资源简介

Unit 1 Science and Scientists
Grammar
探究发现
1．As a young doctor, John Snow became frustrated because no one knew how to prevent or treat cholera.
2．One theory was that bad air caused the disease.
3．The other was that cholera was caused by an infection from germs in food or water.
4．The truth was that the water from the Broad Street pump had been infected by waste.
5．That's why we've given you the letter.
6．It looks as if it is going to rain.
[我的发现]
(1)句1中系动词became后接___作表语；句2、3、4、5、6中作表语的是__。
(2)句_____中的连接词____ 在句中只起连接作用，没有含义，且不可省略。
(3)句5和句6中引导表语从句的连词有一定的含义，分别意为“___”和“__”。
要点突破
一、概念
在主从复合句中充当表语的从句，叫作表语从句。它常位于系动词之后，用来说明主语是什么或怎么样。
二、连接词的用法
1．that引导表语从句时的用法：(1)无意义；(2)不充当成分；(3)不可省略。
The trouble is that she has lost his address.
问题是她弄丢了他的地址。
My suggestion is that we should tell him the secret.
我的建议是我们应该告诉他这个秘密。
2．whether引导的表语从句
The question remains whether they will be able to help us.
问题是他们能否帮助我们。
[点津]　if不能引导表语从句。
3．连接代词和连接副词引导的表语从句
The problem is how we can find him.
问题是我们如何找到他。
He is no longer what he was.
他已经不再是以前的他了。
That's where you are wrong.
那就是你不对的地方。
4．because, as if/as though引导的表语从句
It sounds as if/as though someone is knocking at the door.
听起来好像有人在敲门。
That's because you can't appreciate music.
那是因为你不能欣赏音乐。
三、注意事项
1．why和because引导的表语从句的区别
That's why ... 意为“那是……的原因”，强调结果
That's because ... 意为“那是因为……”，强调原因
I didn't phone her, and that's why she got angry with me.(强调“她对我生气”这一结果)
我没有给她打电话，那就是她对我生气的原因。
I didn't phone her, and that's because I got angry with her.(强调“生气”这一原因)
我没有给她打电话，那是因为我生她的气了。
2．表语从句中的虚拟语气
在表语从句中，当主句中的主语是：advice, suggestion, proposal, request, order, idea等时，从句谓语形式是“should＋动词原形(should可以省略)”。
My suggestion is that we (should) start early tomorrow.
我的建议是我们明天一早就出发。
　补全句子
①The fact was _______________________________．
事实是他没有真正努力工作。
②The question is ________________________________．
问题是这部电影是否值得看。
③Now ________________________ she has known Millie for years.
现在看起来好像她认识米莉已经许多年了。
④My advice is that you __________________________________ as often as possible.
我的建议是你应该尽可能地经常练习说英语。
⑤That's _____________________．
那就是我第一次遇见她的地方。
⑥The problem is __________________________________．
问题是谁真正适合做这份艰苦的工作。
【参考答案】
探究发现
(1) 形容词; 从句 (2) 2、3、4 that (3) 为什么; 好像
要点突破
①that he didn't really work hard ②whether the film is worth seeing ③it seems as though/as if ④(should) practise speaking English ⑤where I first met her ⑥who is really fit for the hard jobUnit 1 Science and Scientists
Reading and Thinking
语篇理解
Step One：Pre-reading
According to the following pictures, can you tell how scientists affect the world
Step Two：While-reading
Ⅰ.Read for the main idea
1．What's the main idea of the passage
A．King Cholera.
B．The life of John Snow.
C．John Snow's defeat of “King Cholera”．
D．The use of John Snow's map in his research.
2．Match the main idea with each paragraph.
Para.1 A．Snow's investigation
Para.2 B．the comment on Snow
Para.3 C．the introduction of cholera in the past
Para.4 D．the two theories of cholera's spreading
Para.5 E．Snow's conclusion
Ⅱ.Read for details
阅读文章第一段，完成第1题。
1．Why was the disease called “King Cholera”？
阅读文章第二至四段，完成第2至5题。
2．判断正(T)误(F)。
Other doctors found out how Cholera spread.( )
选择最佳选项
3．How did John Snow do the research
A．By using maps and statistics.
B．By drinking the water himself.
C．By questioning the patients.
D．By experimenting with himself.
4．How did John Snow stop the people from using the water from the pump
A.By telling people that the water was polluted.
B．By asking water companies to sell pure water.
C．By removing the handle of the water pump.
D．By drinking more free beer.
回答下面问题
5．What caused cholera's outbreak in the Broad Street
阅读文章第五段，完成第6题。
6．Why is Snow considered the father of modern epidemiology
A．Because he changed the way to study diseases.
