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中考英语一轮话题复习（十五）世界和环境
本专项按照“世界地理→环境问题→环保行动→环保经历”的知识顺序编排。题型涵盖单项选择、完形填空、阅读理解、任务型阅读、词汇运用、句型转换、情景交际、短文填空及书面表达，各题型题量充足，相当于45页标准试卷。建议分5-6课时完成，注重培养学生的环保意识及全球视野。
一、核心知识梳理
1. 世界地理与国家
大洲： Asia, Africa, Europe, North America, South America, Australia/Oceania, Antarctica.
主要国家与首都： China (Beijing), Japan (Tokyo), India (New Delhi), Russia (Moscow), USA (Washington D.C.), UK (London), France (Paris), Germany (Berlin), Italy (Rome), Canada (Ottawa), Australia (Canberra), Brazil (Brasilia), Egypt (Cairo).
地理特征： ocean, sea, river, lake, mountain, desert, forest, island, peninsula, plain, plateau, valley.
世界奇观： the Great Wall, the Pyramids, the Colosseum, the Taj Mahal, Machu Picchu, the Grand Canyon, the Northern Lights.
2. 环境问题
问题类型： pollution (air, water, land, noise), global warming, climate change, deforestation, desertification, loss of biodiversity, waste disposal, plastic pollution, overfishing, ozone layer depletion.
原因： factories, cars, deforestation, overuse of resources, littering, chemicals, fossil fuels.
后果： rising sea levels, extreme weather, melting glaciers, species extinction, health problems, natural disasters.
核心词汇： environment, nature, earth, planet, resource, energy, carbon, greenhouse gas, recycle, waste.
3. 环保行动与建议
个人行动： reduce, reuse, recycle; turn off lights, save water, take public transport, plant trees, pick up litter, use reusable bags/bottles, avoid plastic, save electricity, compost food waste.
社会行动： clean-up campaigns, environmental laws, renewable energy (solar, wind, hydro), protected areas, tree-planting days, Earth Hour.
建议句型： We should / shouldn’t... / It’s our duty to... / Every little bit helps. / Think globally, act locally. / The Earth is our only home.
4. 环保经历叙述
常用动词： participated, collected, planted, cleaned, recycled, reduced, saved, educated.
时间顺序： last weekend, during the summer, on Earth Day, once a month.
感受： proud, responsible, hopeful, inspired.
5. 语法聚焦——被动语态在环境话题中的运用
被动语态结构： be + 过去分词。用于强调动作的承受者。如： More trees should be planted. / The river has been polluted. / Waste paper is recycled into new products.
常见时态被动： is/am/are done (一般现在时), was/were done (一般过去时), will be done (一般将来时), has/have been done (现在完成时).
注意： 环保话题中常使用情态动词被动： can be done, should be done, must be done.
易错提醒： ① “pollution” 不可数，不加s。② “recycle” 强调回收利用，“reuse” 强调重复使用。③ “protect the environment” 固定搭配。④ “global warming” 全球变暖，区分 “climate change” 气候变化。
二、专项考点·精巧练习
本部分练习题按照知识点顺序设计，题型丰富，难度递进，覆盖中考所有题型。
题型一：单项选择（共20小题，每小题1.5分）
1. The Great Wall is located in ______.
A. Japan B. China C. India D. Egypt
2. ______ is the largest ocean on Earth.
A. Atlantic Ocean B. Indian Ocean C. Pacific Ocean D. Arctic Ocean
3. Air ______ is a serious problem in many big cities.
A. pollute B. pollution C. polluting D. polluted
4. We should ______ waste paper and bottles to protect the environment.
A. recycle B. reduce C. reuse D. all of the above
5. ______ you turn off the lights when you leave the room, you save energy.
