资源简介

Reading and Thinking—Language Points
Words and Phrases
　set sail 起航；开航
[教材原句P26] However，merchants and explorers from the East set sail from east to west many years before Columbus first did.
然而，来自东方的商人和探险家从东向西航行，比哥伦布要早许多年。
[例1]　 We set sail at high tide.
我们在涨潮时启航。
[例2]　 The ship set sail for Europe.
这艘船启航去欧洲。
[造句]　两个钟头之后，这艘船就启航来中国了。
______________________________________
[知识拓展]
set sail for 　　　 开船往，动身往
at full sail(s) 开足马力，张起所有的帆，高速前进
go for a sail 乘船游览
[即学即练]——单句语法填空
Christopher Columbus set sail _____ the New World in the Santa Maria.
A big ship ploughed the sea ___ full sail.
Let’s go for ____ sail this afternoon.
　extend vt. 扩展；使伸长；延长
[教材原句P26] A trading route across the sea was also extended along the coasts of the Indian Ocean，centred around Ceylon (now Sri Lanka)．
它是一条横跨海洋的贸易路线也沿着印度洋海岸延伸，以锡兰(现在的斯里兰卡)为中心。
[例1]　 The car park has been extended.
那个停车场已被扩建了。
[例2]　 They asked the government to extend its period of deliberation.
他们要求政府延长审议的时间。
[造句]　果树枝伸出墙外。
_________________________________________________
[知识拓展]
(1)extend from ...to ...　 从……延伸到……
extend out 伸出
extend through... 贯穿……；达到整个……的长度
(2)extension n. 延伸，扩展
[即学即练]——单句语法填空
The tourist season extends ______ May to October.
The girls competed for it，their hands extended ____ into the air.
I mean to be talking about a single thing that was extended ________ time.
　negotiate vt.商定；达成(协议) vi.谈判；磋商；协商
[教材原句P26] Here，merchants from China and many other places met to negotiate trade deals，which also led to more awareness of each other’s cultures.
在这里，来自中国和许多其他地方的商人聚集在一起协商贸易问题，这也使他们对彼此的文化有了更多的了解。
[例1]　 Rents are individually negotiated between landlord and tenant.
租金由房东和房客单独协商。
[例2]　 They have refused to negotiate on this issue.
他们拒绝就这一问题进行谈判。
[造句]　我设法同当局进行了成功的协商。
_________________________________________________
[知识拓展]
negotiate a price 　　 商谈价格
negotiate with 同……协商；谈判；交涉
negotiate for 为……谈判
negotiate into 通过谈判使进入
[即学即练]——单句语法填空
We are negotiating ______ the release of the prisoners.
I’ll negotiate ______ their coach on the date of the match.
So what is the best way to negotiate your way ____ a mobile work lifestyle
　withdraw vi.& vt.(使)撤回；撤离
[教材原句P26] Although China withdrew from further expeditions after 1433，these land and sea routes remained active channels between other cultures for centuries.
虽然中国在1433年以后退出了进一步的探险活动，但这些陆上和海上的路线几个世纪以来一直是其他文化之间交流的活跃通道。
[例1]　 The general decided to withdraw his soldiers.
那位将军决定撤军。
[例2]　He didn’t withdraw his remarks and apologize.
他既没收回发言，也没道歉。
[造句]　由于受伤，他不得不退出比赛。
_________________________________________________
[知识拓展]
(1) withdraw from 　　 从……撤出，撤回
withdraw money from the bank 从银行取款
withdraw one’s eyes from 把视线从……移开(不再看……)
withdraw a remark 收回发言
(2) withdrawal n. 收回；取回；撤回；撤退；取款
[即学即练]——单句语法填空
Tell the men to withdraw ________ their new position.
I’d like to withdraw 1，000 dollars _____ my savings account and put it in my cheque account.
He has made several ________ (withdraw) from his bank account.
　bond n．纽带；关系 vt.& vi.增强信任关系；使牢固结合
[教材原句P27] The aim of this initiative is to encourage cooperation and trade across the historic Silk Road areas，and strengthen the bonds between China and the rest of the world.
这一倡议的目的是鼓励在历史悠久的丝绸之路地区开展合作和贸易，并加强中国与世界的联系。
[例1]　 A strong spiritual bond exists between them.