B．Because he knew how to prevent and treat cholera.
C．Because he made cholera disappear in the world.
D．Because he announced the pump water carried cholera germs.
Step Three：Post-reading
Ⅰ.课文语法填空
John Snow was a well-known doctor in London in the 19th century.He wanted 1._______ (find) the cause of cholera in order to help people 2.________ (infect) with it.In 1854 when a cholera 3.___ (hit) London, he began to gather information 4.___________ (immediate).He marked on a map 5._____ all the dead people had lived and he found that many people who 6._________ (drink) the dirty water 7.____ the pump died.So he announced that the pump water 8._______ (carry) cholera germs.He suggested that the source of all water supplies 9.____________________ (examine) and new methods of 10._______ (deal) with polluted water be found.Finally, “King Cholera” was defeated.
Ⅱ.讨论
1．According to your own experience, list several national great scientists of our country.
___________________________________________________________________________
2．What do you think a senior high school student should do when facing a disease like cholera (Answers may vary.)
___________________________________________________________________________
Ⅲ.长难句分析
1．Snow began by marking on a map the exact places where all those who died had lived.
[句式分析]　本句是一个复合句。主句为 Snow began by marking on a map the exact places。where引导__从句，修饰先行词________________；who引导__从句，修饰先行词_____。
[自主翻译]　______________________
2．It seemed that the woman liked the water from the pump so much that she had it delivered to her house every day.
[句式分析]　本句中_______________意为“如此……以至于……”引导______。had it delivered为“have sth. done”结构，意为“让某事被做”。
[自主翻译]　__________________________________
知识梳理
Ⅰ.重点单词
1．two _____________ theories 两个相互矛盾的理论
2．an infection from _____ in food or water 由食物或水中的细菌引起的感染
3．need _____ 需要证据
4．________ deaths near the water pump 水泵附近的很多死亡病例
5．some __________ having no deaths 没有死亡病例的一些家庭
6．_______ the evidence 怀疑这个证据
7．_____ him for his coming late again 责备他又一次迟到
8．remove the ______ of the pump 拆掉水泵的手柄
9．through this ____________ 通过这一干预
10．show a ____ between other cases 证明其他病例之间的联系
11．a ___________ ________ 大幅度减少
12．the use of maps and __________ 地图标注和统计数据的使用
13．the father of modern ____________ 现代流行病学之父
[掌握规律 巧记单词]
1．合成词
household n. 一家人
overcome v. 克服
outbreak n. 爆发
2．后缀-ly的副词
consequent adj.随之发生的→ consequently adv.因此；所以
fortunate adj.幸运的→ fortunately adv.幸运地　　　　
Ⅱ.重点短语
1．Thick fog and irresponsible driving _____________ (应受责备) for the serious accident.
2．In time, he rose to become a famous doctor, and even ___________ (照顾) Queen Victoria when she gave birth.
3．However, he never lost his desire to destroy cholera ________________ (最终地；彻底地).
4．Snow _____________ (赞同；同意) the second theory.
5．______________ (由于……) this evidence, John Snow was able to announce that the pump water carried cholera germs.
6．Fortunately, we now know how to prevent cholera, _________ (幸亏) the work of John Snow.
知识讲解
重点词汇
1．infection n．感染；传染
(教材p.2) The other was that cholera was caused by an infection from germs in food or water.
另一种看法是食物或饮用水中的细菌感染导致霍乱。
(1)prevent infection　 防止感染
skin infection 皮肤感染
(2)infect vt. 使感染；传染
(3)infected adj. 感染的
be infected with/by 被感染
(4)infectious adj. 传染性的
[佳句]
Surgeons wear masks to prevent the spread of infection.
外科医生戴着口罩以防止传染(病)的传播。
[练透]　单句语法填空/补全句子
①There is a virus that _______ (infect) word processing documents recently.
②Her cheerful spirits and laughter ________ (infect) the whole class yesterday.
③Measles is ___________________________ that causes deaths, but is fully preventable by vaccination.
麻疹是一种传染性很强的疾病，会造成死亡，但通过接种疫苗是完全可以预防的。
[写美]　句型转换(把句②改为强调句)
④_______________________________________________________________________
2．subscribe vi.认购(股份)；定期订购；定期交纳(会费)
(教材p.2)Snow subscribed to the second theory.
斯诺赞同第二种看法。
(1)subscribe to 同意；赞同
subscribe for 认购(股份)
subscribe ... to ... 把……捐赠给……；把……签署在……上
(2)subscriber n. 订阅者
[佳句]
I have never subscribed to the view that schooldays are the happiest days of your life.
我从来没有同意过这样的观点：学生时代是你一生中最快乐的日子。
[练透]　单句语法填空
①Most scientists subscribe __ the view that the earth is becoming warmer because of human activities.