A. If B. Because C. Although D. Unless
6. The Amazon rainforest is often called the “______ of the Earth”.
A. heart B. lung C. kidney D. brain
7. Many animals are in danger of ______ because of habitat loss.
A. extinction B. protection C. pollution D. conservation
8. We should use ______ bags instead of plastic ones when shopping.
A. paper B. cloth C. reusable D. all of the above
9. The capital of France is ______.
A. London B. Berlin C. Paris D. Madrid
10. ______ is the process of cutting down forests.
A. Reforestation B. Deforestation C. Afforestation D. Desertification
11. We should save ______ by taking shorter showers.
A. energy B. water C. electricity D. time
12. The Taj Mahal is in ______.
A. India B. Pakistan C. Bangladesh D. Nepal
13. ______ energy comes from sources like the sun and wind, which are naturally replenished.
A. Renewable B. Non-renewable C. Fossil D. Nuclear
14. The Earth Hour event encourages people to ______ for one hour.
A. turn off lights B. drive less C. plant trees D. recycle more
15. Which of the following is a greenhouse gas
A. Oxygen B. Nitrogen C. Carbon dioxide D. Hydrogen
16. The ______ is the layer of air that surrounds the Earth.
A. atmosphere B. hydrosphere C. lithosphere D. biosphere
17. If we don’t take action, sea levels will ______ due to global warming.
A. rise B. fall C. stay the same D. disappear
18. Which continent is known as the “Dark Continent”
A. Asia B. Africa C. South America D. Europe
19. The 3R principle of environmental protection stands for ______.
A. Read, Write, Repeat B. Reduce, Reuse, Recycle C. Run, Rest, Relax D. Remember, Respect, Rejoice
20. ______ is the world’s longest river.
A. Amazon River B. Yangtze River C. Nile River D. Mississippi River
题型二：完形填空（共15空，每空1分）
The Earth is our home, but we are not ___21___ it very well. Every day, we create a lot of ___22___ — plastic bags, bottles, food waste, and so on. This waste pollutes the land, water, and air. ___23___ is a big problem. Factories and cars release harmful gases into the air. This causes ___24___ warming and climate change. As a result, glaciers are melting, and the weather is becoming more ___25___. Many animals are losing their homes. Some are even in danger of ___26___. So what can we do There are many simple actions we can take. First, we can ___27___ less water by turning off the tap while brushing our teeth. Second, we can save electricity by ___28___ off lights when we leave a room. Third, we can use reusable bags instead of ___29___ ones. Fourth, we can ___30___ paper, glass, and plastic. Fifth, we can plant trees. Trees absorb carbon dioxide and produce oxygen. They also provide ___31___ for animals. Finally, we can educate others about the importance of ___32___ the environment. Remember, every small action counts. If everyone does their part, we can make a big ___33___. The future of our planet depends on what we do today. Let’s work together to create a ___34___ and greener world. After all, we don’t have another ___35___ to live on.
21. A. looking at B. looking for C. looking after D. looking like
22. A. noise B. waste C. food D. energy
23. A. Water pollution B. Noise pollution C. Air pollution D. Light pollution
24. A. local B. global C. natural D. national
25. A. comfortable B. extreme C. pleasant D. mild
26. A. protection B. pollution C. extinction D. construction
27. A. use B. waste C. save D. drink
28. A. turning B. putting C. taking D. giving
29. A. paper B. cloth C. plastic D. metal
30. A. burn B. bury C. recycle D. throw
31. A. food B. water C. homes D. medicine
32. A. destroying B. protecting C. changing D. ignoring
33. A. mistake B. decision C. difference D. plan
34. A. cleaner B. dirtier C. noisier D. busier
35. A. country B. city C. planet D. house
题型三：阅读理解（共3篇，15小题，每小题2分）
A. Plastic Pollution in the Ocean
Every year, millions of tons of plastic waste enter the ocean. This is a serious problem because plastic does not break down easily. It can stay in the ocean for hundreds of years. Many sea animals mistake plastic for food. They eat it and get sick or die. Sea turtles think plastic bags are jellyfish. Seabirds feed plastic pieces to their chicks. Microplastics — tiny pieces of plastic — have been found in fish, salt, and even drinking water. Scientists are worried about the effect on human health. So what can we do First, reduce your use of single-use plastics like straws, bags, and bottles. Second, recycle properly. Third, join beach clean-up events. Fourth, support laws that ban certain plastic products. Remember, the ocean is connected to all of us. Protecting it is protecting ourselves.
