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译林版·八年级英语下册期中复习
——现在完成时（构成、过去分词、基本句型）
现在完成时是译林版八年级下册Unit 1《Past and present》的核心语法。本讲严格依据教材，聚焦于最基本的构成规则、动词过去分词的变化（规则变化及课标要求的不规则动词），以及肯定句、否定句、一般疑问句的转换。不涉及后续考点内容（如already/yet、for/since、been to/gone to等），确保基础扎实，难度适中。
一、现在完成时的基本含义
现在完成时表示过去发生的动作或状态对现在仍有影响或结果，或者从过去一直持续到现在的动作。它强调的是“现在”的情况，而不是动作发生的具体时间。例如：I have lost my key.（钥匙过去丢了，结果是我现在进不去门。）We have lived here for ten years.（我们在这儿住了十年，现在还住着。）
二、现在完成时的构成
谓语部分由“助动词 have/has + 过去分词”构成。主语是第三人称单数（he/she/it/单数名词）时用has，其他人称用have。
句型 结构 例句
肯定句 主语 + have/has + 过去分词 + 其他. I have finished my homework. / She has arrived.
否定句 主语 + have/has + not + 过去分词 + 其他. I haven't seen him today. / He hasn't come yet.
一般疑问句 Have/Has + 主语 + 过去分词 + 其他 Have you eaten lunch / Has she called you
肯定回答 Yes, 主语 + have/has. Yes, I have. / Yes, she has.
否定回答 No, 主语 + haven't/hasn't. No, I haven't. / No, she hasn't.
注意：助动词 have/has 与主语保持人称和数的一致，过去分词是动词的一种形式，不能单独作谓语。
三、动词过去分词的变化规则
1. 规则动词的变化（与过去式相同）
情况 变化规则 原形 过去分词
一般情况 加 ed work / help worked / helped
以 e 结尾 加 d live / hope lived / hoped
辅音 + y 结尾 变 y 为 i 加 ed study / carry studied / carried
重读闭音节结尾（辅元辅） 双写末尾辅音加 ed stop / plan stopped / planned
2. 常见不规则动词过去分词（Unit 1 课标要求）
原形 过去式 过去分词 原形 过去式 过去分词
be was/were been go went gone
do did done see saw seen
have had had eat ate eaten
buy bought bought read read read
come came come write wrote written
take took taken give gave given
meet met met tell told told
speak spoke spoken know knew known
不规则动词需要逐个记忆，没有捷径。建议课后默写教材P126-127不规则动词表中的前30个。
四、现在完成时与一般过去时的初步区分（仅作了解）
现在完成时强调过去动作对现在的影响或结果，不强调动作发生的具体时间；一般过去时只表示过去发生的动作，与现在无关。本考点不深入展开，详细对比将在考点3学习。例如：I have lost my key.（结果：现在进不去门） vs I lost my key yesterday.（只说明昨天丢了，不涉及现在是否找到）
五、易错提醒（基础阶段）
易错点1：混淆过去式与过去分词。例如：I have went to school. 应改为 I have gone to school.
易错点2：主语是第三人称单数时忘记用 has。例如：She have finished. 应改为 She has finished.
易错点3：否定句中 not 的位置。应为 have/has + not + 过去分词，不能写成 have + 过去分词 + not。
易错点4：疑问句中把 have/has 提到主语前，不要忘记还原动词过去分词形式。
典型例题（基础自测）
1. (单选) — Where is your sister — She _____ to the library.
A. has been B. has gone C. went D. goes
2. (填空) They _____ (finish) their work already. They are leaving.
3. (改错) He have visited the museum last week. (找出错误并改正)
4. (翻译) 我还没吃午饭。
________________________________________________
5. (句型转换) She has seen the film. (改为一般疑问句并作肯定回答)
________________________________________________
分层实战演练
A组 · 用所给动词的适当形式填空
1. I ________ (finish) my homework. Let's go out.
2. She ________ (not come) yet. We are still waiting.
3. ________ you ________ (see) that new film
4. They ________ (live) in this city since 2015.
5. He ________ (be) to Beijing twice.
6. My mother ________ (cook) dinner. It smells good.
7. We ________ (not hear) from him recently.
8. ________ she ________ (return) the book to the library
B组 · 单项选择
1. — Where is your brother — He _____ to the library.
A. has been B. has gone C. went D. goes
2. I _____ this movie before. It's very touching.
A. see B. saw C. have seen D. will see
3. She _____ her homework yet. She is still doing it.
A. hasn't finished B. didn't finish C. doesn't finish D. won't finish
4. My parents _____ in Nanjing for 20 years.
A. live B. lived C. have lived D. will live
5. — _____ you ever _____ to the new park — Not yet.
A. Did; go B. Have; gone C. Have; been D. Do; go
6. They _____ the good news. Let's tell them.
A. have already heard B. haven't heard yet C. already heard D. heard yet
C组 · 句型转换
1. I have finished my report. (改为否定句)
________________________________________________
2. She has visited the Great Wall. (改为一般疑问句)
________________________________________________
3. They have lived here for five years. (改为否定句)
________________________________________________
4. He has seen the film. (改为一般疑问句并作肯定回答)
________________________________________________
5. We have done our homework. (对划线部分提问，划线部分 our homework)
________________________________________________
D组 · 根据汉语提示完成句子
1. 我已经完成了我的作业。
I ________ ________ my homework.
2. 他还没吃过早饭。
He ________ ________ breakfast ________.
3. 你们去过上海吗？
________ you ever ________ to Shanghai
4. 她刚刚离开。
She ________ ________ left.
5. 我们在这所学校学习了三年。
We ________ ________ in this school for three years.
E组 · 短文填空
I am very happy today because I ________ (1) (get) a letter from my pen friend. We ________ (2) (not write) to each other for a long time. He ________ (3) (move) to a new city with his family. He ________ (4) (visit) many interesting places there. He ________ (5) (not forget) me. I ________ (6) (reply) to his letter already. I ________ (7) (tell) him about my life. I ________ (8) (study) hard and ________ (9) (make) new friends. I hope we can meet one day.
参考答案
典型例题：
1. B 2. have finished 3. He have → He has 或 visited → have visited (去掉last week) 正确答案：He has visited the museum. / He visited the museum last week. 4. I haven't had lunch yet. 5. Has she seen the film Yes, she has.
A组填空：
1. have finished 2. hasn't come 3. Have; seen 4. have lived 5. has been 6. has cooked 7. haven't heard 8. Has; returned
B组单选：
1. B 2. C 3. A 4. C 5. C 6. B
C组句型转换：
1. I haven't finished my report yet. 2. Has she visited the Great Wall 3. They haven't lived here for five years. 4. Has he seen the film Yes, he has. 5. What have you done
D组完成句子：
1. have finished 2. hasn't had; yet 3. Have; been 4. has just 5. have studied
E组短文填空：
1. have got 2. haven't written 3. has moved 4. has visited 5. hasn't forgotten 6. have replied 7. have told 8. have studied 9. have made
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