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Unit 4 Natural Disasters
Discovering Useful Structures (grammar)
观察下面句子，找出下面句中的定语从句，先行词，关系词及其在从句中充当的句子成分
①The number of people who/that were killed or seriously injured reached more than 400,000.
②Then，later that afternoon，another big quake which/that was almost as strong as the first one shook Tangshan.
③The army organized teams to dig out those who were trapped and to bury the dead.
④China is a country that/which has a long history.
⑤ Workers built shelters for survivors whose homes had been destroyed.
⑥ The man (whom/who/that) I have to phone lives in Canada.
自我归纳
(1)关系代词who指人，在定语从句中作主语、表语或宾语，如句①、句③和句⑥。
(2)关系代词whom指人，在定语从句中作宾语，在口语和非正式文体中可用who或that替换，如句⑥。
(3)关系代词which指物，在定语从句中作主语或宾语，如句②和句④。
(4)关系代词that既可以指人也可以指物，在定语从句中作主语或宾语，如句①、句②、句④和句⑥。
(5)关系代词whose既可指人也可指物，在定语从句中作定语，如句⑤。
1．基本概念
定语从句：修饰名词或代词的从句称为定语从句，一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词后面。
先行词：被定语从句所修饰说明的词称为先行词。
关系词：引导定语从句的关联词称为关系词。关系词分为关系代词和关系副词。
2．关系代词引导的定语从句
(1)who指人，在从句中作主语或宾语，作宾语时可省略。
The man who is talking with my father is a teacher.
正和我父亲说话的那个人是教师。(作主语)
The girl (who) I met yesterday was his sister.
我昨天见到的那个女孩是他的妹妹。(作宾语)
(2)whom指人，在从句中作宾语，常可省略，不能作主语。
The man (whom) you met just now is my father.
你刚刚遇到的人是我父亲。(作宾语)
The teacher (whom) you are waiting for is coming.
你等的那位老师来了。(作宾语)
(3)whose既可指人，也可指物。其后接名词，与先行词构成从属关系，在从句中作定语。
I know the person whose house was destroyed in the earthquake.
我认识那个人，他的房子在地震中被摧毁了。(作定语)
Nobody wants the house whose roof has fallen in．
没有人想要这个屋顶已坍塌的房子。(作定语)
(4)which只指物，不指人，可作主语或宾语，作宾语时可省略。
Guilin is a city which has a history of 2,000 years.
桂林是一个有2 000年历史的城市。(作主语)
The young man was very happy to get back the gold ring (which) he had lost on the train．
那个年轻人找回了在火车上丢失的金戒指，非常高兴。(作宾语)
(5)that既可指人，也可指物，在从句中作主语、宾语，作宾语时可以省略。
There is a film (that) I'd like to see.
有一部电影我想去看。(作宾语)
The number of people that/who come to visit this city each year reaches one million.
每年来参观这座城市的人数达100万。(作主语)
温馨提示：①关系代词指代先行词，在定语从句中充当主语、宾语、定语或表语，因此定语从句中不能再出现关系代词所替代的名词或代词。
译昨天晚上我们看的那部电影非常吓人。
误The film (that/which) we saw it last night is very frightening.
正The film (that/which) we saw last night is very frightening.
②关系代词在从句中作主语时不能省略，作宾语时可以省略。
Is that the girl (whom/who/that) you spoke of the other day？那就是你前几天所提到的女孩吗？
3．只用that不用which的情况
(1)当先行词是all，everything，nothing，much，any，little等不定代词，或被no，little，all等修饰时。
He did everything that he could for me.
他为我做了他所能做的所有的事。
No news that he tells us is good.
他告诉我们的消息没有一个是好的。
(2)当先行词被最高级、序数词以及the very，the only修饰时。
This is the best film that I have seen．
这是我所看过的最好的电影。
This is the very book that I've been looking for.
这正是我一直在找的那本书。
The first place that they visited in London was the Big Ben.
在伦敦他们参观的第一个地方是大本钟。
(3)当先行词既含有表示人的名词又含有表示物的名词时。
They talked about the men and the things that they saw in the country.