[写美]　补全句子
②Each employee may _____________ up to $2，000 worth of shares.
每个雇员可以认购价值不超过2，000美元的股票。
3．suspect vt.&vi.怀疑；疑有；不信任 n.犯罪嫌疑人；可疑对象
(教材p.2)Snow suspected that the water pump was to blame.
斯诺怀疑水泵就是罪魁祸首。
suspect sb. of doing/having done sth. 怀疑某人做过某事
suspect sb./sth. to be ... 怀疑某人/某物是……
[佳句]
If you suspect a gas leak, do not strike a match or even turn on an electric light.
如果你怀疑煤气泄漏，不要划火柴，甚至不要打开电灯。
[练透]　单句语法填空
①What made you suspect her __ having taken the money
[写美]　补全句子
②Judging from his abnormal behaviour，_____________________________．
从他不正常的行为来判断，我怀疑他是个小偷。
③__________________, he walked right into the trap.
什么也没怀疑，他径直走进了陷阱。
4．blame vt.把……归咎于；责怪；指责 n.责备；指责
(1)be to blame (for sth.) 该(为……)受责备；应该(为……)负责
blame sth. on sb. 把某事归咎于某人
blame sb. for (doing) sth. 因(做)某事责备某人
be blamed for 因……受谴责/责备
(2)accept/bear/take the blame for sth. 对某事负责任
put the blame on 把责任归咎于……
[佳句]
— What a mess！You are always so lazy!
— I'm not to blame，Mum.I am what you have made me.
——真是一团糟！你总是那么懒！
——我不该受责备，妈妈。我是你培养的。
[练透]　单句语法填空/句型转换
①Many children were blamed ___ making mistakes in the exam.
②Lots of people find it hard to get up in the morning，and put the blame __ the alarm clock.
③She blamed her husband ___ the failure of their marriage.
→She blamed the failure of their marriage __ her husband.
[写美]　补全句子
④Joe is proud and stubborn, never admitting he is wrong and always looking for someone else ________．
乔既骄傲又固执，从不承认自己错了，总是找别人来责怪。
[点津]　be to blame意为“该受谴责，该受责备”，用不定式的主动形式表示被动含义。
5．handle n．把手；拉手；柄 vt.处理；搬动；操纵(车辆、动物、工具等)
(教材p.2)Accordingly，he had the handle of the pump removed so that it could not be used.
于是，他让人拆掉了水泵的把手，这样水泵就用不成了。
(1)handle a machine 操纵机器
handle a problem 处理问题
handle the paperwork 处理文书工作
handle the data 处理数据
(2)the handle of the door 门把手
get a handle on sth. 开始了解/掌握某事
[佳句]
He turned the handle and opened the door.
他转动把手，打开了门。
[练透]　单句语法填空/熟词生义
①As nobody here knows what is wrong with the machine，we must send for an engineer _________ (handle) the problem.
②We all have to learn to handle pressure.__
[写美]　补全句子
③Then，_______________________________ first and you'll feel a real sense of achievement.
然后，先处理最重要的任务，这样你会感到真正的成就感。
6．link n．联系；纽带 vt.把……连接起来；相关联
(教材p.3)Moreover, Snow was later able to show a link between other cases of cholera and the different water companies in London.
此外，斯诺之后还证明了另外几起霍乱病例与伦敦多家饮用水公司有关。
link ... to ...　 将……和……联系或连接起来
link up with 与……联合；使与……衔接
[佳句]
A chain is no stronger than its weakest link.
(谚语)一环薄弱，全链易断。
[练透]　单句语法填空
①Your innovations should be linked __ our school life and be able to make our life better and more convenient.
②They went on to the next town, where they linked __ with the other party.
7．decrease n．减少；降低；减少量 vt.& vi. (使大小、数量等)减少；减小；降低
(教材p.3)Through Snow's tireless efforts, water companies began to sell clean water, and the threat of cholera around the world saw a substantial decrease.
经过斯诺的不懈努力，饮用水公司开始出售洁净水，世界各地霍乱的威胁大幅降低。
(1)decrease to ...　　 减少到……
decrease by ... 减少了……
decrease from ... to ... 从……减少到……
(2)on the decrease 正在减少
[佳句]
The number of people aged 50 and under will decrease by more than 30% during the time.
在此期间，五十岁和五十岁以下的人口将减少30%多。
[练透]　单句语法填空
①The traffic accidents in the city decreased __ 40% last year.
②The number of new students in this school decreased from 2，100 __ 1，600 this year.
