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Grammar
一、概念
主语从句：在复合句中作主语的从句。
例如：
1. That she was chosen made us very happy. 她当选了使我们很高兴。
2. What caused the accident is a complete mystery. 是什么导致了这次事故还完全是一个谜。
3. Whether she will come or not is still a question. 她是否来还是一个问题。
4. Which team will win the match is still unknown. 哪个队会赢得这场比赛还不知道。
5. Whoever comes to the party will receive a present. 参加聚会的每一个人都将收到一份礼物。
6. When they will start has not been decided yet. 他们何时出发还没决定。
注意：上述例句中的主语从句都是放在句首，但有时为了使句子结构平衡，避免“头重脚轻”，常用it作形式主语，而把从句放在后面。例如：
1. It is a pity that she has made such a mistake. 她犯了这样一个错误,真是遗憾。
2. It depends on the climate whether they are going shopping today. 他们是否今天去购物还得看天气情况。
二、常用句型
1. It is + adj. / n. +从句
It is a pity/shame that... 遗憾的是……
It is possible that... 很可能……
It is unlikely that... 不可能……
2. It +不及物动词+从句
It seems/appears that... 似乎……
It happened that... 碰巧……
3. It + be +过去分词+从句
It is said that... 据说……
It is known to all that... 众所周知……
It is reported that... 据报道……
It is believed that... 据信……；人们相信……
It is suggested that... 有人建议……
It must be pointed out that... 必须指出……
It has been proved that... 已证明……
例如：
(1) It is believed that at least a score of buildings were damaged or destroyed.
据信，至少有二十座楼房遭到破坏或彻底毁掉。
(2) It is suggested that the meeting should be put off.有人建议会议延期召开。
(3) It’s reported that three people were killed in the accident and five were hurt badly.
据报道，事故中三人丧生，五人重伤。
(4) It is known to all that Taiwan is an inseparable part of China.
众所周知，台湾是中国不可分割的一部分。
三、引导词
1. 引导词that和what
what在从句中作句子成分(主语、宾语、表语等)。常译成"所……的(东西、事情、话等.)"；
that只起连接作用，本身无实际意义，在从句中也不担当任何句子成分.但that引导的主语从句放在句首时，不能省略that。
例如：
(1) What is done can’t be undone. (谚语)已成定局，无可挽回。
(2) What we can’t get seems better than what we have. 我们得不到的东西似乎比已得到的要好。
(3) That we should work out a plan to deal with the present serious situation is important.
我们应该制定一项计划来应付目前严峻的形势，这一点非常重要。
(4) That a new teacher will come to teach us geography is true. 一位新老师将来教我们地理，这是真的。
2. 引导词if和whether
if和whether引导动词后的宾语从句时一般可通用，但介词后的宾语从句、主语从句(放在句首时)、表语从句常由whether引导。例如：
(1) Whether she will go home or not is unknown. 她是否回家还不得而知。
(2) Whether we shall raise ducks or geese remains to be decided. 我们是养鸭还是养鹅仍没决定。
=It remains to be decided whether/if we shall raise ducks or geese.
但我们不能说If we shall raise ducks or geese remains to be decided.
3. 连接代词和连接副词
连接代词who, which, whom, whose有各自的意义，起连接作用，并在从句中充当语、宾语、表语、定语等；连接副词when, where, why, how等有各自的意义，起连接作用，并在从句中充当状语。
(1) It is clear who is afraid of having a change in land ownership.
(2) It is not yet decided which cash crop will be produced next year.
(3) When we’ll start tomorrow will be told soon.
(4) Where we can buy oxen is something we need to find out.
四、以it作形式主语的主语从句与强调句型的区别
It be + adj./n. + that从句与强调句型均有It be... that... 之类的语言标志，但不同的是：
前者中的that从句是主语从句。若删掉其中的It be和that，则剩余部分不论结构还是语意都不能成为一个句子；但若将后者中的It be和that去掉，则剩余部分的结构和语意仍能构成一个完整的句子。
(1) It is surprising that Mary should have won first place. 令人惊奇的是玛莉竟然获得了第一名。
(2) It is Mary that has won first place. 正是玛莉得了第一名。
第一句话中的It是形式主语,that引导的是主语从句。句中的It is和that无法删除，一旦删除句子就不成立。
第二句是强调句型，其中的It is和that可以去掉，因为没有It is和that句子仍然很通顺。
五、习题
1. Does _______ matter if he can’t finish the job on time
A. this B. that C. he D. it
2. It worried her a bit _______ her hair was turning grey.
A. which B. that C. if D. for
3. _______ is a fact that English is being accepted as an international language.