他们谈到了在那个国家见到的人和事。
We often talk about the persons and things that we remember.
我们常常谈起我们记得的那些人和事。
(4)当主句是以which或who开头的特殊疑问句时。
Which is the hotel that he stayed at last night
他昨晚住的是哪家旅馆？
温馨提示：①关系代词在从句中作主语时，根据先行词的单复数决定从句谓语动词的单复数。
He is the only one of the students who has passed the exam.(the only one为先行词)
He is one of the students who have passed the exam.(the students为先行词)
②关系代词的省略：在限制性定语从句中，关系代词作动词宾语或介词宾语时(这时介词不能在关系代词前)常可省略。
The boy (that/who/whom) we saw last night was Li Ming.
Ⅰ.用合适的关系代词填空
1．Do you know the lady _______ our English teacher is talking with under the big tree
2．He is the man _______ I saw yesterday.
3．It is the tallest building _______ Daming has seen ever since he came here.
4．Is oxygen the only gas _______ helps fire burn
5．My father bought a new bike for me _______ price added up to more than 1,000 yuan.
6．This is the biggest laboratory _______ we have ever built in our school.
7．The boy and the dog _______ are in the picture are very lovely.
8．She said she would do anything _______ could help her mother recover from the disease.
9．Anyone _______ has helped to save the drowning girl is worth praising.
10．Is there anyone in your class _______ family is in the country
Ⅱ.用定语从句合并句子
1．Do you know the man The man spoke to the headmaster just now.
→Do you know the man __________________________________
2．I have seen the film.They're talking about the film.
→I have seen the film ___________________________.
3．The book was written by Mark Twain.He was a famous American writer.
→The book was written by Mark Twain _______________________________.
4．Last week Mary wore the dress.I gave it to her.
→Last week Mary wore the dress ___________________________.
5．The girl is from America.Her father is a Chinese.
→The girl __________________________ is from America.
6．My grandparents live in a house.It is more than 100 years old.
→My grandparents live in a house __________________________________.
【参考答案】
Ⅰ.用合适的关系代词填空
1. who/that 2. that/who/whom 3.that 4.that 5.whose 6.that 7.that 8.that 9.who 10.whose
Ⅱ.用定语从句合并句子
1. who/that spoke to the headmaster just now
2. that/which they're talking about
3. who was a famous American writer
4. that/which I gave to her
5. whose father is a Chinese
6. which/that is more than 100 years oldUnit 4 Natural Disasters
Listening and Speaking & Reading and Thinking (Pre-reading)
Step 1　Before reading
Ⅰ.Please match the words with their proper meanings.
1．disaster　　　　 A．n. 洪水；大量 v．淹没；大量涌入
2．drought B．vt. 使落入险境；使陷入圈套 n. 险境；陷阱
3．flood C．n. 灾难；灾害
4．resacue D．vt. 埋葬；安葬
5．damage E．vt. 影响；(疾病)侵袭；深深打动
6．survive F．n. 震惊；令人震惊的事；休克 vt.(使)震惊
7．destroy G．n. & v. 毁坏；破坏
8．affect H．n. 旱灾；久旱
9．shelter I．v. 遭受；蒙受
10．ruin J．n. 避难处；居所；庇护 v．保护；掩蔽
11．shock K．n. & vt.营救；救援
12．trap L．vt. 损害；破坏 n．损坏；损失
13．bury M．vi. 生存；存活 vt. 幸存；艰难度过
14．breathe N．vt. & vi.呼吸
15．suffer O．vt. 摧毁；毁灭
Ⅱ.Lead in
What might happen to a place when there is an earthquake？Look at the following pictures and then fill in the blanks.
The water in the wells ______ and ______. And some deep ______ could be seen in the well walls.A ______ gas came out of the cracks.
The chickens，the dogs and even the pigs were too ________ to eat.
Mice ran out of the fields __________ places to hide.Fish ________ out of their bowls and ponds.
People could see ______ lights in the sky.
Step 2　While reading
Ⅰ.Fast reading
Para.1　　 A．A brand new Tangshan.
Para.2 B．The earthquake happened and caused deaths or injuries in Tangshan.