他们俩在精神上紧密地结合在一起。
[例2]　 This glue makes a good firm bond.
这种胶水粘得很结实。
[造句]　他用了六七个字就解释清楚了他们之间的关系。
_________________________________________________
[知识拓展]
bond between 　　　 ……之间的联系
bond...to 把……粘在……上；使……结合
[即学即练]——单句语法填空
①There’s a bond ________ the twins.
②Silver overlay is bonded ____ the entire surface.
　in hand 在手头；可供使用
[教材原句P27] Hundreds of years on，and with the latest technology in hand，the need to trade and the desire to enhance relationships will drive China to reach out across the sea far into the future.
数百年过去了，在掌握了最新技术的情况下，贸易需求和加强关系的愿望将推动中国跨越海洋，走向遥远的未来。
[例1]　 I haven’t any money in hand.
我手头一分钱都没有。
[例2]　 Your remarks do not bear on the matter in hand.
你的话和目前这件事没有关系。
[造句]　咱们来干手头这件事吧。
_________________________________________________
[知识拓展]
at hand 　　　　　　 在手边，在附近
by hand 由人工，用人力
hand in hand 手牵手，携着手
go hand in hand with 与……共同行动；与……相配合；
与……一致；与……结合在一起
out of hand 无法控制，不可收拾
[即学即练]——单句语法填空
Soon school will end and the vacation will be ____ hand.
Higher returns and higher risk usually go hand ____ hand.
We received a typewritten letter with a note added ____ hand.
Sentence Patterns
　what引导名词性从句
[教材原句P26] In ancient times，silk from China found its way overland to India，the Middle East，and Rome，along what became known as the Silk Road．
在古代，中国丝绸经由一条陆路运到印度、中东和罗马，这条路就是有名的“丝绸之路”。
[句式分析]
句中what became known as the Silk Road为what引导的名词性从句，作介词along的宾语。
[例1]　 They’ve done what they can to help her.
他们已经尽力帮助了她。
[例2]　 He is no longer what he was.
他已经不是以前的那个样子了。
[造句]　似乎过了几个小时他才苦笑着出来。
_________________________________________________
[知识拓展]
what在名词性从句中可用作主语、宾语或表语。该从句在结构上相当于“the＋名词＋定语从句”。
[即学即练]——完成句子
We now live in _____________ the Information Age.
我们现在生活在所谓的信息时代。
What we can’t get seems better than _____________．
我们得不到的东西似乎比我们拥有的东西好。
China is no longer ______________ ten years ago.
中国不再是十年前的样子了。
　as引导非限制性定语从句
[教材原句P26]Over the centuries，further trading allowed more exploration of the regions to the west of China，as recorded in Du Huan’s Record of My Travels in the eighth century．
几个世纪以来，随着贸易的进一步发展，中国西部地区得到了更大的开发，这一点在8世纪杜环的《经行记》中有所记载。
[句式分析]
句中as recorded in Du Huan’s Record of My Travels in the eighth century是关系代词as引导的非限制性定语从句，as指代整个主句的内容。
[例1]　 As is known to the United States，Mark Twain is a great American writer.
美国人都知道，马克·吐温是一位伟大的美国作家。
[例2]　He forgot to bring his pen with him，as was often the case.
他忘了带笔，这是常有的事。
[造句]　正如我曾告诉过你的，这也是你工作的一部分。
_________________________________________________
[知识拓展]
(1)as引导非限制性定语从句时，指代整个主句的内容，置于主句的前、中、后均可，意为“正如……”。
(2)as在非限制性定语从句中作主语时，通常可用it作形式主语，后接that引导的主语从句或用what引导的主语从句来转换。
[即学即练]——完成句子/一句多译
This man， ______________，is good for nothing.
这个人，正如你所知道的，一事无成。
Einstein， ______________，is a famous scientist.＝ ______________ Einstein is a
famous scientist.＝______________ Einstein is a famous scientist.
众所周知，爱因斯坦是一位著名的科学家。
【参考答案】
[造句] Two hours later the ship set sail for China.
[即学即练] ①for ②at ③a
[造句] The branches of the fruit trees extended out over the fences.