[写美]　补全句子
③Because of human activities, the number of some rare animals ________________________________．
由于人类活动，一些稀有动物的数目正在减少。
[点津]　decrease的反义词为increase，其搭配有：increase to ... 增加(长)到……；increase by ... 增加(长)了……；on the increase 正在增加。
8．thanks to幸亏；由于
(教材p.3)Fortunately, we now know how to prevent cholera, thanks to the work of John Snow.
幸运的是，由于约翰·斯诺的努力，我们现在知道了如何预防霍乱。
[佳句]
Thanks to our joint efforts, new advances have been made in the cooperation of BRICS this year.
今年由于我们的共同努力，金砖经济合作迈出了新步伐。
[练透]　补全句子
①It was all a great success — ____________________________．
由于许多艰辛工作，这才大获成功。
[写美]　翻译句子
②多亏了你及时的帮助，我按时完成了工作。
_________________________________________________________________
[点津]　表示“因为；由于”的短语还有：owing to, due to, because of, as a result of, on account of等。
9．transform vt.使改观；使改变形态 vi.改变；转变
(教材p.3)... Snow transformed the way scientists study diseases.
……斯诺改变了科学家研究疾病的方式。
(1)transform ... into ...　　 把……变成……
transform into 转变成；转化成；改造为
be transformed from ... into ... 由……变成……
(2)transformation n. 改变；转换；改观
[佳句]
It was an event that would transform my life.
那是能够改变我生活的一件事。
[练透]　单句语法填空
①She was transformed from a common-looking adolescent ____ a pretty young woman.
②The way in which we work has undergone a complete ______________ (transform) in the past decade.
[写美]　补全句子
③It is a surprise that the city _________________________ a small town ____ a modern industrial center in recent ten years.
真令人惊奇，在近十年中，这个城市由一个小乡镇转变成了一个现代化的工业中心。
重点句型
1．[句型公式]　so ...that ...如此……以至于……
(教材p.2)He discovered that in two particular streets the cholera outbreak was so severe that more than 500 people died in ten days.
他发现霍乱疫情在两条街道上尤为严重，十天内就有500多人死亡。
so ... that ...意为“如此……以至于……”，引导结果状语从句，在此结构中so为副词，后面跟形容词或副词。具体用法如下：
so＋
[练透]　选词填空(so/such)/句型转换
①Usually, it's __ crowded on the bus that I can't find anywhere to sit.
②There was __ much work to do that everybody got bored.
③He has made ____ great progress that the teachers are pleased with him.
④This is such an interesting book that we all enjoy reading it.
→___________________________________________________________ (so ...that ...)
[点津]　such ... that ...与so ... that ...意思相同，但用法不同，“such ... that ...”句型结构可分为以下三种：
such＋
2．[句型公式]　“have＋宾语＋过去分词(短语)”结构中，过去分词(短语)作宾语补足语
(教材p.2)Accordingly, he had the handle of the pump removed so that it could not be used.
于是，他让人拆掉了水泵的把手，这样水泵就用不成了。
在该句型中宾语补足语和宾语之间构成逻辑上的动宾关系，有两种常见用法：
(1)使某事被做(可能是主语自己做，也可能是让别人做)；
(2)遭遇或经历某种不幸的事情。
[练透]　单句语法填空/句型转换
①The boss had me ___ (set) down what people present at the meeting said.
②He was very funny and had us ________ (laugh) all the way.
③I must finish my homework before going to bed.
→_____________________________________________________
④His right leg was injured during the training.
→_________________________________________________
[点津]　have sb. do ... 让某人做……
have sb./sth. doing　让某人/某物一直做……
have sth. to do　有某事要做
【参考答案】
语篇理解
Step One：Answers may vary.
Step Two：Ⅰ. 1．C 2．Paras.1～5　CDAEB
Ⅱ.1．Because cholera was the deadliest disease of its day.
2．F
3．A
4．C
5．The infected water from the Broad Street pump.
6．A
Step Three：Ⅰ. 1.to find 2.infected 3.hit 4.immediately 5.where 6.had drunk 7.from 8.carried 9.(should) be examined 10.dealing
Ⅱ．1．Zhong Nanshan, Tu Youyou, Huang Wenxiu, Qian Xuesen，etc．2．A high school student should be brave enough to face the disease while obeying the measures taken by the government to control epidemic diseases, such as wearing masks, washing hands more often, and etc．
Ⅲ．1．[句式分析] 定语; the exact places; 定语; those [自主翻译] 斯诺首先在地图上标出所有死者住所的确切位置。 2．[句式分析] so ..．that …; 结果状语从句 [自主翻译] 该妇女似乎非常喜欢从水泵抽上来的水，每天都让人从那里打水运到家里来。
知识梳理
Ⅰ. 1．contradictory 2．germs 3．proof 4．multiple 5．households 6．suspect 7．blame 8．handle 9．intervention 10．link 11．substantial decrease 12．statistics 13．epidemiology
Ⅱ. 1．were to blame 2．attended to 3．once and for all 4．subscribed to 5．As a result of 6．thanks to
知识讲解
重点词汇
1．①infects ②infected ③a highly infectious disease ④It was her cheerful spirits and laughter that infected the whole class yesterday.
