资源简介

东北育才高中 2025—2026 学年度下学期
高一年级英语科第一次月考试卷
答题时间：120 分钟 满分：150 分
第一部分 听力(共两节，满分 30 分)
做题时，先将答案标在试卷上。录音内容结束后，你将有两分钟的时间将试卷上的答案转涂到答题卡上。
第一节(共 5 小题；每小题 1.5 分，满分 7.5 分)
听下面 5 段对话。每段对话后有一个小题，从题中所给的 A 、B 、C 三个选项中选出最佳选项。听完每段对话后，你都有 10 秒钟的时间来回答有关小题和阅读下一小题。每段对话读两遍。
1 ． When will the man leave for the party
A ．At about 4:00 p.m. B ．At about 4:30 p.m. C ．At about 5:30 p.m.
2 ． What are the speakers mainly talking about
A ．Their hobbies. B ．Their schedules. C ．Their travel plans.
3 ． What does the man suggest
A ．Taking the subway. B ．Changing the flight. C ．Trying another route.
4 ． What does the woman imply
A ．She is out of shape.
B ．She dislikes sports.
C ．She wants to try gymnastics.
5 ． What is the man’s problem
A ．He missed the meeting.
B ．He forgot the report at home.
C ．He didn’t know the deadline.
第二节(共 15 小题；每小题 1.5 分，满分 22.5 分)
听下面 5 段对话或独白。每段对话或独白后有几个小题，从题中所给的 A 、B、 C 三个选项中选出最佳选项。听每段对话或独白前，你将有时间阅读各个小题，每小题 5 秒钟；听完后，各小题将给出5 秒钟的作答时间，每段对话或独白读
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两遍。
听下面一段对话，回答以下小题。
6 ．Why does the man choose the café downstairs
A ．For its lower price. B ．For its better taste. C ．For its shorter distance.
7 ．How much will the woman pay
A ．$12. B ．$16. C ．$20.
听下面一段对话，回答以下小题。
8 ．Why is George at the store
A ．To look for ideas for clothing design.
B ．To purchase furniture for a new office.
C ．To sell tables and chairs with his friend.
9 ．What was the man’s last job
A ．A market promoter. B ．A clothing designer. C ．A car salesman.
10 ．What does the woman want to do
A ．Start a business. B ．Study marketing. C ．Write a book.
听下面一段对话，回答以下小题。
11 ．What did the man do while in Amsterdam
A ．bought gifts. B ．Booked a hotel. C ．Rented a car.
12 ．What does the woman hope for
A ．A hotel near shops. B ．A cheaper room. C ．A city tour guide.
13 ．What is the Central Garden
A ．A museum. B ．A shopping area. C ．An amusement park.
听下面一段对话，回答以下小题。
14 ．What does the man say the gold cup was used for
A ．Serving tea. B ．Drinking wine. C ．Holding soup.
15 ．Why is the gold cup more valuable today
A ．It was used by the wealthy.
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B ．It has become extremely rare.
C ．It represents a social privilege.
16 ．What do the speakers plan to do next
A ．Buy a gold cup.
B ．Take photos of the cup.
C ．Check out other items.
听下面一段独白，回答以下小题。
17 ．Why do plants produce sounds
A ．To communicate. B ．To speed up growth. C ．To defend themselves.
18 ．How did researchers run the experiment
A ．By tracking the growth of plants.
B ．By testing plants' response to noise.
C ．By stressing plants in different ways.
19 ．What happened to the second group of plants
A ．They were not watered.
B ．Their stems were cut off.
C ．They were left untouched.
20 ．What may the new software help farmers do
A ．Monitor crop health.
B ．Reduce insect damage.
C ．Offer planting methods.
第二部分：阅读理解（共两节，满分 50 分）
第一节（共 15 小题；每小题 2.5 分，满分 37.5 分）
阅读下面短文，从每题所给的 A 、B 、C 和 D 四个选项中，选出最佳选项。
A
The House of European History team offers an engaging journey through European history. Dive into it over lunchtime and discover our new exhibitions.
Each tour is supported by a member of our museum team, offering their personal interpretation of
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the theme and a fresh insight into the collection. Rather than boring lectures, these tours aim to spark curiosity, reflection and conversation about European History through selected
objects.Practical information
● Tours are free and take place from 12:15-13:00 in English. Meet the guide at the Family Kiosk in the Fables Room. No booking required.
● Please be aware that to enter the museum, you must pass through security checks which can take some time — we advise you to plan for this in advance.
Check the calendar below for 2026 tours.
17 February
Feelings in History
Feelings play a large part in historical descriptions: sometimes for contradicting reasons,
sometimes driving individuals or entire societies to take action. This February, come and uncover some of the many emotions behind historical events through the vast collection of the House of European History.
17 March
Women in European History
In March we celebrate International Women’s Rights Day, making it the perfect moment to discover some of the extraordinary women represented in the House of European History. Dig into the collection, encounter the objects linked to their lives, and learn more about their impact on
Europe’s past.
15 September
Generation to generation
Which generation do you belong to From Erasmus students setting off on European
adventures, to the many age groups who lived, loved, fought and rebuilt this continent, each
generation brings its own rhythm to history. Come and uncover how generations shape Europe and how Europe shapes generations.
20 October
A very European playlist
Music in European history carries meaning, memories and moments of gathering. Let’s
listen carefully to the sounds and songs throughout the House of European History including “Ode
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to Joy”, factory rhythms, Euro-dance beats and Eurovision favourites...
21 ．What is the main purpose of the guided tours at the House of European History
A ．To provide detailed academic lectures on European history.
B ．To encourage interactive learning through selected objects.
C ．To allow visitors to explore the museum completely on their own.
D ．To focus only on the political developments in Europe.
22 ．What should visitors keep in mind before entering the museum
A ．They are required to book a tour in advance.
B ．They must arrive exactly at 12:15 for the tour.
C ．They should prepare extra time for security checks.
D ．They can only join tours in English if they are fluent.
23 ．Which tour aims to explore the influence of different age groups on Europe
A ．Feelings in History B ．Women in European History
C ．Generation to generation D ．A very European playlist
B
Growing up as a kid in the UK, I was fascinated by insects. Wanting to protect them, I started building little houses for ants, using little pieces of wood and leaves.