[即学即练]①from ②out ③through
[造句] I managed to negotiate successfully with the authorities.
[即学即练]①for ②with ③into
[造句] He was forced to withdraw from the competition due to injury.
[即学即练] ①from ②from ③withdrawals
[造句]In half a dozen words，he had explained the bond that linked them.
[即学即练] ①between ②to
[造句]Let us address ourselves to the matter in hand.
[即学即练] ①at ②in ③by
[造句] After what seemed like hours he came out with a bitter smile.
[即学即练] ①what is called ②what we already have ③what she used to be
[造句] As I told you before，this is also part of your work.
[即学即练] ①as you know ②as is well known；It is well known that；What is well known is thatUsing Language & Other Parts—Language Points
1. mercy n. 仁慈; 宽恕; 恩惠
*Although this was banned in 1982, some countries are still “murdering” these intelligent creatures without mercy.
尽管这在1982年被禁止, 但一些国家仍然毫不留情地“谋杀”这些聪明的生物。
*Having lost the engine’s power, the boat was now at the mercy of the wind.
发动机坏了, 这艘船现在任由大风摆布。
*He was such a cruel man that he showed no mercy to others.
他是一个那么残酷的人以至于他对别人毫无怜悯之情。
*They had mercy on their neighbor for he suffered a lot. =They showed mercy to their neighbor for he suffered a lot.
他们对邻居表示同情, 他受的苦难太多了。
【语块积累】
show mercy to sb. 怜悯某人
have mercy on 对……表示怜悯
at the mercy of 任凭……的摆布; 在……的支配中
without mercy 残忍地, 毫无同情心地
【即学活用】语法填空
(1) He will be generous and ________ (mercy) to those who are weaker than himself.
(2) So pitifully did she plead that the Baron grew calm and decided to have mercy ____ her.
(3) They showed little mercy _____ the enemies.
(4) The policemen shot the crocodile _________ mercy.
(5) The boat was _____ the mercy of the rapid river.
2. possession n. 个人财产; 拥有; 控制
*The sea is home to life, not human beings’ possessions.
海洋是生命的家园, 而不是人类的财产。
*The company that Tom is in possession of was once in the possession of his uncle.
汤姆现在拥有的公司曾经是他叔叔的。
*On her father’s death, she came into possession of a vast fortune. 父亲死后, 她继承了一大笔财产。
*We didn’t take possession of the car until a few days after the auction. 拍卖会过后几天, 我们才真正拿到了那辆车。
【语块积累】
be in possession of sth. 　　 拥有/占有某物
be in the possession of sb. /be in one’s possession 为某人所有; 归某人所有
have possession of 拥有
come into possession of 占有某物
get/take possession of 占领; 夺取
【即学活用】语法填空
(1) He is ____ possession of the house.
= The house is in ____ possession of him.
(2) He took possession ____ a lot of jewels from Mr White.
(3) He had come ____ possession of a large fortune.
(4) Does the young man standing there have possession ____ the company
3. arrest n. 逮捕; 拘留; 中止　vt. 逮捕; 拘留; 阻止
*A $5 million reward has been announced for information leading to the arrest of those responsible for the murder.
一项500万美元的悬赏已经公布, 以获得逮捕那些对这起谋杀事件负责的人的信息。
*He is said to be under arrest for spreading online rumors.
据说他由于传播网络谣言被捕了。
*An unusual painting arrested his attention.
一幅异乎寻常的画引起了他的注意。
*After the match three youths got arrested.
比赛过后, 有三个青年被捕。
*He was arrested for faking some famous paintings.
他由于伪造一些名画而被逮捕。
【语块积累】
arrest sb. for sth. 　　　 因……逮捕某人
get arrested (人)被逮捕
arrest one’s attention 引起某人的注意
be under arrest 被逮捕
make an arrest 进行逮捕
【即学活用】
She __________________ drug-related offences.
她因涉嫌毒品犯罪而被捕。
You shouldn’t do things like that. __________________
你不应该做那样的事。你会被捕的!
The bright colours of the flowers __________________.