2．①to ②subscribe for
3．①of ②I suspected him to be a thief ③Suspecting nothing
4．①for ②on ③for on ④to; blame
5．①to handle ②调节 ③handle the most important tasks
6．①to ②up
7．①by ②to ③is on the decrease/is decreasing
8．①thanks to a lot of hard work ②Thanks to your timely help, I managed to finish the work on time.
9．①into ②transformation ③has been transformed from into
重点句型
1．①so ②so ③such ④This is so interesting a book that we all enjoy reading it.
2．①set ②laughing ③I must have my homework finished before going to bed. ④He had his right leg injured during the training.Unit 1 Science and Scientists
Using Language
范文诠释
[教材原文]
THE FATHER OF CHINA'S AEROSPACE
Perhaps no other scientist has had a greater impact on China's aerospace science than Qian Xuesen. Described by the authors of the Story of Qian Xuesen as a man with “great scientific thought and scientific spirit” who was patriotic and served his homeland with effort, achievement, and devotion, Qian was an extremely well-respected man.
Born in Hangzhou in 1911, Qian attended schools in Beijing and then entered Shanghai Jiao Tong University to study Railway Mechanical Engineering. However, after the Songhu Battle broke out in 1932, Qian made the decision to switch his major to aviation because he realised that China needed its own powerful air force to protect and defend the country.
Qian went to the United States in 1935 to pursue his graduate studies. Over the course of the 1930s and 1940s, Qian became a pioneer in American jet and rocket technology. As a graduate assistant at the California Institute of Technology during the 1930s, Qian helped conduct important research into rocket propulsion, and in the 1940s, he and several other people founded the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, now one of NASA's leading space-exploration centres.
After overcoming some difficulties during his final few years in the US, Qian returned to China in 1955. He received a hero's welcome from his homeland and was put in charge of not only developing China's rocket science but also its space and missile programme. At that time, China was poor and its rocket science was undeveloped. No institute or university in China offered rocket science as a major, and there were no talents or experts in this field in China. Nevertheless, Qian did not let that discourage him from taking on the challenge. When asked “Can we Chinese possibly make missiles？”, his reply was a determined “Why not We Chinese are able to make the same things that other people make. ”
Under Qian's leadership, China developed the Dongfeng missiles, followed by the first generation of Long March rockets. In 1970, China successfully launched its first man-made satellite, Dong Fang Hong Ⅰ, from a Long March rocket. Because much of the technology behind the Shenzhou rockets can also be traced back to Qian's research, Qian earned the name of “the father of China's aerospace”.
Qian read a lot and was extremely knowledgeable, especially in the area of frontier science research. However, what might have made him such an outstanding and creative scientist was probably his strong interest in other things, such as music and drawing. His deep appreciation for art often gave him inspiration in his scientific research.
On 31 October 2009, the whole country was saddened by Qian's death, and people honoured and remembered him in different ways.
[学语言]
首段第二句使用了过去分词短语作状语(Described by...)和定语从句(who was patriotic...), 整体介绍钱学森的科研地位。
第二段使用了however, because和动词不定式使句子衔接自然。
第三段使用了四个时间短语, 行文脉络清晰。
第四段使用了not only...but also..., 省略句等, 丰富句式表达形式。
第五段使用了because, 使句子间更加紧凑。
第六段使用了what引导的主语从句。
第七段使用and连接动作, 彰显作者语言功底。
[学结构]
　　首段总起, 点明钱学森的地位、身上的科学品质。
第二段写钱学森出生、求学概况。
第三段写钱学森前往美国读研究生后的成就。
第四段写钱学森看到国家需要, 回到国内接受挑战。
第五段写在钱学森引领下, 中国航空航天事业取得的一系列成就。
第六段写钱学森科研之外的兴趣爱好。
第七段写钱学森逝世时间等。
范文诠释
A WORLD OF PURE THOUGHT
Stephen Hawking was one of the most famous and gifted scientists in physics. Most people are familiar with images of him in his wheelchair, unable to move and using a computer to talk. Since he came down with a disease which caused him to lose the use of most of his muscles, his world became one of abstract thought.
