don’t _________ ________ _______ _________ and phone number.
③或许你会遇到一个坏人，他会通过非法行为而伤害你。
Maybe you can meet a bad person，and he will _______ _______ _______ you by illegal actions.
④请在下面发帖！
Post your ___________ ________ !
2．句式升级
用定语从句改写句④。
Maybe you can meet a bad person， ________ _______ ________ _________ ________ _______ by illegal actions.
Step Four　连句成篇
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
【参考答案】
Step Two　词汇运用
1.keep/stay safe 2.tell their identity 3.give out personal information 4.do harm to
Step Three　句式表达
1．完成句子
①stay/keep safe ②give out your address ③do harm to ④comments below
2．句式升级
who will do harm to you
Step Four　连句成篇
One possible version：
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Keep us safe in chat rooms
Today I thought I’d blog about a question that has been asked many times—how do you stay safe in chat rooms？Now I’ll share my experiences with you.
First，there are all kinds of people in chat rooms，you can’t easily tell their identity. So don’t give out too much personal information. Second，protect your privacy. Don’t give out your adress or phone number. Someone may use it to steal your identity. Third，never meet someone you met online alone. Maybe you can meet a bad person，who will do harm to you by illegal actions. Your life may be at risk.
Have you had bad experiences in chat rooms？Do you have some good advice？Post your comment below！
Last month，I met a bad man in the chat room.He said some bad words to me.I was hurt.
One of my classmates met a young man after they chatted in a chat room. The man caught the girl and asked for much money. Luckily，the girl was saved by the police.

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