Para.3 C．Help came soon after the quakes.
Para.4 D．No one paid attention though strange things happened.
Para.5 E．The earthquake caused unbelievable destruction to Tangshan.
Ⅱ.Careful reading
Read the text carefully and choose the best answers.
1．All the following unusual things happened before the quake EXCEPT that________.
A．the water in the village wells rose and fell
B．the chickens and even the pigs were too nervous to eat
C．tens of thousands of cows would never give milk again
D．fish jumped out of their bowls and ponds
2．When did the earthquake happen
A．At night on July 28,1976.
B．On the morning of July 28,1976.
C．On the afternoon of July 28,1976.
D．The writer didn't tell us.
3．Which is TRUE according to the passage
A．People paid much attention to those strange things before the earthquake.
B．Before the earthquake animals became nervous.
C．Water and food were brought into the city by volunteers.
D．After the earthquake the people in Tangshan lost hope because they were homeless.
4．What does the sentence“Slowly，the city began to breathe again.”mean
A．The city will not die；it has hope and it can recover from the pain.
B．The army sent 150,000 soldiers to Tangshan to help people.
C．Hundreds of thousands of people were helped.
D．Most of the 10,000 miners were rescued.
Step 3　Post reading
A terrible earthquake hit the city of Tangshan on July 28,1976，in which thousands of people died and many were 1. ________(injure)．Many houses fell down and sand filled the wells 2. ________ of water.People were greatly 3. _____ shock.Water，food，and electricity were hard 4. ________(get) and people began to wonder how long the disaster would last.The whole city was completely 5. ________(destroy) and the world seemed to come to 6. _____ end.
The people of Tangshan didn't lose hope，because 150,000 soldiers were sent to help the rescue workers.The soldiers tried their best to dig 7. ______ those 8. ______ were trapped.They also built shelters for the 9. ________(survive)．Food and water were brought into the city by every means.Slowly，the city began to breathe again.
With strong support from the government and the city people's 10. _______(tire) efforts，a new Tangshan appeared upon the earthquake ruins.
【参考答案】
Step 1　Before reading
Ⅰ.Please match the words with their proper meanings.
1～5　CHAKL　6～10　MOEJG　11～15　FBDNI
Ⅱ.Lead in
Picture A: rose; fell; cracks; smelly
Picture B: nervous
Picture C: looking for; jumped
Picture D: bright
Step 2　While reading
Ⅰ.Fast reading
Para. 1—D　Para. 2—B　Para. 3—E　Para. 4—C　Para. 5—A
Ⅱ.Careful reading
1～4　CBBA
Step 3　Post reading
1.injured 2.instead 3.in 4.to get 5.destroyed 6.an 7.out 8.who 9.survivors 10.tirelessUnit 4 Natural Disasters
Listening and Talking，Reading for Writing & Building Up Your Vocabulary
Ⅰ.重点词汇
1．_________(n.)管子；管道
2．__________ (n.) 突发事件；紧急情况
3．_________(n.) 补给品；供应(量)；补给；(vt.)供应；供给
4．_______(n.& v．)帮助；援助；资助
5. _________(vi.& vt.) 碰撞；坠落 (n.)碰撞；坠落；坠落声，撞击声
6．_________(v.)扫；打扫
7．________(n.)波浪；(vi.&vt.)挥手；摆动；使……略呈波形；烫发
8．________(vi.& vt.)打；撞击；突然想到(n.)罢工；罢课；袭击
9．________(v.)递送；发表；接生
10．_________(n.)总结；摘要
11．_________(v.)(火山)爆发；(岩浆、烟等)喷出→_________(n.)爆发；喷发
12. _________(n.) 电力供应；能量；力量；控制力→_________(adj.) 强有力的
13．_________(adj.)(天气、海洋等)静的，平静的，镇静的，沉着的 (v.)(使)平静，(使)镇定，平息→_________(n.)平静，冷静，镇静
14．_________(n.)影响；结果，效力→_________(adj.)有效的，有效力的
15．_________(n.)长度→_________(adj.)长的
Ⅱ.重点短语
1. ____ the open air　 露天；在户外
2. sweep _______ 消灭；彻底消除
3. crash ______ 冲入，闯进；撞到
4. first aid _____ 急救箱
5. _____ hand 现有(尤指帮助)
6. the number ______ ……的数量
Ⅲ.核心句型
1．过去分词作定语和定语从句
Fishermen，tourists，hotels，homes，and cars were swept away by huge waves ________________________________ reached a magnitude of 9.0.
