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Unit 4 词汇表
parcel /'pɑ sl/ n.包裹 vt.裹好；打包
jam /d m/ n.果酱；堵塞
mail /me l/ n.邮件；信件；邮政 vt.邮寄；发电邮给
secondary /'sek ndri/ adj.中学的；次要的
clay /kle / n.黏土；陶土
dust /d st/ n.沙土；灰尘 vi. & vt.擦灰
dusty /'d sti/ adj.布满灰尘的
weed /wi d/ n.杂草；野草 vt. & vi.除杂草
chorus /'k r s/ n.合唱曲；合唱团 vt.合唱；齐声说
a chorus of齐声；异口同声
cotton /'k tn/ n.棉布；棉花
uniform /'ju n f m/ n.校服；制服 adj. —致的；统一的
not to mention更不用说；且不说
tablet /'t bl t/ n.平板电脑；便笺本；药片
rubber /'r b (r)/ n.橡皮；黑板擦；橡胶
washroom /'w ru m/ n.洗手间；厕所
rigid /'r d d/ adj.死板的；固执的
bubble /'b bl/ vi.起泡；沸腾
tube /tju b/ n.管子；管状物
circus /'s k s/ n.马戏团
chemist /'kem st/ n.化学家；药剂师；药房
shade / e d/ vt.给……遮挡(光线)；加灯罩；把……涂暗 n.阴凉处；灯罩；阴影部分
jaw /d / n.额；下巴
wrinkle /'r kl/ vt. & vi.(使脸上)起皱纹；皱起 n.皱纹
forehead /'f hed; 'f r d/ n. 额；前额
hut /h t/ n.简陋的小房子(或棚、舍)
housing /ha z / n.住房；住宅
platform /'pl tf m/ n.平台；站台；舞台
fireplace /'fa ple s/ n.壁炉
saucer /'s s (r)/ n.茶碟；杯托
kettle /'ketl/ n.(烧水用的)壶;水壶
pan /p n/ n.平底锅；烤盘
jar /d ɑ (r)/ n.罐子；坛子
ripe /ra p/ adj.成熟的；时机成熟的
grill /ɡr l/ n.烤架；烤肉餐馆
doorway /'d we / n.门口；出入口；门道
leftover /'left v (r)/ adj.吃剩的；残留的 n.吃剩的食物；遗留物
handshake /'h nd e k/ n.握手
drag /dr ɡ/ vt.拖；拽 vt. & vi.缓慢而费力地移动
privilege /'pr v l d / n.优惠待遇；特权
plug /pl ɡ/ vt.封堵；补足 n.堵塞物；插头；插座
disabled /d s'e bld/ adj.有残疾的；丧失能力的
resign /r 'za n/ vi.&vt.辞职；辞去
deserve /d 'z v/ vt.值得；应得；应受
lately /'le tli/ adv.最近；不久前；近来
input /' np t/ n.情况；信息；投入；输入 vt.输入
tune /tju n; NAmE tu n/ n.曲调；曲子 vt.调音；调节；调频道
contract /'k ntr kt/ vt.感染(疾病)；与……订立合同(或契约) n.合同；契约
grant /ɡrɑ nt; NAmE ɡr nt / vt.同意；准许 n.拨款
take for granted认为……是理所当然；对……不予重视
cardiac /'kɑ d k/ adj.心脏病的；心脏的
circuit /'s k t/ n.巡回；环形线路
disability / d s 'b l ti / n.缺陷；障碍
consultation / k ns l'te n/ n.咨询；咨询会
capsule /'k psju:l/ n.胶囊；太空舱
relay /'ri le ; NAmE r 'le / vt.转发；转播 n.接力赛；接班的人
relay to转达给……；转发给……
criterion /kra 't ri n/ n. (pl. criteria /-ri /) 标准；准则；原则
stability /st 'b l ti / n.稳定(性)；稳固(性)
pray /pre / vi. &vt.企盼；祈祷
pray that但愿
hypothetical / ha p 'θet kl/ adj.假设的；假定的Using Language
课文助读
阅读P44～45教材课文，选择最佳答案
1．What has Zhan Bingbing’s mother been doing in Tanzania
A．Building roads.
B．Working as an oil worker.
