资源简介

Unit 3　Environmental Protection
Grammar
【观察例句】
1．“I don't know the address of my new home，” said Anne.
→Anne said that she didn't know the address of her new home.
2．Mother said to Tom，“I will come back home this evening.”
→Mother told Tom that she would go back home that evening.
3．“I have never been to Beijing with my parents，” said Jack to his friend.
→Jack told his friend that he had never been to Beijing with his parents.
4．“Does a friend always have to be with each other？” Mary asked Lily.
→Mary asked Lily if/whether a friend always has to be with each other.
【归纳用法】
直接引语如果改为间接引语，须在连接词、人称、时态、状语、个别指示代词和动词等方面做相应的变化。
1．连接词的选择
(1)直接引语是陈述句，变为间接引语时，常变成由that引导的宾语从句。在口语中that可以省略。
The little boy said，“I was playing with my toys when someone knocked at the door.”小男孩说：“我在玩我的玩具，这时有人敲门。”(直接引语为陈述句)
→The little boy said(that)he was playing with his toys when someone knocked at the door.小男孩说，他在玩他的玩具，那时有人敲门。(间接引语为that引导的宾语从句)
(2)直接引语是一般疑问句、选择疑问句或反意疑问句时，间接引语中用whether(...or...或...or not)或if引导。
Mother said to her daughter，“Are you satisfied with your new room？”妈妈对她的女儿说：“你对你的新房间满意吗？”(直接引语为一般疑问句)
→Mother asked her daughter whether/if she was satisfied with her new room.妈妈问她女儿是否对她的新房间满意。(间接引语改为whether/if引导的宾语从句)
(3)直接引语为特殊疑问句时，间接引语仍用原句中的特殊疑问词来引导，其余的变化遵照直接引语和间接引语之间的转换规则来进行。
“When will the sports meet be held？”he said.他说：“什么时候举行运动会？”(直接引语为特殊疑问句)
→He asked when the sports meet would be held.他问什么时候举行运动会。(间接引语改为由特殊疑问词引导的宾语从句)
【注意】
(1)直接引语是陈述句时，若变为间接引语，主句谓语动词“said to sb.”常改为told sb.。
(2)直接引语是疑问句时，如果主句中谓语动词是said，则将其改为asked。
(3)疑问句的直接引语变间接引语时，要把疑问语序变成陈述语序。
[即学即练1]　将直接引语变换为间接引语
①The patient asked，“Is Dr.Li at the hospital？”
→The patient asked ____________________ Dr.Li was at the hospital.
②“Who lost the key to the room？”asked Miss Green.
→Miss Green asked ______ had lost the key to the room.
2．人称的变化
(记忆口诀)一随主，二随宾，第三人称不更新。
直接引语变为间接引语时，人称代词要根据转述人立场的变化作相应的改变。
(1)“一随主”。指在直接引语变间接引语时，如果从句中的主语是第一人称或被第一人称修饰。从句中的人称要按照主句中主语的人称变化。
Mary said，“I want to have a computer of my own.”
玛丽说，“我想拥有一台我自己的电脑。”
→Mary said that she wanted to have a computer of her own.玛丽说她想拥有一台自己的电脑。
(2)“二随宾”。指直接引语变间接引语时，若从句中的主语及宾语是第二人称或被第二人称修饰，从句中的人称要跟引号外的主句的宾语一致。
Her colleague said to her，“Who did you ask for a leave？”她的同事对她说，“你向谁请了假？”
→Her colleague asked her who she had asked for a leave.她的同事问她向谁请了假。
(3)“第三人称不更新”。指直接引语变间接引语时，如果从句中的主语及宾语是第三人称或被第三人称修饰，从句中的人称一般不需要变化。
The workers said，“The leaders often make the workers work extra hours.”
工人们说：“领导经常让工人们加班。”
→The workers said that the leaders often made the workers work extra hours.