渔民、游客、酒店、住宅和汽车被强地震造成的巨浪冲走，(地震)震级达到9.0级。
2. as many/much as＋数字＋复数名词/不可数名词，意为“多达……”。
Indian officials said _________________ 1,900 had been killed along the southern coast.
印度官员说，南部沿海地区有多达1 900人死亡。
3. be doing...when...正在做……突然……
I _______________________with my three children _______ water started filling my home.
我和我的三个孩子正在吃早饭，这时家里开始充满了水。
Ⅰ.根据课文内容判断正(T)、误(F)
1．The powerful earthquake directly killed more that 6,500 in southern Asia.( )
2．The quake centre was off the east coast of Indonesia's Sumatra Island .( )
3．There was little damage in Sri Lanka，some 1,600 km away from the quake centre .( )
4. A total of 2,154 died from the disaster in India.( )
5．Dangerous conditions and damaged roads added to the rescue difficulty.( )
Ⅱ.课文阅读理解
1. What was the magnitude of the undersea earthquake
A．7.0.　 B．8.0.　
C．9.0.　 D．10.0.
2. Which country was not mentioned in the passage
A．India B．Vietnam
C．Thailand D．Indonesia
3. How many people were reported to have died from the tsunami in paragraph 2
A．4162. B．4108.
C．6606. D．4760.
Ⅰ.重点词汇
1．erupt vi.(火山)喷出，喷发； (感情等)爆发；(人)爆发(怒气等)，突然成为……
①This volcano erupted more than a hundred years ago.
这座火山一百多年前爆发过。
(1)erupt in/with anger　勃然大怒
erupt into 突然成为；突然发生
(2)eruption n. 爆发
②My neighbour erupted ______ anger over the noise.
噪声使我的邻居勃然大怒。
③The demonstration erupted ______ violence.
示威游行中突然出现了武斗。
④Most volcanic _________(erupt) in recorded history have blown skyward.
历史上有记载的大多数火山喷发是向天空喷发的。
2. supply vt. 供给，供应，提供
①The government supplies free books to schools.
政府免费给学校提供书籍。
supply sth.to/for sb. 把某物供给给某人
supply sb.with sth. 向……供应/提供
②We supply power _____ the three nearby towns.
我们给附近的三个城镇提供电力。
③Our farm supplies the market _______ fruits and vegetables.
我们的农场为市场提供水果和蔬菜。
④The town ______________ water from a reservoir in the hills.
这个小镇的水是由山上的一个水库提供的。
[名师点津]
supply n．[U.] 供应 (抽象意义); supply n．[C.] 给养，补给，(一批)供应品，一批(东西)(这种含义时常用复数形式)
⑤We have new _________(supply) of fur coats.
我们有新进的一批皮大衣。
⑥ The camp has a plentiful supply of food.
营地有充足的食品供应。
3. calm adj. 平静的，镇静的，沉着的；无风无浪 vt.& vi.(使)平静，(使)镇静
①He kept calm in face of great danger.
面临巨大危险，他还是保持镇静。
(1)calm down　平静下来；镇静下来
calm sb.down 使某人平静下来
(2)remain/keep/stay calm 保持镇静
②I tried to calm him down after hearing the bad news.
我设法让他在听到这个坏消息后能冷静下来。
③When you are in great danger，it's important ___________.
当你身处险境时，保持镇静是很重要的。
④The sea ___________ as soon as the wind fell.
风平浪静了。
4．aid　n．&vt.帮助；援助；资助
①They aided flood victims.