I then moved on to making little cups and saucers from silver foil (箔纸) for the magic
creatures that I thought lived at the bottom of the garden. When my mother saw my work, she told me that the smaller I made things, the bigger my name would become.
As the years went by, my designs became more complicated. And I used many different materials, such as diamond fragments, eyelashes and even spider web threads.
I sometimes work for 16 hours a day without breaks, and it takes me up to three months to finish a sculpture. I have to hold my breath during the sculpting process. It isn’t actually an easy process — but I can enjoy it once I’ve finished it.
My sculptures have taken me to incredible places. In 2012, I met the queen and gave her a tiny crown on the head of a pin. In 2013, I received my first Guinness World Record for creating the smallest sculpture made by hand. It was a 24-carat gold motorbike that fitted inside a drilled out hair. In 2017, I beat my record with a sculpture of a human fetus (胎儿) that measured
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0.078mm by 0.053mm.
One time, a fly landed on a Cinderella carriage sculpture I was working on. The fly’s wings blew it away, and it was lost. I was heart-broken. Another time, I accidentally breathed in a
microscopic Alice from Alice in Wonderland. Alice is now in Wonderland forever. But it did give me the chance to make an even better one the second time around.
The microscopic world has always been my happy place. I’ve tried to make bigger
sculptures, but small is best for me. We need to appreciate the little things in life. Small things can also be mighty, too.
24 ．What inspired the author to create tiny sculptures
A ．His desire for fame. B ．His love for insects.
C ．His passion for architecture. D ．His dream of setting a record.
25 ．How does the author think of his sculpting process
A ．Creative and satisfying. B ．Competitive and demanding.
C ．Time-consuming but enjoyable. D ．Relaxing but painstaking.
26 ．What message does the author intend to convey
A ．Failure is the mother of success. B ．Don’t underestimate small things.
C ．Attention to details leads to success. D ．Don’t let others’ opinions define you.
27 ．What is the main idea of the passage
A ．A micro-artist’s amazing experience. B ．The difficulty of creating tiny sculptures.
C ．The power of small and delicate artworks. D ．How to set a world record in sculpture.
C
In 1779, Englishman Charles Blair built the first primitive shelter for hikers to view
France’s Mer de Glace glacier(冰川). As alpine(阿尔卑斯山的) clubs sprung up in Europe and
climbers claimed first victories of major peaks in the Alps in the 1850s and 1860s, the Golden Age of Alpinism gave rise to a network of huts to support a new type of adventure tourism. Some
3,000 hiking huts, around 1,300 of which are staffed by Europe’s alpine clubs to provide food and safety above the treeline, are still standing in the Alps — for now.
The Mer de Glace is reducing at a rate of 15 feet per year. By 2100, 90 percent of the
glacier will be gone, while glaciers worldwide are expected to lose another 366 billion tons in the
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next decade. Therefore, the ground under the huts and the trails that support them is becoming more unstable. And in the face of aging structures, the foundations of huts are crumbling.
Melting permafrost (永久冻土) causes steeper, faster rockfalls across the Alps. In Italy’s Dolomites, search-and-rescue operations rose 20% last summer due to unstable ground. “The
mountains have always been dangerous,” says glaciologist Daniel Farinotti, “but melting is
speeding up strikingly in recent years.” Advanced monitoring systems provide some warning, but hikers face more trail closures and must remain alarmed.
Maintenance costs are rocketing. The Swiss Alpine Club (SAC) spends $8.8 million
annually on repairs, but admits “the funds will not be enough.” The local government struggles
with limited budgets. The Austrian Alpine Association sought $100 million in government aid in 2024 — they received only $3 million. So the SAC is calling for urgent action and a new financial model for hut construction.
“Climate change is forcing us to rethink our concepts,” the SAC Huts 2050 report reads. “Our huts need to be adapted so that they remain safe and attractive in the future. This is not just about structural safety, but also about continuing to make mountain sports possible under
changing conditions.”
28 ．Why were huts massively built in the Alps
A ．To accommodate local staff. B ．To mark the first major peaks.
C ．To satisfy adventurers’ needs. D ．To serve as shelters for alpine clubs.
29 ．What does the underlined word “crumbling” mean in paragraph 2
A ．Drying. B ．Breaking. C ．Freezing. D ．Stabilizing.
30 ．What does the author try to illustrate by listing data in paragraph 4
A ．The trouble in maintaining huts. B ．The struggle for government aid.
C ．The urgency of building new huts. D ．The necessity of financial budgets.
31 ．What does the SAC Huts 2050 report suggest
A ．A careful plan to make huts attractive.
B ．Possible direction for hut adaptation.
C ．A practical solution to ensure hut safety.
D ．Constant reflection on climate change.
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D
It’s not unusual for snow to fall in winter. During the cold weather months, some folks like to share recipes for how to make snow ice cream and other treats that use fresh powder as a base, adding milk, sugar, and toppings.
Obviously, no one is recommending anyone scoop up a bowlful of snow idling on the side of the road, full of salt, muck (淤泥), and other unpleasantness. But it does beg the question: Is any snow actually safe to consume
While you may assume snow that’s freshly fallen and collected in an undisturbed area —
even a cup set out for that purpose — is free of any contaminants (污染物), don’t be so sure.
According to meteorologist Mary Scarzello Fairbanks, snow isn’t all that clean. It’s formed when water droplets freeze around some dust or debris in the air, forming an ice crystal that continues to collect water vapor and form a snowflake.
When it falls, it will also collect things hanging in the air, including dirt and even bacterial particles. Depending on the region, snow could also contain mercury (水银) or pesticides. If it’s windy, snow could even mix with dirt kicked up from the soil before settling. A 2015 study
published in the journal Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts even demonstrated how snow could mix with gas exhaust. This all means that, theoretically, your snow ice cream could have some pretty disgusting “toppings” .
At the same time, there doesn’t seem to be a surge of reports of illnesses related to snow
consumption. Assuming you don’t consume a huge quantity of it, it’s unlikely that whatever
contaminants might be in the snow will be present in large enough amounts to cause problems.
While no one is technically advocating for snow ingestion here, just a small bite will probably be fine.
Eating snow in an emergency is another matter. The Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention (CDC) warns against snow snacking for people like hikers, because it can lower one’s body temperature. In cases where there is a water supply issue, the CDC says it’s safe to take
collected snow and boil it to kill off any bacteria.
32 ．What is the correct order of snow formation
① Ice crystals are formed.