工人们说领导经常让工人们加班。
[即学即练2]　将直接引语变换为间接引语
①John said，“Tomorrow I'm going to attend this party.”
→John said (that) the next day ______________________________ attend this party.
②She said，“I worked in Shanghai three years ago.”
→She said (that) ____________________________________________________ three years before.
3．时态的变化
直接引语变间接引语时句子时态变化如下表：
直接引语 间接引语
句 子 时 态 一般现在时 一般过去时
现在进行时 过去进行时
现在完成时 过去完成时
一般过去时 过去完成时
过去完成时 不变
一般将来时 过去将来时
His friend said to him，“We are planning to have a picnic.”他的朋友对他说：“我们计划去野餐。”(直接引语为现在进行时)
→His friend told him that they were planning to have a picnic.他的朋友告诉他说，他们计划去野餐。(间接引语为过去进行时)
The organizer said，“We have begun our plan.”
组织者说：“我们已开始了我们的计划。”(直接引语为现在完成时)
→The organizer said that they had begun their plan.
组织者说，他们已开始了他们的计划。(间接引语为过去完成时)
【注意】　
直接引语变为间接引语时，时态不发生变化的情况：
(1)直接引语是客观真理、谚语和格言时；
(2)直接引语中有具体的过去的某年、某月、某日作状语，变为间接引语时，时态不变；
(3)主句的谓语时态为现在进行时态。
[即学即练3]　将直接引语变换为间接引语
①My mother said，“The door isn't locked.”
→My mother said that the door __________________________．
②The patient said，“The doctors have discussed the mysterious disease.”
→The patient said (that) the doctors __________________________ the mysterious disease.
③Tom said，“I am reading in my room.”
→Tom said that he ______________________ in his room.
4．指示词、状语及动词的变化
指示代词 this that
these those
时间状语 now then
today that day
tonight that night
yesterday the day before
tomorrow the next(following)day
last month(week) the month(week)before
next month(week) the next month(week)
the day before yesterday two days before
地点状语 here there
动词 come go
bring take
5.当祈使句作直接引语表示要求和命令时，变间接引语时常采用ask/tell/order sb.to do sth.的形式。
“Follow his instructions，”she said to me.
→She told me to follow his instructions.
她告诉我要听他的指令。
6．若直接引语中祈使句是否定形式，变间接引语时，不定式符号to前要加not或never。
She said，“Don't make so much noise，children！”
→She told the children not to make so much noise.
她告诉孩子们不要制造这么多噪音。
7．当直接引语为表示建议、提议的祈使句或表示请求、提议、劝告、建议的疑问句时，多采用“suggest＋doing/that从句(如suggest后接that从句时，从句使用虚拟语气should＋动词原形，should也可省略)，offer to do和ask/advise/want sb.＋to do”等结构。
Jack said，“Let's go to the cinema tonight.”
→Jack suggested that we should go to the cinema that night.
→Jack suggested our going to the cinema that night.
那天晚上杰克建议我们去看电影。
8．如果直接引语部分是感叹句，改为间接引语时，引导词可以用该感叹句的感叹词(即what或how)引导，也可以用that引导。
She said，“What a lovely day it is！”
→She said what a lovely day it was.
她说天气不错。
9．若直接引语中的一般疑问句是由表示委婉语气的would，could等构成的疑问句，转换为间接引语时句子的谓语动词常用asked。
“Can you lend me two yuan？”he asked me.
→He asked me if I could lend him two yuan.
他问我是否能借给他两元钱。
[即学即练4]　将直接引语变换为间接引语
①She cried，“What a crazy idea you have！”
→She cried ________ a crazy idea I had.
②I asked my roommate，“Would you mind turning the music down？”
→I asked my roommate ______________ the music down.
冲关训练
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．She said that their train ________________________ (arrive) in five minutes.
2．My mother asked me ____________________ I had finished the homework.
3．Tom told me that he would help me with my English ______ next day.
4．The teacher told the boys and girls that the sun __________(rise) in the east.