他们援助遭受水灾的灾民。
(1)with the aid of...　　 在……的帮助下
in aid of sth./sb. 以支援或帮助某物/某人
be a great aid to sb. 对某人有极大的帮助
with the aid of sb.＝with sb.'s aid 在某人的帮助下
come to one's aid 来帮助某人
(2)aid sb.in sth./doing sth. 在某方面帮助某人
aid sb.with sth. 以某事物帮助某人
aid sb.to do sth. 帮助某人做某事
② I aided her to continue her study.
＝I ________ her ____ continuing her study.
我帮助她继续做研究。
③ He aided me ______ business/_______ money.
他在事业上/金钱方面帮助我。
④One of the station staff saw he was in difficulty and __________________.
一位车站工作人员见他有困难，便过来帮忙。
⑤I'm collecting money _____________ starving children.
为了帮助饥饿的孩子们，我正在筹款。
5. crash n．& vi.& vt.撞车；碰撞；倒闭；崩溃
①It was the worst plane crash in thirty years.
这是30年来最严重的坠机事件。
in a crash　在猛撞中
crash into 撞上
②Three people were killed when their car crashed _______ a tree.
他们的车撞到了树上，导致了三人死亡。
③These are both very dangerous because they can result in _______(crash)．
这两种情况都非常危险，因为它们可能导致撞车。
6．sweep　vt. & vi.打扫；清扫
①He sweeps the room every day.
他每天打扫房间。
sweep up　　　　 打扫，横扫； 一下子抱起某人
sweep away 清除，扫除； 冲走； 刮走
sweep down 冲倒
sweep off 扫去，大量清除
sweep over 扫过； 席卷；涌向
sweep aside 拒不理会；漠视；排除
②Many trees were swept _______ by the floods.
洪水冲倒了许多树。
③Many people died when the typhoon swept their houses _______.
许多人在台风卷走他们的房屋时丧生。
④A huge wave swept _______ the deck.
一个巨浪掠过甲板。
⑤He ___________ all difficulties and continued to advance.
他排除一切困难继续前进。
7. wave n．波浪；vi.& vt.挥手；摆动；使……略呈波形；烫发
①He waves his fist at his son angrily.
他愤怒地向他儿子挥着拳头。
wave sth. to/at sb.　　 向……挥舞，挥动
wave to/at sb. 向某人招手
wave sb. goodbye＝wave goodbye to sb. 向某人挥手告别
wave sb. a greeting＝wave a greeting to sb. 向某人挥手致意
②Tommy ____________ as he came across the field.
汤米穿过田地时向我们挥手。
③At last he had to leave and _________________ his parents.
最后，他不得不离开向父母挥手告别。
④She waved me a greeting.＝She ________________________.
她向我挥手致意。
8. strike vt. 敲击；打中；忽然想起；给人深刻印象；罢工 n． 罢工
①He was struck by lightening.
他被闪电击中。
(1)strike sb.on/in＋the＋身体部位 　敲打某人的身体部位
be struck by 被……打动；迷恋
It strikes sb.＋从句 某人突然想起……
(2)be/go on strike 在/举行罢工
②The church clock struck eleven when I reached the village.
当我到达村庄时，教堂的钟敲了11下。
③______________ there was no one at home.
我突然想起家中没有人。
④The workers were _____ strike for better pay.
为了得到更好的待遇工人们举行了罢工。
⑤A snowball struck him _____ the head.
一个雪球打在他的头上。
9. deliver v．递送，传达；发表
①A postman is a man who delivers(deliver) letters and parcels.
邮差就是投递信件和包裹的人。
(1)deliver sth.(to sb.)　　投递/传送某物(给某人)
deliver a speech/lecture 发表演说
(2)delivery n. 交付；递进；分娩
②He ______________________ at the meeting.
他在会上作了重要报告。
③Would you __________________ your elder brother
你可以帮我传口信给你哥哥吗？
④As long as you've paid in advance，we won't charge you for ________(deliver)．
只要你预先付款，我们就不收你送货费。
10. effect n． 作用；影响；效果
①The film had quite an effect on her.
这影片对她影响极大。
have an effect/influence on　 　对……产生影响
in effect 实际上，事实上
take effect 生效，起作用
bring/put/carry...into effect 实行；使生效
come/go into effect 开始实施；开始生效
②Think of the movies，books，teachers，and friends that have _____ effect on you most deeply.