② Water and vapor are collected.
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③ A snowflake comes into being.
④ Water droplets freeze in the air.
A ．②④①③ B ．④①②③ C ．②①④③ D ．④①③②
33 ．What is the function of paragraph 4
A ．To introduce a new concept. B ．To offer a detailed explanation.
C ．To pave the way for what follows. D ．To back up a previous statement.
34 ．What can we infer from the text
A ．Under no circumstances does the CDC advise eating snow.
B ．Boiling snow can eliminate all risks associated with eating it.
C ．Eating snow after it is boiled can lower one’s body temperature.
D ．Consuming a small quantity of snow is unlikely to cause severe diseases.
35 ．Which is the best title for the passage
A ．The Hidden Dangers of Snow Ice Cream
B ．How to Safely Consume Snow in Emergencies
C ．Is Snow Safe to Eat What You Need to Know
D ．From Cloud to Table: The Journey of a Snowflake
第二节（共 5 小题；每小题 2.5 分，满分 12.5 分）
阅读下面短文，从短文后的选项中选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项，选项中有两项为多余选项。
Online learning is a term used to describe distance or correspondence courses that are offered over the Internet. 36
There are two types of online course access: open and restricted. Open access allows
virtually anyone with an Internet browser to view the course material. 37 This initiative removes the barriers to advanced knowledge and allows anyone with the interest to learn. The
other type of online courses are restricted access courses, which limit the class to registered students. These courses offer instructor interaction and require grades upon completion.
It is more efficient for both sides to access course materials online. 38 The
recurring cost is for marking and moderating the class communications. This greatly reduced the
staff time and costs. Online courses also allow students to complete coursework from a wide range
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of locations and remove the time restriction to access course lectures.
The material for online courses provided by educational institutions has been carefully
reviewed and approved before the course is offered. Many introduction and intermediate courses do not change. 39 Due to the reduced expenses for online courses, the fees are
sometimes lower than a standard instructor-led course. Additional savings like transportation make online learning the most cost-effective learning method available.
40 These tools include mobile audio and video viewers, improved online
interactive tests, and tool and course management software. The continued development in this
area will further enhance the quality of online courses and encourage more people to further their education.
A ．As a result, the courses are stable.
B ．Students are required to use effective study skills.
C ．The fees are much lower so that most students can afford it.
D ．Technology continues to expand to meet the needs of online students.
E ．This type of online learning does not require interaction with an instructor.
F ．From the educator perspective, the course lectures can be recorded once and reused.
G ．It is prized as a cost-effective method of providing access to education for a large population.
第三部分 语言运用（共两节，满分 30 分）
第一节（共 15 小题；每小题 1 分，满分 15 分）
阅读下面短文，从每题所给的 A 、B 、C 、D 四个选项中选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。
The slow death of our television began with an alert (警报) flashing across the screen: This function is not now. I tried cleaning the remote control, unplugging the TV — nothing
.
_________
I spent hours online researching our 12-year-old model and that the
motherboard (主板) was on its way out. Motherboard. The word held I heard it as two words: mother bored. With my son away at college, my role as a mom had taken a big . I was still adjusting to the change. I was stressed, and frankly, a little bored. I prayed the TV
would mysteriously fix itself. , the alerts came more frequently. Upset, I decided to
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with a book. I my bookcase and found a novel that I had been given as a gift and never read.
The first few nights, restless thoughts _________ me. I fought the __________ to pick up my phone and research new TVs or check social media. Once I got lost in the story, everything changed. A new level of relaxation opened, and a deep sense of spread through my day and night.
We moved our broken TV out of the living room and have yet to it. Now, thinking about that stubborn alert, I feel .
What I saw as a problem was really a(n) to make space for something better. I
suppose blessings sometimes find their way into our lives disguised (伪装) as problems, and the answer isn’t getting something new but gifts we already have.
41 ．A ．available B ．awesome C ．admirable D ．appealing
42 ．A ．lasted B ．mattered C ．worked D ．remained
43 ．A ．recalled B ．maintained C ．preferred D ．concluded
44 ．A ．logic B ．pressure C ．memory D ．significance
45 ．A ．chance B ．turn C ．break D ．load
46 ．A ．Finally B ．Instead C ．Therefore D ．Otherwise
47 ．A ．settle down B ．break down C ．check in D ．step in
48 ．A ．organized B ．dusted C ．searched D ．packed
49 ．A ．disturbed B ．comforted C ．examined D ．inspired
50 ．A ．routine B ．ability C ．urge D ．request
51 ．A ．belonging B ．anxiety C ．responsibility D ．peace
52 ．A ．produce B ．replace C ．finance D ．distribute
53 ．A ．grateful B ．confused C ．shocked D ．pessimistic
54 ．A ．invitation B ．description C ．competition D ．declaration
55 ．A ．creating B ．purchasing C ．rediscovering D ．returning
第二节（共 10 小题；每小题 1.5 分，满分 15 分）
语法填词
The University of Oxford is truly an international university. It’s 56 (old) than any
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other university in the English-speaking world. It’s thought that teaching 57 (take) place there as early as the 11th century.
58 (lie) in and around the city center of Oxford, the university consists of 44 colleges and halls as well as the largest library system in the UK. There are 22,000 students at Oxford in total, around 40% of 59 are international students. A quarter of the city of Oxford’s
residents(居民) 60 (be) students, giving the city the youngest population in the UK.
Oxford is 61 youthful city with plenty to see and do. Students can choose 62
(spend)their time studying or help themselves to various activities available. The university’s
particular _63_(strong) is the sciences, and it’s ranked number one in the world for medicine. It’s
also ranked highly for sport ， with its top rowers taking part every year 64 the world-famous boat race with the University of Cambridge on the River Thames.
It has a friendly rivalry(竞争)with Cambridge for the title of best university in the UK and is 65 (regular) ranked as being one of the top three universities in the world.
第四部分：写作（共两节，满分 40 分）
第一节：应用文写作 (满分 15 分)
66 ．假定你叫李华。4 月 23 日世界读书日来临之际，你校举办了一场“ 图书交换”活动，同学们把自己读过的书与他人进行交换阅读。请你为校英文报写一篇英文报道，需包含以下要点：
1.活动时间与地点；
2.活动过程；
3.活动意义或反响。
注意：1.词数 80 左右；
2.可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。
Book Exchange on World Book Day
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第二节：读后续写 (满分 25 分)
67 ．阅读下面材料,根据其内容和所给段落开头语续写两段，使之构成一篇完整的短文。续写的词数应为 150 左右。
The first time I failed a math test, I told myself it was a one-time mistake. The second time, I blamed the teacher for making the questions too hard. By the third time, I ran out of excuses.