根据短文内容，选择最佳答案。
36. Why is plastic waste in the ocean a serious problem
A. It kills fish directly. B. It does not break down easily. C. It makes the ocean dirty. D. It is expensive to clean.
37. What do sea turtles mistake plastic bags for
A. Fish B. Jellyfish C. Seaweed D. Shells
38. What are microplastics
A. Small plastic pieces B. A type of fish C. A cleaning method D. A new plastic material
39. Which of the following is NOT suggested to reduce plastic pollution
A. Use fewer straws B. Recycle properly C. Burn plastic waste D. Join clean-up events
40. What is the main message of the passage
A. Plastic is useful. B. Ocean animals are dangerous. C. We should take action to reduce plastic pollution. D. Plastic pollution only affects fish.
B. Renewable Energy: Powering the Future
The world is running out of fossil fuels like coal, oil, and natural gas. These fuels also cause pollution and global warming. The solution is renewable energy. Renewable energy comes from sources that never run out. Solar energy uses the sun’s rays. Solar panels convert sunlight into electricity. Wind energy uses wind turbines. They are often built on land or offshore. Hydropower uses the energy of moving water. Dams and rivers generate electricity. Geothermal energy uses heat from inside the Earth. Biomass energy uses organic materials like wood and crops. Renewable energy has many advantages. It is clean, produces no greenhouse gases, and is sustainable. Many countries are investing in renewable energy. China is the world leader in solar and wind power. Denmark gets over 40% of its electricity from wind. Costa Rica has run on nearly 100% renewable energy for years. Switching to renewable energy is not only good for the environment but also creates jobs. The future of energy is green.
41. What is the problem with fossil fuels
A. They are renewable. B. They are cheap. C. They cause pollution and will run out. D. They are easy to find.
42. What is solar energy
A. Energy from wind B. Energy from the sun C. Energy from water D. Energy from the Earth’s heat
43. Which country is the world leader in solar and wind power
A. The USA B. Germany C. China D. Denmark
44. How much of Denmark’s electricity comes from wind
A. 20% B. 30% C. 40% D. 50%
45. What is one advantage of renewable energy
A. It is expensive. B. It creates pollution. C. It is clean and sustainable. D. It is only available in some countries.
C. The Great Pacific Garbage Patch
Did you know there is a giant pile of trash floating in the Pacific Ocean It’s called the Great Pacific Garbage Patch. It is located between Hawaii and California. It is not a solid island of trash. Instead, it is a huge area where millions of pieces of plastic float. Most of the plastic is microplastics — tiny pieces smaller than a grain of rice. The patch is estimated to be twice the size of Texas. Most of the trash comes from land — from rivers that carry waste to the sea. Fishing nets, bottles, bags, and other plastic items make up the patch. It harms marine life. Animals eat the plastic or get tangled in nets. Scientists are working on ways to clean it up. One organization called The Ocean Cleanup has developed a system to collect plastic from the ocean. But cleaning up is not enough. We must also stop more plastic from entering the ocean. This means better waste management and less plastic use. The problem is huge, but if we all work together, we can solve it.