想一想给你带来最深刻影响的电影、书籍、老师及朋友。
③The book had a great influence _____ his life.
这本书对他的人生影响很大。
④He is，________，my rival.
实际上，他是我的竞争对手。
⑤The contract _______________ today，we can't go back on our word now.
合同已于今日生效，我们已经不能反悔了。
Ⅱ.经典句型
1．Indian officials said as_many_as_1,900 had been killed along the southern coast.
印度官员说，南部沿海地区有多达1 900人死亡。
as many/much as＋数字＋复数名词/不可数名词：此句型意为“多达……”。不要与“as many/much＋〈名词〉”(同数量的……)混淆。
①She has as many as seven sisters.
她的姊妹有七人之多。
此类〈词组〉还有：
as long as＋数字＋〈名词〉(长达……)
as wide as＋数字＋〈名词〉(宽达……)
as high as＋数字＋〈名词〉(高达……)
as early as＋数字＋〈名词〉(早在……)
as late as＋数字＋〈名词〉(迟在……)等。
②___________ 100 people were killed in the air crash.
这次空难中多达一百人丧生。
③Building costs ran up to ___________ NT$ 20 million.
建筑费用涨到高达新台币两千万。
④I have been learning English (for) ___________ 15 years.
我学英文已有十五年之久。
⑤He came home ___________ two in the morning.
他迟至清晨两点才回家。
⑥The river is ___________ 100 meters.
这条河宽达一百公尺。
⑦I mailed the letter ___________ Friday.
我早在星期五就把信寄了。
2．I was_having_breakfast with my three children when water started filling my home.
我和我的三个孩子正在吃早饭，这时家里开始充满了水。
句中使用了“be doing...when...”句式，意为“正在/正要做某事，这/那时(突然)……”，其中when作并列连词相当于and then，and at that time，连接两个并列分句，其前面分句的谓语动词常用过去进行时，而后面分句的谓语动词多用一般过去时。
①I was watching the football match when he came in.
当他走进来的时候我正在看足球赛。
be about to do...when... 　　 即将做……这时(突然)……
be just going to do...when... 正要做……这时(突然)……
be on the point of doing...when... 正要去做……这时(突然)……
had done...when... 刚刚做完……这时(突然)……
② I was on the point of going/was about to go out _______ the telephone rang.
我正要出去，这时电话铃响了。
③ He had just finished his homework when his mother ________(ask) him to practise the piano.
他刚做完作业，他妈妈就让他练琴。
④ Lily _______________ study ________ someone knocked at the door.
莉莉正要学习，这时有人敲门。
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．She _____________(play) in the garden when she saw a bird.
2．The workers will go _____ strike if the demands they put forward are turned down.
3．You promised to deliver the goods ____ our address，but we haven't seen any of them yet.
4．They aided in ________(solve) the problem.
5．Bees supply human beings _______ basic food.
6．I'm going to give you a _________(sum) of today's discussion about whether we should go online in our spare time.
7．You're too excited.We will discuss the problem when you calm ________.
8．The Silk Road has a _________(long) of more than 4,000 kilometers and a history of 2,000 years.
9．One of the most ___________(effect)ways to reduce stress is to talk about feelings with someone you trust.
10. After he came to _________，everyone said he was a __________ leader，but now he feels so __________ that he even can't save his daughter.(power)
Ⅱ.完成句子
1．老师借助电脑上课。
Teachers often give their lessons ___________________________.
2．在户外跑跑步，对你来说是有益的。
It's good for you to run __________________.
3．我给了这乞丐整整一千日元。
I gave the beggar __________________yen.
4．他进来时，我正在看电视。
I ___________________________ he came in.
5．这将是这类小说中写得最好的。
This will be the best novel of its kind ______________.