Math had always been my weakest subject, but during my first year of high school, it
became my nightmare. While my classmates raised their hands with confident answers, I sat
silently at my desk, praying the teacher wouldn’t call my name. Each failed test made me more certain that I was simply “not a math person.” I stopped trying, believing that effort would make no difference.
My parents grew worried. They hired a tutor, bought workbooks, and spent hours trying to help me. But every session ended the same way — with me pushing aside the papers and saying, “I just can’t do it.”
One Saturday morning, my mother came into my room and sat on the edge of my bed. She held a small paper bag in her hands.
“I have something for you,” she said quietly.
I opened the bag and pulled out a worn notebook. Inside, I found pages and pages of math problems, each step written out carefully. Some problems had diagrams drawn in the margins (页边空白). Others had small notes like “remember to change the sign” or “check step 3first.” The handwriting was shaky, the calculations sometimes messy, but the method was clear. It took me a moment to recognize the handwriting.
It was my mother’s.
“I failed every math test in ninth grade,” she said. “My teacher told me I should drop the
class. I almost believed I wasn’t smart enough. Then I started doing things differently. Instead of staring at the whole problem, I broke it into small steps. I made a list of every mistake I made and studied it before each test. If a concept didn’t make sense, I drew pictures until it did. It was slow work, but by the end of the year, I passed.”
She looked at me. “You are not ‘not a math person.’ You just haven’t found your way yet.” Paragraph 1:
That afternoon, Isat down at my desk with the notebook open beside me.
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____
Paragraph 2:
When the teacher handed back the test papers, I held my
breath
__________
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1 ．C
【原文】W: Are you free on Saturday evening We are having a party for Jimmy’s graduation.
M: Let me check. I’ve got a conference at 4 that should last about an hour and a half. I can come right after that.
2 ．B
【原文】M: How’s life treating you
W: Pretty busy. I’m training hard for the upcoming marathon in our city. And you
M: Well, I’m busy with some reports during the day and dance classes at night.
3 ．A
【原文】W: Can you drive at top speed, please I have a flight to catch at 2:30.
M: I’m afraid traffic at this time of day is heavy. You should take the subway.
4 ．A
【原文】M: If you are interested in gymnastics, the university has an outstanding team.
W: I can’t even climb the stairs without having to stop and catch my breath.
5 ．C
【原文】W: Have you handed in your monthly report yet
M: No, I haven’t. I was planning to hand it in tomorrow.
W: Well, the monthly report is supposed to be handed in by lunch.
M: I’m sorry. I didn’t know that. I’ll do it right away.
6 ．A 7 ．B
【原文】M: Hey, Katherine, I’m going to grab some coffee. Do you want one
W: Yes, please! I really need some — I’m so sleepy.
M: The café downstairs has a special promotion, 20% off. You can check the menu on your phone.
W: OK, cool. Just get me a large Americano with two sugar packets on the side, please. The original price is 10 dollars.
M: Large Americano, two sugars — got it. Anything else
W: Could you also grab me a cake It’s the same price as the Americano.
M: No problem.
8 ．B 9 ．C 10 ．C
答案第 1 页，共 13 页
【原文】W: Hi, George! I didn’t expect to see you here. Are you selling furniture now
M: No, Chloe. My friend and I are starting our own business, and I’m here to buy some office tables and chairs.
W: That’s great! What kind of business
M: We design clothing for customers.
W: So you quit selling cars, right
M: Yeah, I just couldn’t see myself doing that forever.
W: But do you know anything about clothing design I remember you majored in marketing in college.
M: Well, my friend has been in the field for over a decade, and we make a great team.
W: I really admire you! I’ve been wanting to write a book for a long time, but I just haven’t had the courage to start.
11 ．B 12 ．A 13 ．C
【原文】M: What a great city! It’s as beautiful as Amsterdam.
W: I think I’m going to like it, too. Can we just drive around before we check into a hotel
M: Sure. While in Amsterdam, I phoned ahead to make a reservation at a hotel on Gother Street. It’s in the center of the city.
W: Good! I hope it’s not too far from the shopping district. I didn’t buy that much in Amsterdam, so I have some extra money to spend here.
M: Look at all the parks. It’s wonderful to see how clean and green these European cities are. And look! There’s the Royal Factory. It has been making world-class silk for hundreds of years.
W: I see. And what’s over there Look at all the people!
M: That’s the Central Station next to the Central Garden. The Central Garden is famous around
the world as an amusement park.
W: Will we have time to go there
M: Of course! We’re on vacation, remember
14 ．B 15 ．B 16 ．C
【原文】W: Oh, check out that piece on the table! It’s stunning!
M: That’s actually a gold cup from the Tang Dynasty — probably used by the wealthy.
W: I saw a silver soup bowl earlier. Do you think this one was used for tea
答案第 2 页，共 13 页
M: Probably not. It was mainly used for drinking wine, especially during toasts with people of higher status.
W: So it was a kind of status symbol
M: Exactly! And surprisingly, it’s considered even more valuable today than it was back then.
W: Why’s that
M: Well, only a few gold cups like this still exist in the world.
W: Amazing! Jim, could you take a picture of me pretending to drink from it
M: Sorry, dear, but photography isn’t allowed in this museum.
W: Oh, right. Maybe I’ll buy a postcard of that gold cup from the souvenir shop later.
M: That’s a good idea.
W: Come on, let’s go and see what else they have here.
17 ．A 18 ．C 19 ．B 20 ．A
【详解】
Take care of your plants. They may scream if you treat them badly, according to an article published in a magazine in Cell. Plants can make sounds when they are stressed. Plants interact
with insects and other animals all the time, and many of these insects and animals use sounds for communication, so it would be very inconvenient for plants not to use sounds at all. Lilach
Hadany told BBC science focus. With this in mind, the research team started by recording plants sounds. They divided the plants into three groups. One group wasn’t watered for five days,
another group had the stems cut off and the last group remained untouched. The microphones
caught sounds at a frequency of 40 to 80 kilohertz from the first two groups. The sounds grew
louder and louder during the five days of water stress. They then began to decline as the plants
dried out. The researchers haven’t yet discovered how the sounds are made. After the experiment, the team gathered the data and made software that could tell how plants feel it could be useful for farmers in monitoring the conditions of their crops.