46. Where is the Great Pacific Garbage Patch located
A. Near Japan B. Between Hawaii and California C. Off the coast of China D. In the Atlantic Ocean
47. What is most of the plastic in the patch
A. Large fishing nets B. Whole bottles C. Microplastics D. Bags
48. How big is the patch estimated to be
A. The size of Hawaii B. Twice the size of Texas C. The size of California D. The size of Japan
49. Where does most of the trash come from
A. Ships B. Land — rivers carry it C. Airplanes D. Underwater volcanoes
50. What is The Ocean Cleanup
A. A law B. A school project C. An organization that collects plastic D. A type of boat
题型四：任务型阅读（共10小题，每小题2分）
第一部分：匹配国家与地标（5题）
国家：
A. China B. France C. Egypt D. Italy E. India
地标：
1. The Eiffel Tower 2. The Colosseum 3. The Great Wall 4. The Pyramids 5. The Taj Mahal
51. A → ______ 52. B → ______ 53. C → ______ 54. D → ______ 55. E → ______
第二部分：匹配环境问题与解决方案（5题）
环境问题：
F. Air pollution from cars and factories
G. Water shortage in dry areas
H. Plastic pollution in the ocean
I. Deforestation
J. Food waste
解决方案：
6. Plant trees and use recycled paper. 7. Use public transport and clean energy. 8. Reduce, reuse, recycle plastic. 9. Collect rainwater and save water. 10. Plan meals and compost leftovers.
56. F → ______ 57. G → ______ 58. H → ______ 59. I → ______ 60. J → ______
题型五：词汇运用（共15小题，每小题1分）
61. The Amazon r__________ is the largest rainforest in the world.
62. We should r__________ (减少) the amount of waste we produce.
63. Many animals are in danger of e__________ (灭绝) due to hunting.
64. Solar and wind are r__________ energy sources.
65. The a__________ (大气) protects the Earth from harmful rays.
66. We should save e__________ (电) by turning off lights.
67. The government has set up several national p__________ to protect wildlife.
68. C__________ dioxide is the main greenhouse gas.
69. We should use r__________ (可重复使用的) water bottles instead of plastic ones.
70. The Nile River flows through Egypt and s__________ (其他) countries.
71. G__________ warming is causing ice caps to melt.
72. Many people p__________ up litter in the park on weekends.
73. The Sahara Desert is the largest hot d__________ in the world.
74. We should c__________ (保护) the environment for future generations.
75. The island of Greenland is covered with ice most of the y__________.
题型六：句型转换（共11小题，每小题2分）
76. People should plant more trees to protect the environment. (改为被动语态)
More trees should __________ __________ to protect the environment.
77. We use too much plastic. This is bad for the ocean. (合并为一句)
Using too much plastic is bad __________ the ocean.
78. The river has been polluted by the factory. (对划线部分提问)
__________ has the river been polluted __________
79. We should turn off the tap when brushing teeth. (改为否定句)
We __________ __________ turn off the tap when brushing teeth.
80. It is important to save water. (改为感叹句)
__________ important it is to save water!
81. “Don’t throw rubbish on the ground,” the teacher said. (改为间接引语)
The teacher told us __________ __________ throw rubbish on the ground.
82. We can reduce waste by using reusable bags. (对划线部分提问)
__________ can we reduce waste
83. If we don’t protect the environment, more animals will die out. (改为同义句)
__________ we protect the environment, more animals will die out.
84. The Amazon is the largest rainforest in the world. (改为比较级)
The Amazon is larger than __________ __________ rainforest in the world.
85. People speak English in many countries. (改为被动语态)
English __________ __________ in many countries.
86. Let’s join the tree-planting activity this Sunday. (改为反意疑问句)
Let’s join the tree-planting activity this Sunday, __________ __________
题型七：情景交际（共10空，每空2分）
对话一：讨论环保措施
A: 87.________________________ to protect the environment
B: I try to use less plastic. I always bring my own bag when shopping.
A: 88.________________________. I also do that. What else do you do
B: I take shorter showers to save water. 89.________________________
A: I recycle paper and bottles. Also, I turn off lights when I leave a room.
B: 90.________________________. Every little bit helps.
A: 91.________________________ plant a tree on Tree Planting Day
B: That’s a great idea! Let’s do it together.