C．Teaching Chinese.
D．Working as a volunteer consultant.
2．What is Zhan Bingbing’s attitude towards his mother’s leaving
A．Upset.　　　　　　　 B．Happy.
C．Excited. D．Disappointed.
3．Why do some people with a heart condition in Tanzania lose their lives
A．Because their health problems can’t be treated.
B．Because they can’t get medical treatment.
C．Because they are refused by the hospital.
D．Because they are not allowed to go abroad for surgery.
4．What has Zhan Bingbing decided to do in the future
A．To be supportive of his mother’s work.
B．To be a good global citizen interested in peace.
C．To be a volunteer to help people in other lands.
D．To build a community with a shared future for mankind.
要点直击
Words and Phrases
　tune n. 曲调；曲子vt.调音；调节；调频道
[教材原句P44] But then I began to hear about the work she was doing in Tanzania，a country that has many health problems，and now I am singing a different tune.但是之后我开始听到她在坦桑尼亚的工作，那里有很多健康问题，(所以)现在我有了不同的看法。
[例1]　 How long has it been since you’ve had a mechanic tune this engine
你已经有多长时间没请汽车修理工调整这台引擎了？
[例2]　 His ideas are in tune with the times.
他的思想适合时代的潮流。
[造句]　钢琴和小提琴好像不合调。
__________________________________________
[知识拓展]
(1)in tune 合调子
in good tune 音调准确；协调；融合
out of tune 走调
sing a different tune 对某事有了新的看法
(2)tune up 给(乐器)调音，定调
[即学即练]——单句语法填空
They were both singing out ____ tune.
I don’t like London—I just don’t feel ____ tune with city life.
He tuned ____ and began to play.
　contract vt. 感染(疾病)；与……订立合同(或契约) n. 合同；契约
[教材原句P44] Many dangerous diseases which are rare in China are quite commonly contracted in Tanzania.
很多在中国罕见的危险疾病在坦桑尼亚是很容易感染上的。
[例1]　 Bad habits are easy to contract.
坏习惯很容易养成。
[例2]　 Once you have reached formal agreement，you should enter into a contract with the other party.
你一旦达成正式协议，就应该和对方签订合同。
[造句]　他们已立约承建一条穿越非洲的铁路。
______________________________________________
[知识拓展]
(1)sign a contract 签订合同
keep a contract 遵守或履行合同
make a contract with 与……签定合同
(2)contract in 承诺参加
contract out 包出(某事项或某工程)；拒绝参加
[即学即练]——单句语法填空
How many of the companies have contracted ____ so far
I don’t want to be associated with your scheme；I’m contracting _____．
I have come to make a contract ____ you for the business under discussion.
　relay vt.转发；转播 n．接力赛；接班的人
[教材原句P44] Today，I want to relay to you that I’m proud of the work my mother has done，and I am now supportive of it.
今天，我想告诉你们的是，我为我妈妈所做的工作感到骄傲，我现在也非常支持她的工作。
[例1]　 The program is being relayed by satellite.
节目正在通过卫星转播。
[例2]　 This metal tower is used to relay television signals to distant villages.
这个金属塔是用于向遥远的村子转播电视讯号的。
[造句]　 她向我们转达了那则消息。
__________________________________________
[知识拓展]
relay to　　　　　　　 转达给……
work in/by relays 轮班工作
a relay race 接力赛
[即学即练]——单句语法填空
The concert will ____________(relay) to a worldwide television audience estimated at one thousand million.
Many groups of workers were sent in _______(relay)．
③Please relay the news _____ the villagers.
　pray vi.& vt.企盼；祈祷
[教材原句P45] In the future，I pray that you will do the same.
在未来，但愿你也会这样做。
[例1]　 We hope and pray that no one gets hurt.
我们希望并祈祷没有人受伤。
[例2]　 He prayed to be forgiven.
他祈求宽恕。
[造句]　我们恳求你放了这个孩子。
_________________________
[知识拓展]
pray sb. to do sth. 请求某人做某事
pray for 为……祈祷
pray sb. for sth. 向某人恳求某事物
pray that 但愿
[即学即练]——单句语法填空
The whole family are praying ______ Michael.
I prayed _____ James wouldn’t notice.