花的艳丽色彩引起了那姑娘的注意。
__________________ You’re here to assist my investigation.
你已经被捕了, 你来这里是协助我办案的。
【参考答案】
1. (1) merciful (2) on (3) to (4) without (5) at
2. (1) in；the (2) of (3) into (4) of
3. (1) was arrested for (2) You could get arrested! (3) arrested the girl’s attention (4)You’re under arrest.动词不定式
动词不定式由“to＋动词原形”构成。这里的to是不定式标志，没有词义。不定式具有名词、形容词或副词的某些语法功能，又有动词的特点，可以有自己的宾语和状语，组成动词不定式短语。
[观察例句]
1．To complete the great map of the world was a strong passion for the people of early civilizations.
2．It’s very important to master a foreign language.
3．The aim of this initiative is to encourage cooperation and trade across the historic Silk Road areas，and strengthen the bonds between China and the rest of the world.
4．Trading has grown greatly in recent years，and will continue to do so in years to come.
5．Marco Polo’s tales inspired European explorers to search for sea routes from west to east.
6．Here，merchants from China and many other places met to negotiate trade deals，which also led to more awareness of each other’s cultures.
7．Although the ancient sea routes of Zheng He have been travelled many times，there are still many other places left to explore.
[归纳用法]
1．例句1中的黑体部分为动词不定式短语作主语。例句2中的it为形式主语，真正的主语为后面的动词不定式短语。
2．例句3中的黑体部分为动词不定式短语作表语。
3．例句4中的黑体部分为动词不定式短语作宾语。
4．例句5中的黑体部分为动词不定式短语作宾语补足语。
5．例句6中的黑体部分为动词不定式短语作状语。
6．例句7中的黑体部分为动词不定式短语作定语。
一、动词不定式的形式
主动语态 被动语态 意义
一般时 to do to be done 表示动作与谓语动作同时发生或发生在谓语动作之后
完成时 to have done to have been done 表示动作发生在谓语动作之前
进行时 to be doing 表示谓语动作发生时，不定式的动作正在进行
I plan to attend the meeting to be held tomorrow.
我打算参加明天举行的会议。(attend的动作在plan之后发生，且meeting与hold为被动关系)
They are said to be studying psychology.
据说他们正研究心理学。(be said与study同时发生)
I’m very sorry to have kept you sitting around doing nothing.
让你一直无所事事闲坐着我很抱歉。(keep发生在be sorry之前)
No harm seems to have been done.似乎并没有什么危害发生。(do发生在seem之前，且harm与do之间是被动关系)
[名师点津]
动词不定式的否定式
在不定式符号to前加not；不带to的不定式则在动词前加not。
Zhang Ming asked me not to stay at home all day.
张明要我别整天待在家里。
My mother let me not do it by myself.
妈妈让我不要独自做这件事。
[即学即练1]　用所给动词的适当形式填空
They seem _________________ (know) each other for a long time.
They pretended ____________ (work) hard when the teacher came in.
③I wanted the letter ____________ (type) at once.
二、不定式的句法功能
动词不定式在句中不能独立作谓语，但可以作主语、宾语、宾语补足语、定语、表语和状语等多种成分。
1．作主语
To talk with him is a great pleasure.
和他谈话是一件非常愉快的事。
[名师点津]
①为了避免头重脚轻，通常都将作主语的不定式置于句子后面，用it作形式主语，放在句首。
②若要说明不定式的动作的执行者，可以在不定式前加上“for/of＋n./pron.”结构。当形容词表达事物的特征时用for sb.；当形容词表达人所具有的特征或品质时用of sb.，这样的形容词有careful，cruel，foolish，brave，good，honest，kind，rude，polite，nice，stupid，wise，wrong等。
It’s very important for you to remember this.
对你来说记住这一点很重要。
It’s very kind of you to help me.
你能帮我真是太好了。
2．作表语
不定式作表语主要有三种情况，一是用于seem，appear，prove，turn out等连系动词之后的不定式(尤其是to be)；二是像My job is to sweep the floor(我的工作就是擦地板)这样的主语与表语“等价”的情形；三是表示想法、约定、义务、命令、可能性、命运等。
He seems to be ill.
他似乎生病了。
Her wish is to be a teacher.
她的愿望是当一名教师。
We are to meet at the bus station at three.