对话二：谈论世界地理
C: 92.________________________
D: I’d like to visit Egypt because I want to see the Pyramids.
C: 93.________________________. The Pyramids are amazing. Have you been to other countries
D: Yes, I’ve been to Japan. 94.________________________
C: I’ve been to France. The Eiffel Tower is beautiful at night.
D: 95.________________________
C: I think Italy would be great. I want to see the Colosseum.
D: 96.________________________. Let’s learn Italian together!
题型八：短文填空（共15空，每空1分）
Last month, our school ___97___ (organize) an environmental protection activity. We went to a nearby park to clean up litter. When we ___98___ (arrive), we saw a lot of plastic bottles and bags on the ground. We ___99___ (divide) into groups. Each group ___100___ (get) a bag and gloves. We ___101___ (work) for two hours. By the end, we ___102___ (collect) ten bags of rubbish. It was hard work, but we felt ___103___ (pride). After that, we ___104___ (put) up signs that said “Please keep the park clean.” Some people ___105___ (stop) to thank us. The park looked much ___106___ (clean) than before. I learned that even small actions can make a big ___107___ (different). Protecting the environment is everyone’s ___108___ (responsible). We don’t need to do big things. Simple actions like picking up litter, saving water, and ___109___ (recycle) can help. I decided to start a green club at school. We will meet every Friday to ___110___ (discuss) environmental issues and take action. I hope more students will ___111___ (join) us. Together, we can make our world a better place.
题型九：书面表达（满分15分）
假设你是李华，你的英国笔友Tom来信询问你所在城市的环保情况以及你个人为保护环境所做的努力。请你根据以下要点给他写一封回信。
要点：1. 你所在城市存在的环境问题（如空气污染、垃圾问题等）；2. 政府和市民采取的措施；3. 你个人在日常生活中如何保护环境（至少三点）；4. 呼吁大家一起行动。
要求：词数80-100，开头和结尾已给出，不计入总词数。语言流畅，逻辑清晰，可适当发挥。
Dear Tom,
Thank you for your letter. You asked about environmental protection in my city. Now let me tell you.
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Let’s work together for a greener planet.
Yours,
Li Hua
参考答案及解析
单项选择：1-5 BCBDA 6-10 BADCB 11-15 BAAAC 16-20 AABBC
完形填空：21-25 CBCBB 26-30 CAACC 31-35 CBCAC
阅读理解：36-40 BBACC 41-45 CBCCC 46-50 BCBBC
任务型阅读：51-55 3,1,4,2,5； 56-60 7,9,8,6,10
词汇运用：61.rainforest 62.reduce 63.extinction 64.renewable 65.atmosphere 66.electricity 67.parks 68.Carbon 69.reusable 70.several 71.Global 72.pick 73.desert 74.conserve 75.year
句型转换：76.be planted 77.for 78.By what; polluted 79.should not 80.How 81.not to 82.How 83.Unless 84.any other 85.is spoken 86.shall we
情景交际：87.What do you do 88.That’s good 89.What about you 90.You’re right 91.Shall we 92.Which country would you like to visit 93.I agree 94.What about you 95.Where else would you like to go 96.That sounds great
短文填空：97.organized 98.arrived 99.were divided 100.got 101.worked 102.had collected 103.proud 104.put 105.stopped 106.cleaner 107.difference 108.responsibility 109.recycling 110.discuss 111.join
书面表达参考范文：
Dear Tom,
Thank you for your letter. You asked about environmental protection in my city. Now let me tell you. In my city, air pollution is a serious problem because of too many cars. But the government has taken action, like promoting electric buses and planting more trees. As for me, I try to protect the environment in daily life. First, I always take a reusable bag when shopping. Second, I save water by turning off the tap while brushing my teeth. Third, I recycle paper and bottles. I also walk or bike to school instead of taking a car. Everyone can make a difference. Let’s work together for a greener planet.
Yours,
Li Hua
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