21 ．B 22 ．C 23 ．C
【导语】这是一篇应用文。介绍了欧洲历史之家博物馆的导览活动、实用信息以及 2026 年的主题导览安排。
21 ．细节理解题。根据第二段“Rather than boring lectures, these tours aim to spark curiosity,
reflection and conversation about European History through selected objects. (这些导览并非枯燥
答案第 3 页，共 13 页
的讲座，而是旨在通过精选展品激发人们对欧洲历史的好奇、反思与讨论)”可知，导览的主要目的是通过精选展品鼓励互动式学习。故选 B 项。
22．细节理解题。根据 Practical information 部分“Please be aware that to enter the museum, you must pass through security checks which can take some time — we advise you to plan for this in
advance. (请注意，进入博物馆必须通过安检，这可能需要一些时间，建议您提前做好准备)”可知，游客在进入博物馆前应预留额外时间用于安检。故选 C 项。
23．细节理解题。根据 Generation to generation 部分“Which generation do you belong to From Erasmus students setting off on European adventures, to the many age groups who lived, loved,
fought and rebuilt this continent, each generation brings its own rhythm to history. Come and
uncover how generations shape Europe and how Europe shapes generations. (你属于哪一代人？从开启欧洲冒险之旅的伊拉斯谟计划的学生，到那些在这片大陆上生活、热爱、战斗和重建的众多年龄群体，每一代人都为历史带来了独有的节奏。来探索不同世代如何塑造欧洲，以及欧洲又如何塑造不同世代吧)”可知，Generation to generation 这一导览旨在探索不同年龄群体对欧洲的影响。故选 C 项。
24 ．B 25 ．C 26 ．B 27 ．A
【导语】本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了作者因喜爱昆虫开启微雕创作，历经艰辛获诸多成就并传达对微小事物的感悟。
24 ．细节理解题。根据第一段“Growing up as a kid in the UK, I was fascinated by insects.
Wanting to protect them, I started building little houses for ants, using little pieces of wood and
leaves.(在英国长大的我，从小就对昆虫着迷。为了保护它们，我开始用小木块和树叶为蚂蚁建造小房子。)”可知，作者对昆虫的喜爱激发了他创造微小雕塑。故选 B。
25 ．细节理解题。根据第四段“I sometimes work for 16 hours a day without breaks, and it takes me up to three months to finish a sculpture. I have to hold my breath during the sculpting process. It isn’t actually an easy process — but I can enjoy it once I’ve finished it.(我有时一天工作 16 个小时不休息，完成一件雕塑需要我长达三个月的时间。在雕刻过程中我必须屏住呼吸。这实际上不是一个容易的过程——但一旦完成，我就可以享受它。)”可知，作者认为他的雕刻过程耗时但令人愉快。故选 C。
26．推理判断题。根据最后一段中“We need to appreciate the little things in life. Small things can also be mighty, too.(我们需要欣赏生活中的小事。小事情也可以很强大。)”可知，作者想要传达不要低估小事物。故选 B。
答案第 4 页，共 13 页
27 ．主旨大意题。根据全文内容，尤其结合最后一段“The microscopic world has always been my happy place. I’ve tried to make bigger sculptures, but small is best for me. We need to appreciate
the little things in life. Small things can also be mighty, too.(微观世界一直是我的快乐之地。我曾尝试制作更大的雕塑，但对我来说，小的是最好的。我们需要欣赏生活中的小事。小事情也可以很强大。)”可知，文章主要讲述了作者因喜爱昆虫开启微雕创作，历经艰辛获诸多成就并传达对微小事物的感悟。故选 A。
28 ．C 29 ．B 30 ．A 31 ．B
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了气候变化引发冰川消融、地基不稳等问题，导致阿尔卑斯山区登山小屋面临安全隐患、维护成本飙升与资金短缺的困境，相关机构呼吁改造小屋并建立新资金模式以应对危机。
28．细节理解题。 根据第一段中“As alpine clubs sprung up in Europe and climbers claimed first victories of major peaks in the Alps in the 1850s and 1860s, the Golden Age of Alpinism gave rise to a network of huts to support a new type of adventure tourism.(19 世纪五六十年代，欧洲阿尔卑斯山俱乐部兴起，登山者首次登顶阿尔卑斯山脉各大高峰，阿尔卑斯攀登黄金时代催生了一批小屋，为新型探险旅游提供支持)”可知，大规模修建小屋是为了满足探险者的需求。故选 C。
29 ．词句猜测题。根据第二段中“Therefore, the ground under the huts and the trails that support them is becoming more unstable. And in the face of aging structures, the foundations of huts are
crumbling.(因此，小屋下方的地面以及支撑小屋的步道正变得愈发不稳定。加之建筑老化，小屋地基正在 crumbling)”可知，冰川融化让小屋地基所在的地面变得不稳定，加上建筑本 身老化，小屋的地基正在“碎裂、坍塌” ，划线词 crumbling 意为“崩塌、破损” ，与 Breaking 意思一致。故选 B。
30 ．推理判断题。根据第四段“Maintenance costs are rocketing. The Swiss Alpine Club (SAC) spends $8.8 million annually on repairs, but admits “the funds will not be enough” . The local
government struggles with limited budgets. The Austrian Alpine Association sought $100 million in government aid in 2024 — they received only $3 million.(维护成本正在飙升。瑞士阿尔卑斯山俱乐部每年花费 880 万美元修缮小屋，却坦言资金不足；地方政府预算紧张；奥地利登山协会 2024 年申请 1 亿美元政府援助，仅获批 300 万美元)” 可知，第四段中首句点明主旨：维护小屋成本飞涨，随后列举了瑞士阿尔卑斯俱乐部每年维修费用高达 880 万美元且资金不足、奥地利阿尔卑斯协会申请 1 亿美元政府援助仅获 300 万美元等数据，旨在说明小屋维护
答案第 5 页，共 13 页
面临资金短缺、困难重重的现状。故选 A。
31 ．细节理解题。 根据最后一段中““Climate change is forcing us to rethink our concepts,” the SAC Huts 2050 report reads.Our huts need to be adapted so that they remain safe and attractive in the future. This is not just about structural safety, but also about continuing to make mountain
sports possible under changing conditions.(‘气候变化迫使我们重新思考我们的观念，’SAC