5．The old man asked my brother what he ________________(do) there the day before.
6．The little girl told him that she ______________________(watch) the wonderful football match the month before.
7．She said that she ______________________(write) a letter when he knocked at the door.
8．She told me that she ____________________(break) my CD player because of carelessness.
9．This morning he said that he __________ leave for Beijing tomorrow.
10．He asked us how many car factories ____________________________(build) in our country by the end of last year.
Ⅱ.短文语法填空
Li Hua told me 1.________ he 2.______________(have) a talk with his father two days before. His father asked him 3. __________he wanted to be and 4.______________________he'd like to be a lawyer. Li Hua told his father that there 5.____________be an exam 6.________next week and he didn't know how many times he 7.____________________ (fail) and 8.________ he could catch up with others. His father told him that failure 9.____ (be) the mother of success. At last，Li Hua hoped that his father 10.____________(will) not give him too much pressure from then on.
【参考答案】
[即学即练　1]　①whether/if　②who
[即学即练　2]　①he was going to　②she had worked in Shanghai
[即学即练　3]　①wasn't locked　②had discussed　③was reading
[即学即练　4]　①what　②to turn
冲关训练
Ⅰ.　1．would arrive　2．whether/if　3．the　4．rises　5．had done　6．had watched　7．was writing　8．had broken　9．would　10．had been built
Ⅱ.　1.that　2.had had　3.what 　4.if/whether 　5.would 　6.the 　7.had failed　8.that　9.is　10.wouldUnit 3　Environmental Protection
Reading and Thinking
速读（教材P26－27课文）
Ⅰ.判断下列句子提供的信息是正确，还是错误，还是没有提及。
1．The experts who found the bear body said that the bear appeared to have starved and died.
A．Right. B．Wrong. C．Not mentioned.
2．The natural greenhouse effect is the main reason for the global warming.
A．Right. B．Wrong. C．Not mentioned.
3．The heat from the sun enters the atmosphere at longer wave lengths.
A．Right. B．Wrong. C．Not mentioned.
4．There is clear evidence that global warming has led to extreme weather and natural disasters.
A．Right. B．Wrong. C．Not mentioned.
5．It is the government's duty to prevent global warming.
A．Right. B．Wrong. C．Not mentioned.
Ⅱ.选择正确选项填入空白处，补全所给句子提供的信息。
A．that low sea-ice levels caused by climate change
B．that if we do not take appropriate actions
C．that was found on Norway's Arctic island of Svalbard
D．that heat from the sun enters the atmosphere
E．that the rise in temperature has led to an increase in extreme weather
1．In 2013，a lot of people were shocked by a news photo of a dead polar bear ．
2．Experts claimed meant the bear could not hunt seals as before.
3．The “natural” greenhouse effect refers to the fact and warms Earth's surface as short-wave radiation.
4．There is strong and comprehensive evidence and natural disasters worldwide.
5．Climate scientists have warned ，this warming trend will probably continue.
Ⅲ.表格填空
CLIMATE CHANGE REQUIRES THE WORLD'S ATTENTION
Examples In 2013，people were shocked by a news photo of a dead 1.__________. Experts said that the bear 2.____________ and died. The case showed the impact that the increase in temperature have on Earth's 3._______.
4._______ There are 5.___ kinds of greenhouse effect. Natural greenhouse guarantee to sustain life on Earth. But 6.________ greenhouse effect results in the temperature of Earth's surface 7.______.
Results The rise in temperature has led to an increase in extreme weather and natural 8._________.
Suggestions Governments should consider making 9.________ to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and 10.___________ also should live a low-carbon lifestyle.
细读（教材P26－27课文）
Ⅰ.主旨匹配
1．Para. 1　　 A．The causes of global warming.
2．Para. 2 B．The result of global warming.
3．Para. 3 C．We have known about global warming.
4．Para. 4 D．Suggestions.
5．Para. 5 E．The dead polar bear.