我们约定3点钟在车站见面。(表约定)
3．作宾语
常接不定式而不接动名词作宾语的动词及短语有：
“决心学会想希望”：decide/determine，learn，want，hope/wish/expect/long
“设法假装在拒绝”：manage，pretend，refuse
“主动答应选计划”：offer，promise，choose，plan
“同意请求帮一帮”：agree，ask/beg，help
外加 afford，fail，would like/love，threaten。
I can’t afford to buy a car.我买不起汽车。
I like swimming，but I don’t like to swim this afternoon.
我喜欢游泳，但我今天下午不想游泳。
[名师点津]
不定式作宾语后跟宾语补足语时，常把不定式后移而用形式宾语 it 代替，常见句式：think/believe/consider/find/feel，etc.＋it＋adj./n.＋不定式。
I think it necessary to send for an expert.
我认为请位专家来是有必要的。
4．作宾语补足语
通常可带不定式作宾语补足语的动词：advise，allow，ask，bear，beg，cause，command，encourage，expect，forbid，force，get，hate，help，intend，invite，leave，like，mean，need，oblige，order，permit，persuade，prefer，request，remind，teach，tell，trouble，want，warn，wish等。
What caused him to change his mind
是什么使他改变主意的？
He didn’t allow the students to go there.
他没允许学生们去那儿。
5．作定语
I have a question to ask you.
我有一个问题要问你。
He is not a man to tell a lie.
他不是个说谎的人。
[名师点津]
不定式与被修饰的词有动宾关系，且句中有该不定式的逻辑主语时，该不定式用主动形式表被动意义。如果这个不定式是不及物动词，其后应有相应的介词。
The Browns have a comfortable house to live in.
布朗家有一幢舒适的房子可以居住。
6．不定式作状语
(1)动词不定式可以用作目的状语。其他非谓语动词形式不能用作目的状语。
To succeed，one must first of all believe in himself.
要想成功，首先必须相信自己。
(2)only to do sth.为不定式作结果状语，表示出乎意料的结果。
We hurried to the station，only to be told that the train had left.
我们急匆匆赶到车站，结果被告知火车已经开走了。
(3)形容词或过去分词作表语时，后面可接不定式作原因状语。常见词有：happy，lucky，glad，sorry，anxious，proud，disappointed，angry，surprised，ready，delighted，clever，foolish，pleased，fortunate，right等。
You will never know how happy I was to see her yesterday.
你永远不会知道昨天看到她时，我有多么高兴。
(4)在“主语＋系动词＋表语(形容词) ＋ to do”结构中，不定式的主动形式表示被动意义。该结构中常用的形容词有：easy，hard，difficult，important，impossible，interesting，pleasant，nice，comfortable，safe，dangerous等。
The box is not easy to carry.
这个箱子不易携带。
7．动词不定式与疑问词who，which，when，where，how，what等连用，在句中起名词的作用，可充当主语、表语、宾语等。
How to solve the problem is very important.(主语)
如何解决这一问题很重要。
He didn’t know what to ask.(宾语)
他不知道该问些什么。
My question is when to start.(表语)
我的问题是何时开始。
[即学即练2]　用所给动词的适当形式填空
It took years of work _____________ (reduce) the industrial pollution and clean the water.
I heard a passenger behind me shouting to the driver，but he refused _________ (stop) until we reached the next stop.
③He is thought ____________ (act) foolishly. Now he has no one but himself to blame for losing the job.
三、省略to的情况
1．在某些使役动词或感官动词后作宾语补足语的动词不定式，常不带to；如果这些动词用于被动结构，其后的to就必须补上。这类词可以用以下口诀助记：
一感：feel　二听：listen to，hear　三让：make，have，let
五看：see，watch，observe，look at，notice。
I often hear him sing the song.
我经常听见他唱那首歌。
He is often heard to sing the song.
他经常被人听见唱那首歌。
2．在以why引导的疑问句中，表示建议，不定式不带to。
Why congratulate her
为什么要祝贺她呢？
Why not conduct the interview right now
为什么不马上主持面试呢？
3．在cannot but，cannot choose but，cannot help but之后的动词不定式不带to。
I cannot but admire his courage.我只有佩服他的勇气。
4．动词不定式在but，except，besides后面时，如果这些词之前有行为动词do，那么，这些词后的动词不定式不带to，否则要带to。
She could do nothing but cry.