Huts 2050 报告写道：‘我们的小屋需要进行改造，以便在未来保持安全和吸引力。这不仅关系到建筑结构安全，还关系到在不断变化的条件下继续使山地运动成为可能。’)”可知，气 候变化迫使人们重新思考小屋的运营，小屋需要调整适配新环境，才能保证未来安全可用，这份报告给出了小屋改造调整的发展方向。故选 B。
32 ．B 33 ．D 34 ．D 35 ．C
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍雪的形成过程、雪含有的污染物，以及食用雪是否安全的相关科学知识与注意事项。
32 ．细节理解题。根据第三段中的“It’s formed when water droplets freeze around some dust or debris in the air, forming an ice crystal that continues to collect water vapor and form a
snowflake.(它是由水滴在空气中的尘埃或碎屑周围冻结形成冰晶，冰晶不断聚集水蒸气进而形成雪花。)”可知，正确顺序为水滴在空气中冻结→形成冰晶→ 聚集水蒸气→形成雪花，即
④①②③ 。故选 B 项。
33 ．推理判断题。根据第三段中的“According to meteorologist Mary Scarzello Fairbanks, snow isn’t all that clean.(根据气象学家玛丽·斯卡泽洛·费尔班克斯的说法，雪并不是那么干净。)”以及第四段中的“When it falls, it will also collect things hanging in the air, including dirt and
even bacterial particles. Depending on the region, snow could also contain mercury (水银) or
pesticides. If it’s windy, snow could even mix with dirt kicked up from the soil before settling. A
2015 study published in the journal Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts even
demonstrated how snow could mix with gas exhaust. (雪花飘落时，也会吸附空气中漂浮的物质，包括灰尘甚至细菌颗粒。根据地区不同，雪还可能含有水银或杀虫剂。如果刮风，雪在落地前甚至会混入从地面扬起的泥土。2015 年发表在《环境科学：过程与影响》期刊上的一项 研究甚至证明了雪会如何与汽车尾气混合。)”可知，第四段通过列举雪含有的各类污染物，详细支撑了第三段提出的“雪并不干净”这一观点。故选 D 项。
34 ．推理判断题。根据第五段中的“Assuming you don’t consume a huge quantity of it, it’s
unlikely that whatever contaminants might be in the snow will be present in large enough amounts
答案第 6 页，共 13 页
to cause problems.(只要不大量食用，雪中的污染物含量不大可能达到致病水平。)”可知，少量食用雪不太可能引发严重疾病。故选 D 项。
35 ．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是第二段中的“But it does beg the question: Is any snow
actually safe to consume (但这确实引出一个问题：到底有没有雪是可以安全食用的？)”可知，文章全文围绕食用雪是否安全展开介绍与分析，因此“雪能安全吃吗？你需要知道的事”最适合作为文章标题。故选 C 项。
36 ．G 37 ．E 38 ．F 39 ．A 40 ．D
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了网络课程种类及其优点。
36 ．根据上文“Online learning is a term used to describe distance or correspondence courses that are offered over the Internet.(在线学习是一个用来描述通过互联网提供的远程或函授课程的术语)”可知，上文解释了在线学习的概念，G 选项“它被认为是为大量人口提供受教育机会的一种经济有效的方法”承接上文，指出在线学习被认为是为大量人口提供受教育机会的一种经济有效的方法，符合语境；选项中的代词“It”指代上文中的“Online learning” 。故选 G。
37 ．根据上文“There are two types of online course access: open and restricted. Open access
allows virtually anyone with an Internet browser to view the course material.(有两种类型的在线 课程访问：开放和限制。开放网课允许几乎任何有互联网浏览器的人查看课程材料)”可知，上文提到了由两种类型在线课程，并首先介绍了开放型网课的特点；E 选项“这种类型的在 线学习不需要与教师互动” ，承接上文，继续说明这种网课的特点，符合语境，“This type of online learning”指代上文中的“Open access” 。故选 E。
38 ．上文“It is more efficient for both sides to access course materials online.(双方在网上获取课程资料的效率更高)”指出双方在网上获取课程资料的效率都更高；本段最后一句“Online
courses also allow students to complete coursework from a wide range of locations and remove
the time restriction to access course lectures.(在线课程还允许学生在广泛的地点完成课程作业，并且消除了访问课程讲座的时间限制。) 阐述了在线课程给学生带来的便捷；由此可知，设 空处与下文“The recurring cost is for marking and moderating the class communications. This
greatly reduced the staff time and costs.(反复出现的成本是标记和调节课堂交流。这大大减少了员工的时间和成本。)”阐述了在线课程给教师带来的便利与获取资料的高效；故 F 选项“从教育工作者的角度来看，课程讲座可以录制一次并重复使用”符合语境，故选 F。
39 ．上文“The material for online courses provided by educational institutions has been carefully reviewed and approved before the course is offered. Many introduction and intermediate courses
答案第 7 页，共 13 页
do not change. (教育机构提供的在线课程材料在提供课程之前都是经过仔细审查和批准的。
许多入门和中级课程不变。)”指出教育机构提供的在线课程材料是经过仔细审查和批准的，许多入门和中级课程不变；A 选项“ 因此，课程是稳定的” 与上文构成因果关系，符合语境，故选 A。
40 ．设空处为段首句；根据下文内容“These tools include mobile audio and video viewers,
improved online interactive tests, and tool and course management software. The continued
development in this area will further enhance the quality of online courses and encourage more
people to further their education.(这些工具包括移动音频和视频观看器，改进的在线交互式测试，以及工具和课程管理软件。这一领域的持续发展将进一步提高在线课程的质量，并鼓励更多的人继续接受教育)”可知，本段主要介绍了技术与工具的更新进步促进在线课程的发展以及质量的提高；D 选项“技术不断发展以满足在线学生的需求”符合本段主旨，提到引领下文的作用，符合语境。故选 D。
41 ．A 42 ．C 43 ．D 44 ．D 45 ．B 46 ．B 47 ．A 48 ．C
49 ．A 50 ．C 51 ．D 52 ．B 53 ．A 54 ．A 55 ．C
【导语】本文是一篇夹叙夹议文。主要讲述电视故障后作者重拾阅读，领悟到困境可能是接纳美好事物契机的经历。
41．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：我们家电视的“慢性死亡”始于屏幕上闪烁的一条警报：此功能当前不可用。A. available 可用的；B. awesome 极好的；C. admirable 令人钦佩的；D.