【参考答案】
Ⅰ.重点词汇
1.pipe 2.emergency 3.supply 4.aid 5.crash 6.sweep 7.wave 8.strike 9.deliver
10.summary 11.erupt; eruption 12.power; powerful 13.calm; calmness 14.effect; effective
15.length; long
Ⅱ.重点短语
1.in 2.away 3.into 4.kit 5.on 6.of
Ⅲ.核心句型
1. caused by the strong earthquake that
2. as many as
3. was having breakfast; when
Ⅰ.根据课文内容判断正(T)、误(F)
1-5 FFFFT
Ⅱ.课文阅读理解
1～3　CBD
Ⅰ.重点词汇
1.②in ③into ④eruptions
2.②to ③with ④is supplied with ⑤supplies
3.③to keep calm ④calmed down
4.②aided; in ③in; with ④came to his aid ⑤in aid of
5.②into ③crashes
6.②down ③away ④over ⑤swept aside
7.②waved to us ③waved goodbye to ④waved a greeting to me
8.③It struck me that ④on ⑤on
9.②delivered an important report ③deliver my message to ④delivery
10.②an ③on ④in effect ⑤comes into effect
Ⅱ.经典句型
1.②As many as ③as much as ④as long as ⑤as late as ⑥as wide as ⑦as early as
2.②when ③asked ④was about to; when
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1. was playing 2.on 3.to 4.solving 5.with 6.summary 7.down 8.length
9.effective 10.power; powerful; powerless
Ⅱ.完成句子
1. with the aid of computer
2. in the open air
3. as much as 1,000
4. was doing my homework when
5. ever writtenUnit 4 Natural Disasters
同步写作——概要写作
写概要写作时要先读懂原文，把握文章主旨大意和作者观点，抓关键词，筛选与主旨有关的主要信息。然后，借助已掌握的语言知识，对原语篇进行“浓缩”，写出一个新的语篇。而新的语篇，既要做到在语篇结构、语篇衔接和连贯各要素上与原文保持一致，又要做到简明扼要、意义完整、结构严密和语句通顺。
(一)写作步骤
考生可以从以下五个步骤来进行概要写作：
1．通读全文，判断体裁
一篇概要写作是否正确、有条理，能否把握文章的体裁，都是建立在理解原文的基础上的。因此，通读全文，可以为考生从宏观上把握文章的主旨和结构、行文逻辑、判断文章的体裁奠定基础。
2．查找信息，分清主次
概要写作，要求考生具有从文章中抽取主干和找到关键信息的能力。在第二遍细读时，要弄清主要信息和次要信息，把次要信息剔除，以免影响概要写作的简洁性；同时，要养成在重点词句下做出标记的习惯。
3．概括大意，提炼内容
考生在理解全文内容，弄清主次关系之后，可以初步写出每段的段落大意，注意要忠于原文，避免出现遗漏要点或增添要点的情况。
4．获取要点，灵活表达
为了使所写概要简明、扼要，就要对罗列的每段大意进行整合、合并；同时为了避免使用原文的句子，就需要考生灵活采用同义词或近义词进行替换，用不同的句式进行转换，并在必要的地方使用连接词，使表达连贯通顺。
5．检查修改，整理誊写
写完初稿后，需要在内容上、语言上以及上下文的连贯性上进行检查：看是否包括了原文的所有要点，语言词汇的运用是否准确和地道，以及行文是否流畅；另外，还要注意词数限制和书写规范。
(二)改写句子基本方法
1．同义替换法
Tom thought of an idea.
→An idea occurred to Tom.
2．正话反说法
I think wealth is less important than health.
→I don't think wealth is more important than health.
3．词性转换法
Your suggestions are super valuable.
→Your suggestions are of great value.
4．利用介词短语法
We are sure to finish it in time because so many people are helping us.
→With so many people helping us，we are sure to finish it in time.
5．句式变化法
(1)语态变换
It is widely accepted that more people use computers in the world today.
→Computers are widely used in the world today.
(2)简单句变复合句
The weather turned out to be very good.This was more than we could expect.
→The weather turned out to be very good，which was more than we could expect.
(3)连词衔接法
He insisted on staying.He was not willing to go.
→He insisted on staying rather than going.
(4)词序改变法
Professor White，Professor Smith and many other guests were present at the meeting.
→Present at the meeting were Professor White，Professor Smith and many other guests.