Hawking first achieved fame when he was still healthy enough to walk, as a graduate student in physics at Cambridge University in 1964. In general, there were two main theories on the origin of the universe. The first was the steady state theory, which holds that the universe has no beginning or end. The other was the big bang theory, which holds that the universe began at a single point in time and space. The biggest champion of the steady state concept was Fred Hoyle, a professor at Cambridge. During the question and answer period after one of Hoyle's lectures, Hawking stood up and pointed out that Hoyle had made a mistake in his maths. Once the maths was corrected, it showed that the big bang theory — and not the steady state theory — was true. Hawking's own work on the big bang theory was soon proven by astronomers with telescopes. A star was born.
So, what made Stephen Hawking a genius Besides being brilliant, he was brave, though sometimes careless in what he said or did. He was willing to say what others were afraid to say, and to dream of what others were afraid to dream about. Furthermore, he was quite determined. This had helped him as a scientist, and had helped him even more in his fight against his disease. Above all, Hawking was willing to admit his faults. This odd combination of characteristics had made him one of the greatest thinkers of the 20th and 21st centuries.
[学语言]
首段使用了famous, gifted, abstract等形容词, 栩栩如生地交代了人物概况。
第二段通过in general, the first等短语使描述层次分明, 使用 which引导的定语从句, 补充说明细节, 彰显语言功底。
第三段使用了be willing to, be afraid to, be quite determined等词组, 把霍金的内心感受跃然纸上。
[学结构]
首段总起, 点明霍金的科学地位, 人们对霍金的了解。
第二段写霍金求学、成名概况。
第三段写霍金身上凸显的科学精神。
佳句背诵
开头句：
1. They hold the belief that the stories of scientists are attractive and easy to understand.
2. I'd love to share Qian Xuesen's story with you.
过渡句：
1. As far as I am concerned, I like Qian Xuesen, because his experience told me the truth and encouraged me to learn more.
2. What matters is to hold your own dreams.
结尾句：
1. However, every coin has two sides.
2. After all, not everyone dares to face reality bravely.
知识探究
重点词汇
1. break out(战争、打斗等不愉快的事情)突然开始；爆发
(教材p. 7)However, after the Songhu Battle broke out in 1932, Qian made the decision to switch his major to aviation because he realised that China needed its own powerful air force to protect and defend the country.
然而, 1932年淞沪会战爆发后, 钱学森意识到中国需要建设强大的空军来保卫国家, 因此决定改学航空专业。
break down　　　　　 出故障；失败；垮掉；分解
break in 破门而入；打断(谈话等)
break into 强行闯入
break away from 脱离；挣脱
break up 打碎；分裂；解体
break through 突破
[佳句]
They had escaped to America shortly before war broke out in 1939.
1939年战争爆发前他们逃到了美国。
[练透]　单句语法填空
①They were discussing something important when a man broke __.
②Scientists hope to break _______ soon in their fight against heart disease.
③A terrible fire broke ___ in the building last night.
[写美]　补全句子
④Close the door and windows carefully to prevent some strangers _______________________________.
仔细关好门窗以防陌生人闯进你的房子。
[点津]　break in和break into都有“闯入”的意思。break in为不及物动词短语, 后不跟宾语；break into为及物动词短语, 后跟宾语。
2. defend vt. 保卫；防守；辩解
(1)defend...from/against　　 保护……免受……
defend oneself 为自己辩护；自卫
(2)defence n. 防御；保卫
in defence of 为了保卫；为……辩护
[佳句]
The union said that they would take action to defend their member's jobs.
工会说他们将采取行动维护会员的工作(权益)。
[练透]　单句语法填空
①The killer insisted that he was just _________ (defend) himself when attacked.
②They were determined to defend themselves ____________ misusage.
[写美]　补全句子
③Students should be trained to ___________________________________________.
应该训练学生保护自己免遭某些攻击。
3. in charge of 主管；掌管
(1)take charge of　　 　 　 掌管/负责……
in the charge of 受……的管理；由……负责
(2)free of charge＝for free 免费
(3)charge v. 收费；要价；控告；充电
charge sb. for sth. 为某物向某人收取费用
charge sb. with (doing) sth. 控告某人(做)某事
[佳句]
Officials in charge of the camps say the system is now running extremely smoothly.
负责这些营地的官员们说现在这一体系运转得非常顺利。
[练透]　单句语法填空/句型转换
①The police charged the thief ____ stealing the jewels.
②How much did he charge you ___ repairing this pair of shoes
③Mr Bell has been in charge of the house for more than a year.
→The house ______________________________________________________.
[写美]　补全句子
④A series of activities related to study and sports ___________________________________________________________.
一系列关于学习和体育的活动是由英语系学生负责的。
[点津]　in charge of多以人作主语, 指“某人负责/主管某事”；in the charge of 多以物作主语, 指“某物由某人掌管”。类似的还有：in possession of, in the possession of；in control of, in the control of。
4. come down患(病)；染上(小病)
(教材p. 8)Since he came down with a disease which caused him to lose the use of most of his muscles, his world became one of abstract thought.