appealing 有吸引力的。根据上文的“The slow death of our television began with an alert (警报) flashing across the screen”及后文电视故障可知，此处指的是功能“不可用”符合语境。故选 A项。
42 ．考查动词词义辨析。句意：我尝试清洁遥控器、拔掉电视插头——都没用。A. lasted 持续；B. mattered 重要；C. worked 起作用；D. remained 保留。根据上文的“I tried cleaning the remote control, unplugging the TV” 以及“nothing”可知，尝试的方法都不“起作用”符合句意。故选 C 项。
43 ．考查动词词义辨析。句意：我花了几个小时在网上研究我们那台用了 12 年的型号，得出结论是主板坏了。A. recalled 回忆；B. maintained 维持；C. preferred 偏爱；D. concluded得出结论。根据上文的“I spent hours online researching our 12-year-old model”可知，作者花了几个小时在网上研究用了 12 年的电视，结合下文的 “the motherboard (主板) was on its way
答案第 8 页，共 13 页
out.”可知，此处指的是研究后“得出结论”主板故障。故选 D 项。
44．考查名词词义辨析。句意：这个词有特殊含义。A. logic 逻辑；B. pressure 压力；C. memory记忆；D. significance 意义。根据后文“I heard it as two words: mother bored.”可知，作者将
“motherboard”拆解为“mother bored”并联系自身状态可知，这个词对作者有特殊“意义”符合语境。故选 D 项。
45．考查名词词义辨析。句意：儿子去上大学后，我作为母亲的角色发生了重大转变。A. chance机会；B. turn 转变；C. break 休息；D. load 负担。根据上文的“With my son away at college”可知，儿子离家后作者的母亲角色有了大“转变” ，take a turn 意为“发生转变” 。故选 B 项。
46．考查副词词义辨析。句意：相反，警报来得更频繁了。A. Finally 最终；B. Instead 相反； C. Therefore 因此；D. Otherwise 否则。根据上文的“I prayed the TV would mysteriously fix itself.”以及下文的“the alerts came more frequently”可知，现实与祈祷“相反”符合逻辑。故选 B 项。
47．考查动词短语辨析。句意：心烦意乱中，我决定静下心来读本书。A. settle down 安定下来；B. break down 崩溃；C. check in 登记；D. step in 介入。根据语境和上文的“Upset” 以及下文的“with a book”可知，电视警报频繁出现让作者心烦意乱，由此可知推断，此处指的是作者决定“静下心来”读书，符合语境。故选 A 项。
48 ．考查动词词义辨析。句意：我搜索书架，发现了一本别人送的礼物书，一直没读过。
A. organized 组织；B. dusted 除尘；C. searched 搜索；D. packed 打包。根据下文的“and found a novel that I had been given as a gift and never read.”可知，作者在书架上找到一本别人送的礼物，由此可知推断，此处指的是作者“搜索”书架，找到这本书，符合语境。故选 C 项。
49 ．考查动词词义辨析。句意：最初的几个晚上，不安的思绪困扰着我。A. disturbed 打扰； B. comforted 安慰；C. examined 检查；D. inspired 启发。根据下文的“I fought
the 10 to pick up my phone and research new TVs or check social media.”可知，作者在于与拿起手机和研究新电视或者查看社交媒体进行斗争，由此可推断，此处指的是作者的思绪“打扰”着作者，符合语境。故选 A 项。
50 ．考查名词词义辨析。句意：我克制住拿起手机研究新电视或查看社交媒体的冲动。A. routine 惯例；B. ability 能力；C. urge 冲动；D. request 请求。根据上文的“fought” 以及下文的“to pick up my phone and research new TVs or check social media.”可知，拿起手机研究新电视或查看社交媒体是一种“冲动”符合语境。故选 C 项。
51．考查名词词义辨析。句意：一种新的放松层次打开了，一种深深的平静感弥漫在我的日日夜夜。A. belonging 归属感；B. anxiety 焦虑；C. responsibility 责任；D. peace 平静。根据
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上文的“A new level of relaxation opened”可知，读书带来了“平静”符合语境。故选 D 项。
52 ．考查动词词义辨析。句意：我们把坏了的电视搬出客厅，还没来得及更换。A. produce生产；B. replace 更换；C. finance 资助；D. distribute 分配。根据上文的“We moved our broken TV out of the living room” 以及 yet 可知，此处指的是电视搬出客厅，然而尚未“更换”新电视，符合语境。故选 B 项。
53 ．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：现在，想起那个顽固的警报，我心怀感激。A. grateful 感激的；B. confused 困惑的；C. shocked 震惊的；D. pessimistic 悲观的。根据语境和下文的“What I saw as a problem was really a(n) 14 to make space for something better”可知，作者对警报带来的改变感到“感激” 。故选 A 项。
54 ．考查名词词义辨析。句意：我眼中的问题其实是一个为更好的事物腾出空间的契机。
A. invitation 契机，鼓励，邀请；B. description 描述；C. competition 竞争；D. declaration 声明。根据下文的“make space for something better”可知，作者认为不更换电视为更好的事物腾出空间，由此可知，在作者看来，问题是一种“契机”符合语境。故选 A 项。
55．考查动词词义辨析。句意：我想，祝福有时会伪装成问题进入我们的生活，而答案不是获取新东西，而是重新发现我们早已拥有的馈赠。A. creating 创造；B. purchasing 购买；C. rediscovering 重新发现；D. returning 返回。根据上文的“and the answer isn’t getting something new” 以及下文的“gifts we already have”可知，答案不是获取新东西，而是要“重新发现” 已有的美好。故选 C 项。
56 ．older 57 ．took 58 ．Lying 59．whom 60 ．are 61 ．a 62 ．to spend
63 ．strength 64 ．in 65 ．regularly
【分析】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了牛津大学的一些基本概况。
56．考查形容词比较级。句意： 它比英语世界的任何一所大学都要古老。分析句子结构可知，空处填形容词比较级，再根据句意可知，形容词比较级+than+any other+名词单数，是固定结构，意为“ 比 任何一个都 ”，故填 older。
57 ．考查时态。句意：人们认为早在 11 世纪，那里就有了教学活动。分析句子结构可知，空处填时态，再根据语境可知，此处用一般过去式，故填 took。
58．考查非谓语动词。句意： 牛津大学位于牛津市中心及其周边，由 44 个学院和礼堂组成，是英国最大的图书馆系统。分析句子结构可知，空处填非谓语动词，再根据句意可知，lie意为“坐落于”和逻辑主语 the university 是主动关系，故用动词的 ing 形式做伴随状语，故
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填 Lying。
59 ．考查关系代词。句意：牛津大学共有 22000 名学生，其中约 40%是国际学生。分析句子结构可知，空处填关系代词，先行词是 22,000 students 在从句中做 of 的宾语，此处用 whom指代先行词在从句中做 of 的宾语，故填 whom。