她除了哭，不能做任何事。
I have no choice but to work for the firm.
除了为这家公司工作，我别无选择。
What do you like to do besides swim
除了游泳，你还喜欢做什么？
5．为了避免重复，动词不定式可省去to。
I’m really puzzled about what to think or say.
想什么，说什么，我确实困惑了。
[名师点津]
在expect，hope，wish，mean，prefer，forget，want，try以及be glad，be happy，would like，should love，would love等后面，常用to来代替前面的不定式，以避免重复。
I haven’t conducted a performance，but I wish to.
我没有主持过演出，但是我希望主持一场。
[即学即练3]　用所给动词的适当形式填空
I had nothing to do but ______ (wait) outside of the gate.
Why not ______(turn) off the gas at once
They couldn’t choose but _____ (stay) there.
【参考答案】
[即学即练1] ①to have known ②to be working ③to be typed
[即学即练2] ①to reduce ②to stop ③to have acted
[即学即练3] ①wait ②turn ③stay如何写辩论性文章——海洋探测
文体感知
辩论性文章属于议论文。议论文主要针对某一观点或问题(一般为有争议的观点或问题)发表议论和看法, 因此写此类文章时要考虑的论据多为正反两个方面。通过对有争议的观点或问题的不同看法进行比较, 然后进行分析和评论, 后提出自己的看法, 表达自己支持或反对的态度并加以论证说明, 得出结论。
典题演练
假如你是李华, 学校即将举行以“Is it necessary for humans to explore oceans ”为题目的英语作文比赛, 请按照下列要求写一篇80词左右的议论文。要点如下:
1. 使海洋可持续发展
2. 了解海洋环境
3. 更好地了解气候
谋篇立意
遣词造句
完成句子
1. 它可以建立更好地理解环境变化所需的基本信息。
It can establish the basic information needed _____________________________________.
2. 这有助于科学家解决目前的情况。
It helps scientists to _____________________.
3. 这有助于科学家预测未来可能出现的情况。
It helps scientists to _____________________ that may emerge.
4. 它还可以让我们了解海洋中可利用的物质, 生命形式是如何生存的, 以及人类如何在海底生存或充分利用深海资源。
It can also give us knowledge about __________________, how the life forms live, and find out how humans can survive down there or ________________________.
5. 海洋是我们赖以满足食物、能源等需求的资源之一。
The sea can be one of the resources for us to rely on to ___________________________________.
6. 它还可以帮助我们跟踪发生在海洋上的气候变化以及可能影响我们生活的因素。
It can help us keep track of the climate changes __________________________ and what might affect our life.
7. 海洋探险对人类有很大的好处。
Sea exploration will ___________________ humans.
句式升级
8. 用which非限制性定语从句合并句1, 句2和句3
It can establish the basic information needed to better understand environmental change, ____________________________________________________________________________.
9. 用because合并句4和句5
It can also give us knowledge about what are available in oceans, how the life forms live, and find out how humans can survive down there or make good use of the depth’s resources, __________________________________________________________________________.
完美成篇
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
【参考答案】
完成句子
1. to better understand environmental change 2. address current situations 3. predict the future situations 4. what are available in oceans；make good use of the depth’s resources 5. fulfill the needs such as food, energy, etc 6. that happen to the ocean 7. be of great benefit to
句式升级
8. which helps scientists to address both current situations and to predict the future situations that may emerge 9. because the sea can be one of the resources for us to rely on to fulfill the needs such as food, energy, etc
完美成篇
Is it necessary for humans to explore oceans
I agree with the view that it is necessary for humans to explore seas.
First, it can establish the basic information needed to better understand environmental change, which helps scientists to address both current situations and to predict the future situations that may emerge. Moreover, it can also give us knowledge about what are available in oceans, how the life forms live, and find out how humans can survive down there or make good use of the depth’s resources, because the sea can be one of the resources for us to rely on to fulfill the needs such as food, energy, etc. In addition, it can help us keep track of the climate changes that happen to the ocean and what might affect our life.
In sum, sea exploration will be of great benefit to humans.

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