(5)利用特殊句式法
Jim wants to go boating and his parents want to go boating，too.
→Jim wants to go boating，and so do his parents.
顺接、递进：firstly/secondly/thirdly，besides，in addition，what's more，what's worse，what's more important，moreover，also，finally，last but not least
转折：but，however，nevertheless，yet，instead，on the other hand，on the contrary，although，while
原因：because，because of，since，as，for，now that，thanks to，due to
结果：so，therefore，as a result，so that，then，so...that，such...that
总结：to sum up，to conclude，in conclusion，in summary，in a word，in general，in short，above all，after all，generally speaking
1．记叙文
点明写作目的类：
The writer tells us...(主题)by showing us an example of...，who/which...(故事情节)
作者经历类：
In the passage，the writer mainly tells us his experience of doing sth.，which...
他人经历类：
This passage is mainly about sb.'s experience of doing sth....
2．议论文
The article gives the view that...should/shouldn't...(主题) ...(补充论据)
The passage highlights the importance of sth....
The author argues that...
3．说明文
现象解释类：
This article points out the common phenomenon...(主题)，which...(补充解释)
利弊对比类：
The article compares the disadvantages/benefits of A and B．
The passage discusses the impact of sth.On the positive side...，but it may also...
研究显示类：
The study reveals that...
The purpose of the report is to show that...
阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
Many years ago，when I was fresh out of school，I was driving to my parents' home in Missouri for Christmas.I stopped at a gas station about 50 miles from Oklahoma City.While I was standing in line at the cash register (收款台)，I said hello to an older couple who were also paying for gas.
I took off，but had gone only a few miles when black smoke poured from the back of my car.I stopped and wondered what I should do.A car pulled up behind me.It was the couple.They said they would take me.We chatted and when I got out of the car，the husband gave me his business card.I wrote them a thank you note.Soon afterward，I received a Christmas present from them.Their note that came with it said that helping me had made their holidays meaningful.
Years later，I drove to a meeting in the morning.In late afternoon I found that I'd left the lights on all day，and the battery was dead.Then I noticed that the Friendly Ford dealership was right next door.I walked over and found two salesmen in the showroom.
“Just how friendly is Friendly Ford？” I asked and explained my trouble.They quickly drove a pickup truck to my car and started it.They would accept no payment，so later，I wrote them a note to say thanks.I received a letter back from one of the salesmen.No one had ever written him and say thank you，and it meant a lot，he said.
“Thank you” — two powerful words.They're easy to say and mean so much.
Step One　审题谋篇
体裁 记叙文
话题 得到帮助后表示感谢
时态 一般过去时
人称 第二、三人称
Step Two　词汇运用
1．描述　　　　 ____________
2．经历 ____________
3．写感谢信 ____________
4．帮助他 ____________
5．认识到 ____________
Step three　句式表达
1．完成句子
①在这篇文章中，作者给我们描述了收到陌生人帮助的两次经历。
In this passage，the author described his two experiences ________________________.
②在这两次经历中，作者向陌生人写了感谢信。
During the two experiences，the author ____________________ the strangers.
③当他的车出故障的时候他们帮助了他。
They _____________________ when there was something wrong with his car.
2．句式升级
④把第①句中的of being helped by the strangers改成定语从句。
In this passage，the author described his two experiences _______________________.
⑤把②、③句用定语从句合为一句话。
During the two experiences，the author wrote thank you notes to the strangers ________________________ when there was something wrong with his car.
Step Four　连句成篇
(注意使用through，and等关联词)
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
【参考答案】
Step Two　词汇运用
1.describe 2.experience 3.write thank you notes 4.give him a hand 5.realize
Step three　句式表达
1．完成句子
①of being helped by the strangers
②wrote thank you notes to
③had given him a hand
2．句式升级
④that he was helped by the strangers
⑤who had given him a hand
Step Four　连句成篇
One possible version：
In this passage，the author described his two experiences that he was helped by the strangers.And during the two experiences，the author wrote thank you notes to the strangers who had given him a hand when there was something wrong with his car.Through the two experiences，he realized that saying “thank you” was easy and meant so much.

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