60．考查主谓一致。句意：牛津城四分之一的居民是学生，这使得牛津城成为英国最年轻的人口城市。分析句子结构可知，空处填谓语动词，再结合句意可知，a quarter of 后加名词复数做主语，谓语动词的单复数要依据 of 后的名词来判断，再根据语境可知，句子用一般现在时，故填 are。
61．考查冠词。句意：牛津是一座年轻的城市，有很多值得参观和游玩的地方。分析句子结构可知，空处填冠词，再结合句意可知，此处“年轻的城市”表示泛指，故填 a。
62．考查固定搭配。句意：学生可以选择把时间花在学习上，也可以选择参加各种各样的活动。结合句意可知，choose to do 意为“选择做某事” ，故填 to spend。
63．考查名词。句意：这所大学的特长是科学，在世界医学领域排名第一。分析句子结构可知，空处填名词，再结合句意可知，strength 是 strong 的名词形式，意为“力量” ，故填
strength。
64．考查介词。句意：它在体育方面的排名也很高，每年都有顶尖的赛艇手参加世界著名的泰晤士河上与剑桥大学的赛艇比赛。分析句子结构可知，空处填介词，再结合句意可知，in the world-famous boat race 意为“在举世闻名的划船比赛中” ，故填 in。
65．考查副词。句意：它与剑桥大学在英国最佳大学的头衔上展开了友好的竞争，并经常被列为世界前三名的大学之一。分析句子结构可知，空处填副词，再根据句意可知，regularly是 regular 的副词形式，意为“经常” ，故填 regularly。
66 ．例文
Book Exchange on World Book Day
To celebrate World Book Day, our school held a book exchange activity on the playground last Friday.
Students brought their favorite books and swapped them with others. Some even wrote
short recommendations on sticky notes to help their classmates choose. The atmosphere was
lively, and almost everyone found something new to read. Many said they enjoyed sharing their favorite stories and discovering books they had never heard of before.
The activity not only encouraged reading but also brought us closer through the joy of
答案第 11 页，共 13 页
sharing.
【导语】本篇书面表达属于应用文。要求考生为校英文报写一篇关于“ 图书交换”活动的英文报道，包含活动时间地点、过程以及意义或反响。
【详解】1.词汇积累
庆祝：celebrate → observe
简短的：short → brief
帮助：help → assist
选择：choose → select/opt
2.句式拓展
简单句变复合句
原句：Students brought their favorite books and swapped them with others.
拓展句：Students brought their favorite books, which they swapped with others.
【点睛】【高分句型 1】To celebrate World Book Day, our school held a book exchange activity on the playground last Friday. (运用了不定式作目的状语)
【高分句型 2】Many said they enjoyed sharing their favorite stories and discovering books they had never heard of before. (运用了动名词作宾语和省略连接词 that 的宾语从句)
67 ．例文
That afternoon, I sat down at my desk with the notebook open beside me. I picked a problem from the textbook — one I had failed on last week’s quiz — and copied my mother’s method. I
broke it into three steps, writing each one out. When I got stuck, I drew a small diagram. I checked my answer against the back of the book. It was wrong. I went back to step two, found my mistake, and redid the calculation. The second answer matched. I circled the problem in the notebook and
wrote “check step 2first” beside it. By dinner, I had solved six problems correctly. In the days that followed, I kept practicing until the unit test arrived.
When the teacher handed back the test papers, I held my breath. I stared at the paper face
down on my desk, afraid to turn it over. Around me, my classmates were already talking about
their grades. Finally, I flipped it over. A passing score stared back at me — not an A, but a grade I had earned. My hands trembled as I held the paper. For months, I had believed I was simply not
made for math. Now, looking at that test, I understood that growth does not come from natural talent, but from the courage to try again and again until the path becomes clear.
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【导语】本文以人物为线索展开。作者数学薄弱，多次考试失败后放弃努力。父母担忧并帮助无果。母亲拿出自己九年级的数学笔记， 讲述自己克服困难的方法，鼓励作者找到适合自己的学习之路。
【详解】1.段落续写
①由第一段句首内容“那天下午，我坐在书桌前，笔记本在身旁摊开。”可知，第一段可以 描写 作者坐在书桌前，借鉴妈妈的方法练习数学题的具体过程，包括拆解题目、画图辅助、发现错误、修正错误的细节，以及练习后的小小成就感。
②由第二段句首内容“ 当老师发回试卷时，我屏住了呼吸。”可知，第二段可以描写作者等 待试卷、不敢翻卷的紧张心理，同学讨论成绩的场景，翻卷看到及格分数后的激动与震撼，最后由这次经历感悟出“成长源于反复尝试，而非天赋” 的主旨。
2.续写线索：翻开笔记本借鉴方法练习 —— 拆解题目、画图解题遇挫 —— 修正错误、正确解题 —— 坚持练习直至单元测试 —— 等待试卷、内心紧张 —— 翻看试卷看到及格分数 —— 领悟成长的真谛
3.词汇激活行为类
①挑选：pick/select/choose
②分解成三步：break it into three steps/divide into three parts/separate into three stages
③找到我的错误：find my mistake/spot the mistake/identify the mistake情绪类
①害怕的：afraid/frightened/scared
②勇气：courage/bravery/fearlessness
【点睛】【高分句型 1】When I got stuck, I drew a small diagram. (运用了 When 引导的时间状语从句)
【高分句型 2】For months, I had believed I was simply not made for math. (运用了省略引导词that 的宾语从句)
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