Ⅱ.单项选择
1．Why the dead polar bear was found on Norway's Arctic island
A．Because it had to travel greater distances to find food.
B．Because it starved to death.
C．Because there were sea ice.
D．Because it has adapted to the ecology.
2．What is the function of “natural” greenhouse effect
A．To trap long-wave radiation.
B．To release heat from the sun.
C．To sustain life on Earth.
D．To release short-wave radiation.
3．Which is not the result of global warming
A．Extreme rainstorms.
B．Heatwaves.
C．Natural disasters.
D．Habitable temperature.
4．Which is not the measures that should be taken to prevent global warming
A．Governments should make policies.
B．Governments should take steps to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
C．Individuals should restrict the amount of carbon dioxide.
D．Individuals should make appropriate policies to prevent it.
Ⅲ.概要写作微技能——给出建议
A．阅读课文中含有给出建议的语句。
1．Governments need to consider making policies and taking appropriate actions and measures to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
2．We as individuals can also reduce our “carbon footprint” by restricting the amount of carbon dioxide our lifestyles produce.
3．It is our responsibility to seize every opportunity to educate everyone about global warming.
B．判断下列语句中哪个不是给出建议语句。
1．We have known about climate change for decades.
2．Climate scientists have warned that if we do not take appropriate actions，this warming trend will probably continue and there will be a higher price to pay.
3．Continued greenhouse gas emissions will result in further warming and long-lasting changes to the global climate.
【参考答案】
速读
Ⅰ.　1—5　ABBAB
Ⅱ.　1—5　CADEB
Ⅲ. 1.polar bear 2.have starved 3.ecology 4.Causes 5.two 6.man-made 7.rising 8.disasters 9.policies 10.individuals
细读
Ⅰ.　1—5 CEABD
Ⅱ.　1—4　ACDD
Ⅲ.　1、3Unit 3　Environmental Protection
Using Language & Assessing Your Progress
课文导读
阅读教材P32－33中的材料，选出最佳选项
1．Which is not the cause of the Li River’s pollution
A．Many tour boats.
B．More household and commercial waste.
C．Too many fish species.
D．More chemicals.
2．According to the passage，which is not the measures that have been taken to reduce the pollution of the river
A．Preserving new generation.
B．The construction of waste water treatment facilities.
C．Setting up strict regulations.
D．Spreading environmental awareness.
3．What does the writer think of the measures that have been taken
A．Effective.　 B．Harmless. 　　C．Useless. 　　D．Opposed.
知识精析
Words and Phrases
　on behalf of 代表(代替)某人
[教材原句P29] I’m doing a project on behalf of my school about global warming.
我代表我的学校做一个关于全球变暖的项目。
[例1]　My father can not be here，but I want to thank you on behalf of him.
我父亲不能前来，我代表他向你们致谢。
[例2]　On behalf of the department I would like to thank you all.
我谨代表全系感谢大家。
[造句] 　代理人代表他的委托人说话。
___________________________________________________________________________
[知识拓展]
on behalf of＝on sb.’s behalf
in behalf of＝in sb.’s behalf(美国英语)
都可表示“做某人的代表或代言人；为某人之利益”。
[即学即练]　单句语法填空
①I paid the money on ________(you) behalf.
②She gave a piano recital ____ a charity’s behalf.
　sensitive adj. 敏感的；善解人意的；灵敏的
[教材原句P29] Why is nuclear power a sensitive topic
为什么核能是一个敏感话题？
[例1]　She is very sensitive to other people’s feelings.
她很能体谅他人的感情。
[例2]　Health care is a politically sensitive issue.
医疗卫生是政界的一个敏感问题。
[造句] 　证券市场(Stock Exchange)对政局变化非常敏感。
___________________________________________________________________________
[知识拓展]
(1)be sensitive about/to... 对……敏感的
be sensitive of... 意识到；认识到
It is sensitive of sb.to do sth. 某人做某事是正确的
(2)sensible adj. 明智的
[即学即练]　单句语法填空
①People must be sensitive ____ this possibility when they make volunteer activities a must.