A. There B. This C. That D. It
4. It matters little _______ a man dies, but _______ matters much is _______ he lives.
A. how; what; how B. how; it; how C. why; it; why D. that; what; that
5. _______ she couldn’t understand was _______ fewer and fewer students showed interest in her lessons.
A. What; why B. That; what C. What; because D. Why; that
6. It is pretty well understood _______ controls the flow of carbon dioxide in and out the atmosphere today.
A. that B. when C. what D. how
7. Have you decided ________for Australia
A. when will you leave B. when do you leave
C. you will leave when D. when you will leave
【参考答案】
五、习题
1.D 2.B 3.D 4.A 5.A 6.C 7.DUsing Language
CHEMICAL VERSUS ORGANIC FARMING
【核心素养】
1. To enhance the reading and writing skills;
2. To learn about the chemical and organic farming;
3. To share your own opinions on the chemical and organic farming.
【情境导入】
Share some pictures of chemical farming and organic farming.
【阅读深思】
Read the text and answer the following questions:
(1) Why did many farmers welcome the introduction of chemical farming
___________________________________________________________________________
(2) What concerns many people about the use of pesticides
___________________________________________________________________________
(3) What is one problem with the use of chemical fertilizers
(4) How is organic farming different from chemical farming
(5) Why do organic farmers change the kind of crop grown in a field every year
【自学反馈】
Activity 1: True or false
1. Chemicals can cause damage to the land and people’s health. ( )
2. Organic farmers are those who grow crops with chemical fertilizer. ( )
3. Beams should be grown together with corn and wheat. ( )
4. Vegetables that put down deep roots are harmful to the soil. ( )
5. Farmers grow the same crops year after so that the soil may not get exhausted. ( )
6. Actually it is not easy to completely realize organic farming. ( )
Activity 2: Match the main ideas with each paragraph.
Para. 1-2 A. What organic farming is
Para. 3 B. Why man-made chemicals are still used in farming
Para. 4 C. Organic methods for producing rich soil
Para. 5 D. The problems with chemical farming
【自主探究】
Discuss these questions in groups
1. Is the author of the passage for or against organic farming How do you know
2. What other disadvantages of chemical farming did the author not list
3. How might the following items be problems and how important are they for organic farming
【成果展示】
Please show your answers based on the above discussion.
【点评精讲】
1. Language features of the passage;
2. Lead the students to share their opinions on chemical and organic farming;
3. Complicated sentence analysis.
【随堂检测】
Decide whether your group supports chemical farming or organic farming, then complete the outline below:
Topic sentence: In my opinion, arming is preferable to arming because
Point 1:
Point 2:
Point 3:
Conclusion:
【巩固应用】
Exercise 1 and Exercise 2 of P58.
【参考答案】
【阅读深思】
Read the text and answer the following questions:
(1) Because chemical pesticides and artificial fertilizers can fight crop disease and increase production
(2) It may make them ill and even cause cancer.
(3) Crops grown with them usually grow too fast to be rich in nutrition. They may look beautiful on the outside, but inside there is usually more water than essential minerals, and they often have less flavor as well.
(4) It doesn’t use any chemicals. Organic farmers focus on keeping their soil rich and free of disease through natural means.
(5) Because different crops put important minerals back into the ground, making it ready for the next batch of crops.
【自学反馈】
Activity 1: True or false
1. T 2. F 3. F 4. F 5. F 6. F
Activity 2: Match the main ideas with each paragraph.
Para. 1-2 A. What organic farming is
Para. 3 B. Why man-made chemicals are still used in farming
Para. 4 C. Organic methods for producing rich soil
Para. 5 D. The problems with chemical farmingWriting
写作任务
现代社会不断发展，有机食物引起了大家的关注，有机食物的营养价值深受大家喜爱。有些人认为我们应该加大有机食物的种植，有些人士却提出了不同意见，他们认为有机食物成本高，而不可能大面积推广让每个人都能吃到。针对是否应该大面积推广有机食物进行分析。内容：
（1）有机食物的好处；
（2）有机食物的不利现状；
（3）发表自己的看法。
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
写作思路
一审：确定写作体裁和主题
体裁：议论文
主题：是否应该大面积推广有机食物的种植
二定：确定时态和人称(与体裁和主题息息相关)
时态：以一般现在时为主
人称：以第三人称为主
三明确：
有机食物的好处→不利现状→发表自己的看法
三分段(与写作要点息息相关)
结合写作要点分为三个段落
素材整理
（1）关键词语
without doubt ; pros and cons; be available to; make it impossible to； ingest；is being dedicated to; side effects; live a …life; free from
（2）翻译句子
① 毫无疑问，有机蔬菜像其他任何事情一样都有利有弊。
(without doubt; pros and cons)
② 一方面现在世界人口的压力很大，有机蔬菜不可能被所有人吃到。
(be available to; make it impossible to)
③ 另外，吃有机蔬菜能帮助我们减少健康风险和非有机食物的副作用。
(only by… side effects)
④ 世界上更多土地正被用于有机种植。
(is being dedicated to; organic farming)
⑤ 我梦想有一天我们都能够吃到有机食物。
(I have a dream that…; organic food)
⑥ 当这一天来临，我们将能够真正过上无忧无虑的健康生活。
(live a …life; free from)
Keys:
① Without doubt, organic vegetables, just as anything else, come with pros and cons.