他因患病致使其大部分肌肉萎缩无力, 他的世界变成了一个抽象思维的世界。
come across 偶然遇到
come about 发生
come to 恢复常态；共计；达到(某种状况)
come up with 提出(主语是人)
come up 提出(主语是建议等)
[佳句]
Thomas came down with chickenpox at the weekend.
托马斯在周末染上了水痘。
[练透]　单句语法填空
①I came ______ my former English teacher in the street yesterday.
②The headmaster wants to know how the accident came _____.
[写美]　补全句子
③He must ______________________________, for he has got a sore throat.
他一定是感冒了, 因为他嗓子痛。
④The scientists are beating their brains trying to ______________________________________.
科学家们绞尽脑汁试图提出解决这个问题的办法。
5. above all最重要的是；尤其是
(教材p. 9)Above all, Hawking was willing to admit his faults.
最重要的是, 霍金敢于承认错误。
after all　　　 毕竟；终究；别忘了
all in all 整体说来；总而言之
in all 全部；合计
at all (否定句)一点也不；(疑问句)到底；究竟
[佳句]
He is hard-working, cheerful, and above all honest.
他勤奋、乐观, 最重要的是诚实。
[练透]　选词填空(at all/in all/above all/after all)
①And, _________, don't go around looking at the house if you are not invited.
②I was very upset to find out that he didn't like my gift ______.
③Don't believe the advertisement. _________, it is the customers who pay for whatever you are given.
④How many students are there in your school ______
[写美]　补全句子
⑤Old Mr Smith was beloved by all, and _________________________.
史密斯老先生为众人所爱戴, 尤其是受到孩子们的爱戴。
6. fault n. 弱点；过错
find fault with...　　　　 对……不满；挑剔
be at fault 有过错；有责任
[练透]　单句语法填空
①He could always find fault ____ something, either in my writing or in my personality.
②The driver who didn't stop at the red light was __ fault in the accident.
重点句型
1. [句型公式]　“否定词＋比较级”表示最高级
(教材p. 7)Perhaps no other scientist has had a greater impact on China's aerospace science than Qian Xuesen.
也许再没有哪一位科学家比钱学森对中国航天科学的影响更大了。
表示最高级意义的其他常见结构：
(1)否定词＋比较级
never＋比较级
nothing/no＋so＋原级＋as...
nothing/no＋比较级＋than...
(2)比较级＋than＋
[佳句]
Unfortunately, the technology of climate change is no simpler than anything else.
不幸的是, 改变气候的科技比其他任何事情都要复杂。
[练透]　补全句子
①I have never spent ___________________ than this.
我从来没有经历过比这更令人担忧的一天了。
②Tom is _________________________ than any other student in his class.
汤姆是他班上最聪明的学生。
[写美]　句型转换(用any of the other...结构改写句②)
③Tom is __________________________________________ in his class.
2. [句型公式]　状语从句的省略
(教材p. 8)When asked “Can we Chinese possibly make missiles？”, his reply was a determined “Why not ...”
当被问到“我们中国人有可能制造出导弹吗？” 他的回答十分坚定“为什么不能？……”
(1)状语从句省略的条件：①when, while, though, even if, unless, if, as if等引导的状语从句中的主语与主句主语一致或从句主语为it；②状语从句谓语中含有be动词。
(2)省略句的形式：省略从句中的主语和be动词。
[练透]　单句语法填空
①She gave me a comforting smile, and nodded while _________ (listen) patiently.
②If ________ (accept) for the job, you'll be informed soon.
[写美]　补全句子
③______________________you'd better not refer to the dictionary.
除非有必要, 否则你最好不要查词典。
④Work hard ____________________, or you'll regret.