②She is very sensitive __________ her appearance.
③I think the suggestion is ________________(sense)．
[小片段助记]
It is sensible to avoid sensitive topics. Because when you are sensitive of the influence，it will be too late.
　disposal n. 去掉；清除；处理
[教材原句P32] New rules were also introduced regarding tour boat routes and garbage disposal methods.
还引进了有关旅游船路线和垃圾处理方法的新规则。
[例1]　A few hours later bomb disposal experts defused the devices.
几小时以后拆弹专家拆除了该爆炸装置。
[例2]　Do you approve of my disposal of these folds in the curtain
你赞同我在窗帘中折这些褶吗？
[造句] 　安全处理核废物是个大问题。
___________________________________________________________________________
[知识拓展]
(1)at one’s disposal　 任某人处理；供某人任意使用；由某人自行支配
(2)dispose v. 排列；布置；安排；使倾向于；使有意于；使易于
dispose of sb./sth. 应付/解决/处理某人(某事)
[即学即练]　单句语法填空
①I have known how to dispose ____ you.
②Do you have this information ____ your disposal
　inspection n. 检查；查看；视察
[教材原句P33] At the same time，they started to carry out inspections regularly and fine tourist organisations for abuses.
与此同时，他们开始定期进行检查，并对滥用权力的旅游组织进行罚款。
[例1]　The headmaster went on a tour of inspection of all the classrooms.
校长巡查了所有教室。
[例2]　Engineers carried out a thorough inspection of the track.
工程师对轨道进行了彻底检查。
[造句] 　可否把你的行李指给我们检查？
___________________________________________________________________________
[知识拓展]
(1)carry out an inspection 展开调查
(2)inspect vt. 检查；视察
inspect...for... 检查/视察
[即学即练]　单句语法填空
①Extensive texts have been carried ______ on the patient.
②How will the final product be inspected ______ quality
　tolerate vt. 忍受；包容；容许
[教材原句P34] The villagers could no longer tolerate the situation.
村民们再也不能忍受这种情况了。
[例1]　This sort of behaviour will not be tolerated.
这种行为是不能容许的。
[例2]　I don’t know how you tolerate that noise!
我不知道你怎么能忍受那样的噪音！
[造句] 　对疼痛的忍受力因人而异。
___________________________________________________________________________
[知识拓展]
(1)tolerate (doing) sth. 容忍(做)某事
(2)tolerance n. 容忍；宽容
have no tolerance of/for sth. 不能容忍某事/物
(3)tolerant adj. 宽容的；容忍的
be tolerant of/towards sb./sth. 忍受、宽容某人/某事
[即学即练]　单句语法填空
①I could not tolerate their ____________(make) up any excuses for what they did.
②Some plants are ________________(tolerate)of extreme heat.
③She had no __________________(tolerate)for her deskmate’s shortcomings.
[名师点津]　
tolerate/stand“忍受”，后只接动词 ing形式作宾语；bear/endure可接动词 ing和动词不定式两种形式作宾语。
[小片段填空]
I have no __________________ what he said at the meeting，even though I can ________________ his bad temper.(tolerate)
Sentence Patterns
　 with＋n.＋v. ing结构
[教材原句P32]Water pollution levels increased，with more household and commercial waste ending up in the river.
水污染水平升高，更多的家庭和商业废物最终流入河流。
句式分析：本句中的“with more household and commercial waste ending up in the river”是“with＋n.＋v. ing”结构。
[例1]　I won’t be able to go on holiday with my mother being ill.
因为妈妈有病，我无法去度假。
[例2]　With the crowds cheering，they drove to the palace.