② On the one hand, the heavy population pressure of today’s world makes it clearly impossible for organic food to be available to everyone.
③ Only by ingesting organic foods can we avoid many health risks and side-effects of non-organic food.
④ More land around the world is being dedicated to organic farming.
⑤ I have a dream that one day we will all be able to consume organic food.
⑥ When that day comes, we will be able to live truly healthy lives free from worry and risk.
典例精析
将以上句子连成一篇语言流畅、用词准确、逻辑严谨的短文。
Without doubt, organic food, just as anything else, comes with pros and cons. On the one hand, the heavy population pressure of today’s world makes it clearly impossible for organic food to be available to everyone. But on the other hand, organic food is healthier and eco-friendlier. Only by ingesting organic food can we avoid many health risks and side-effects of non-organic food. More land around the world is being dedicated to organic farming. As for the problem of population, I’m sure that it will be solved as technology develops.
I have a dream that one day we will all be able to consume organic food. When that day comes, we will be able to live truly healthy lives free of worry and risk. Let’s support organic food.重点词汇
1. devote vt. 把……献（给）；把……专用于；专心于
(1) Considerable resources have been devoted to proving him a liar.
为了证明他是个骗子已投入了相当多的人力和财力。
(2) After her marriage, she couldn’t devote herself totally to her music.
她结婚之后无法全力倾注于音乐
【拓展】
devote…to (doing) sth. 把……用于；献身；致力；专心
devote oneself to (doing) sth. 献身于；致力于
devoted adj. 挚爱的；忠实的，忠诚的
be devoted to 致力于
devotion n. 奉献；关照；忠诚
2. convince v. 使相信；使确信；说服
(1) Although I soon convinced him of my innocence, I think he still has serious doubts about my sanity.
尽管我很快就使他相信我是清白的，但是他还是非常怀疑我精神是否正常。
(2) His mother has been trying to convince him to see a doctor.
他妈妈试图劝说他去看医生
【拓展】
convince sb. to do sth. 说服某人做某事
convince sb. of sth. 使某人相信某事
convinced adj. 确信的；深信的
convincing adj. 令人信服的；有说服力的
be convinced of 相信
3. conventional adj. 传统的；习惯的
(1) “Have you had your meal ” is a conventional greeting in China.
“您吃了吗？”是中国传统的打招呼方式。
(2) Although we can now pay online, some people still prefer the conventional method of cash.
尽管我们现在可以线上支付了，部分人仍然喜欢传统的现金支付方式。
【拓展】
social conventional 社会传统
conventional method 常规方法
conventional industries 传统产业
【辨析】usual，habitual，regular，conventional
usual 普通用词，概念广泛。指经常发生或意料中的事，既可指自然发生的现象，也可指按个人习惯或惯例而做的事。
habitual 指按个人习惯反复发生的事情。侧重经常性、习惯性。
regular 着重遵守约定俗成的规则。
conventional 语气强，指遵守已成习惯的事情，强调符合惯例，由人们普遍认可。
(1) I need to stand on the bus as usual.
(2) They waited for his habitual response.
(3) The regular opening hours are on the paper.
(4) The conventional practice flourishes in the United States.
4. shortage v. 不足；缺少；短缺
(1) Vietnam is suffering from food shortage.
越南正遭受食品短缺之苦。
(2) There is a shortage of council housing.
廉租公房房源不足。
【拓展】
lack, absence, shortage, scarcity 这些名词均含“缺乏，不足”之意。
lack 普通用词，指部分或完全的不足。
absence 指某物根本不存在或完全短缺，或某人虽存在，但未到现场。
shortage 指不足，但侧重达不到规定的，需要的或已知应有的数量。
scarcity 指产量不足或缺乏某物难以应付或满足需要。

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