少壮不努力, 老大徒伤悲。
【参考答案】
知识探究
重点词汇1.①in ②through ③out ④(from) breaking into your house
2. ①defending ②from/against ③defend themselves against/from some attacks
3. ①with ②for ③has been in the charge of Mr Bell for more than a year ④are in the charge of the students in the English department
4. ①across ②about ③have come down with a bad cold ④come up with a solution to the problem
5. ①above all ②at all ③After all ④in all ⑤above all by the children
6. ①with ②at
重点句型1. ①a more worrying day ②more intelligent/cleverer ③more intelligent/cleverer than any of the other students
2. ①listening ②accepted ③If (it is) necessary ④when (you are) youngUnit 1 Science and Scientists
Writing
关于科学精神的评论文章
评论科学精神是新课程标准中的写作要求之一, 要求对人物外貌、个性、主要事迹及贡献进行描述和说明。
基本框架:
首先, 对人物进行简要的介绍, 比如生平、事件、职业等。
其次, 挑选出人物一生中比较重要的事迹进行描写, 要尽可能地详细, 因为这影响人们对他/她的整体评价。
最后, 对人物进行客观的评价, 包括其人格、贡献以及闪光点的评价。
课堂演练
请根据以下内容写一篇文章介绍中国科学家潘建伟。
1. 1970年3月生, 浙江东阳人。1999年获奥地利维也纳大学实验物理博士学位。潘建伟教授主要从事量子通信等方面的研究。
2. 他是该领域有重要国际影响力的科学家, 并且取得了一系列有重要意义的研究成果。他获得“改革先锋”等称号。
3. 他对世界保持着孩童般的好奇, 一心做研究, 保持与名利的距离。他站在世界的最前沿, 和宇宙对话, 做前无古人的事业。
参考词汇: 量子通信quantum communication; 维也纳Vienna
【谋篇布局】
【遣词造句】
1. 潘建伟1970年3月生, 浙江东阳人。
Pan Jianwei was born in Dongyang, Zhejiang Province in March 1970.
2. 1999年获奥地利维也纳大学实验物理博士学位。
In 1999, he received his doctor’s degree in experimental physics from the University of Vienna, Austria.
3. 潘建伟教授主要从事量子通信等方面的研究。
Professor Pan Jianwei is mainly engaged in the research of quantum communication.
4. 他是该领域有重要国际影响力的科学家。
He is an internationally influential scientist in this field.
5. 他取得了一系列有重要意义的研究成果。
He has achieved a series of significant research results.
6. 他获得了“改革先锋”等称号。
He received such titles as “pioneer of reform”.
7. 他对世界保持着孩童般的好奇, 一心做研究, 保持与名利的距离。
He keeps childlike curiosity about the world, devotes himself to research, and keeps his distance from fame and fortune.
8. 他站在世界的最前沿, 和宇宙对话, 做前无古人的事业。
He stands in the front row of the world, talks to the universe, and does things that no one has done before.
句式升级
9. 用so. . . that改写句3和句4。
___________________________________________________________________________
10. 用现在分词改写句8。
___________________________________________________________________________
连句成篇
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
拓展
1. 话题词汇
(1)serve the people heart and soul 全心全意为人民服务
(2)share sorrow as well as happiness with sb. 与某人同甘共苦
(3)live a happy life过着幸福的生活
(4)be enthusiastic about. . . 对……有热情
(5)be qualified for适合; 胜任
(6)think highly of对……高度评价
(7)have a gift/talent for对……有天赋
(8)be strict with对……严格要求
(9)make great contributions to对……做出巨大贡献
(10)devote oneself to致力于; 献身于
(11)make a difference有影响; 有重要作用
(12)be gifted at对……有天赋
(13)be good at擅长……
2. 话题句式
(1)介绍人物的成就或取得的成绩:
①During her career life, she obtained 132 championships, including 4 Olympic championships.
在她的职业生涯中, 她获得了132个冠军, 包括四个奥林匹克冠军。
②When he was still a boy, he showed great interest in literature.
当他还是个孩子的时候, 他就对文学表现出了极大的兴趣。
③He/She is good at spoken English and even better at using computers.
他/她擅长英语口语甚至更擅长使用电脑。
④Her story tells us that we should value what we have, and try our best to overcome any difficulty in life.
她的故事告诉我们: 我们应该重视我们所拥有的, 努力克服生活中的任何困难。
(2)介绍人物的影响及人们对此人的评价:
①He became famous for his new theory.
他因他的新理论而出名。
②The people had come to love him as an inspiring leader.
人们把他作为一位激励人的领导而爱戴他。
③We regard him as our model.
我们把他视为我们的榜样。
④Lei Feng has been praised for his communist spirit.
雷锋因为他的共产主义精神而受到表扬。
【参考答案】
句式升级
9. Professor Pan Jianwei is so engaged in the research of quantum communication that he is an internationally influential scientist in this field.
10. He stands in the front row of the world, talking to the universe, and doing things that no one has done before.
连句成篇
Pan Jianwei was born in Dongyang, Zhejiang Province in March 1970. In 1999, he received his doctor’s degree in experimental physics from the University of Vienna, Austria. Professor Pan Jianwei is so engaged in the research of quantum communication that he is an internationally influential scientist in this field and has achieved a series of significant research results. He received such titles as “pioneer of reform”. He keeps childlike curiosity about the world, devotes himself to research, and keeps his distance from fame and fortune. He stands in the front row of the world, talking to the universe, and doing things that no one has done before.

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