在人群的欢呼声中，他们驱车来到皇宫。
[造句] 　他没熄灯就睡着了。
__________________________________________________________________________
[知识拓展]
with复合结构还常用于以下情形：
(1)with＋宾语＋形容词
(2)with＋宾语＋副词
(3)with＋宾语＋名词
(4)with＋宾语＋介词短语
(5)with＋宾语＋过去分词(短语)
(6)with＋宾语＋不定式(短语)
[即学即练]　单句语法填空
①He sat there with his eyes ____________(close)．
②With so many people ______________(help) us，we are sure to finish it in time.
③She said goodbye with tears ____ her eyes.
【参考答案】
课文导读1—3　CAA
知识精析
Words and Phrases
[造句]The agent spoke on behalf of his principal.[即学即练]　①your　②on
[造句]The Stock Exchange is very sensitive to political change.[即学即练]　①to　②about　③sensible
[造句]The safe disposal of nuclear waste is a major problem. [即学即练]　①of　②at
[造句]Would you mind pointing out your luggage for inspection [即学即练]　①out　②for
[造句]The ability to tolerate pain varies from person to person.[即学即练]　①making　②tolerant　③tolerance[小片段填空]tolerance；tolerate
Sentence Patterns
[造句]He fell asleep with the lamp burning.
[即学即练]　①closed　②to help　③inUnit 3　Environmental Protection
Writing
环保解决方案
本单元写作项目是写一份环保解决方案，符合倡议书的写作范畴。
[基本框架]
1．开头(beginning)——需要解决的问题
2．主体(body)——详细介绍解决问题的方法
3．结尾(ending)——提出倡议
[常用词块]
1．turn off the lights关上灯
2．face the challenge of the global warming面对全球变暖的挑战
3．raise the awareness of environmental protect提高环保意识
4．get worse and worse/get from bad to worse变得越来越糟
5．the destruction of our environment环境的破坏
6．bear the responsibility to protect our environment承担保护环境的责任
[常用语句]
★精彩开头
1．Our schoolmates are highly concerned about the increasing lack of energy and provide their own suggestions.
我们的同学们高度关注日益缺乏活力的问题，并提出了自己的建议。
2．Now more and more people have come to realize how serious this problem is.
现在越来越多的人意识到这个问题有多严重。
3．Environmental protection has caused global concern recently.
近来环保已经引起了全球的关注。
★正文佳句
1．Our government is doing its best to take measures to fight against pollution.
我们的政府正努力采取措施与污染作斗争。
2．Keep our mountains green，the water clean，and the sky blue.
使我们山更绿，水更清，天更蓝。
3．To protect the environment，the government has passed laws to prevent people from throwing rubbish everything.
为了保护环境，政府已经通过一些法规来阻止人们乱扔垃圾。
★余味结尾
1．We are sure that we'll win the battle.
我们坚信我们能赢得战斗。
2．I make an urgent appeal that measures should be taken to cope with the situation.
我急切呼吁应该采取措施改变现状。
3．It's high time that we should protect our environment from being polluted.
现在是我们保护环境不受污染的时候了。
跟踪训练
根据要点提示写一篇80词左右的文章。
要点：1.节约能源和资源的好处。(减少空气、水源的污染；节约钱；环保)
2．学生节约能源和资源的具体做法。(洗澡时间缩短；刷牙时关掉水龙头；离开房间时关掉电灯；购物时用自己的袋子；纸用双面；看到地面上的垃圾捡起扔进垃圾桶；多锻炼少看电视；在家里种花……)
How to Go Green
【参考答案】
【参考范文】
How to Go Green
In order to reduce air pollution and water pollution and save money，it's time for us to go green. As students，we can take some simple steps.
We can save water by taking shorter shower and turning off the tap when we brush our teeth.We can save power by turning off the lights when we leave a room. When we go shopping，we should take our own bags.When we write，we can use both sides of paper.Whenever we see the rubbish on the ground，we should pick it up and throw it into dustbins.Do more exercise and watch less TV. It's good to plant some flowers at home.It's our duty to protect the environment.

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