They prayed him _______(come) back soon.
Sentence Pattern
　现在完成进行时
[教材原句P44] You see，my mother is a medical doctor，and for the last two years，she has been working as a volunteer consultant in Tanzania，Africa.
你知道，我母亲是一名医生，在过去的两年里，她一直在非洲坦桑尼亚做志愿顾问。
[句式分析]
句中has been working是现在完成进行时。它表示一个动作开始于过去，持续到现在，并强调现在还在进行。
[例1]　 The Chinese have been making paper for two thousand years.
中国有2 000年的造纸历史。
[例2]　I have been learning English since three years ago.
三年以来我一直在学英语。
[造句]　她已经睡了6个小时，到现在还没有醒来。
____________________________________________________
[知识拓展]
现在完成进行时的结构为：have/has been doing，表示动作从某一时间开始，一直持续到现在，或者刚刚终止，或者可能仍然要继续下去。
[即学即练]——完成句子
No wonder you are so tired. You _________________ all day.
难怪你这么累，你工作一天了。
Because of illness，he _________________ all day.
由于生病，他整天都躺在床上。
They ___________________________ for two months.
两个月来他们一直在建桥。
【参考答案】
课文助读
1－4　DABC
要点直击
[造句]
The violin and the piano seem to be out of tune.
[即学即练]
of ②in ③up
[造句]
They have contracted to build a railway across Africa.
[即学即练]
in ② out ③with
[造句] She relayed the information to us.
[即学即练]
be relayed ②relays ③to
[造句]We pray you to set the child free.
[即学即练]
for ②that ③to come
[造句] She has been sleeping for 6 hours and still cannot wake up.
[即学即练]
have been working ②has been lying in bed ③have been building the bridge短语
英语中的短语是有一定意义但不构成独立从句或句子的一组词。从形式结构角度划分，英语的短语可分为名词短语、动词短语、形容词短语、副词短语、介词短语等。英语短语的句法功能通常与对应的单词的句法功能类似。
[观察例句]
1．So I’ve been here in the jungle for about a month now.
2．My secondary school is a bush school.
3．It takes me only a few minutes to walk to school down a dusty track covered in weeds.
4．I’ve had to become much more imaginative in my teaching.
5．Right now I’m feeling very excited.
[归纳用法]
1．例句1中的黑体部分为介词短语。
2．例句2中的黑体部分为名词短语。
3．例句3中的黑体部分为动词短语。
4．例句4中的黑体部分为形容词短语。
5．例句5中的黑体部分为副词短语。
一、名词短语
名词与它的修饰语一起即构成名词短语。完整的名词短语由三个部分组成：限定词、修饰词、名词。名词短语可以充当句子中的主语、宾语、表语等成分。
many good students 许多优秀的学生
his beautiful wife 他美丽的妻子
the best answer 最好的答案
those sweet roses 那些甜美的玫瑰
These red roses are for you.(作主语)
这些红玫瑰是送给你的。
He brought a new book with him.(作宾语)
他带来了一本新书。
He is my best friend.(作表语)
他是我最好的朋友。
名词短语的三个部分并非每一次都要同时出现，在特定场合下，这三个部分都有可能省略。修饰词是名词短语中最不重要的部分，如果不需要描述名词的状态特征则完全可以省略。比如a book同样是正确的名词短语。如果说话人确信听众知道自己在讨论什么东西，则名词也可以省略。比如Of those answers，this one is the best.这里的the best指的就是the best answer。在面对面交流的时候，修饰词和名词有时甚至可以一起省略。假设你在花店，用手指向一捧玫瑰花，对花店老板说“I want those.”的话，花店老板很清楚你想要什么。
[即学即练1]
找出下列句中的名词短语，并指出其作什么成分。
I have three close friends.
_________________________
There are some red roses on that small table.
_____________________________________________
The cute boy wearing blue jeans is my brother.
_________________________________________________________
二、形容词短语
形容词短语是指由几个形容词或形容词及其修饰语构成的短语。
1．两个或多个形容词可以由and，but等对等连词连接，构成形容词短语。
Your room is large and beautiful.(作表语)
你的房间大且美丽。
He is young but clever.(作表语)
他年轻但聪明。
2．very等程度副词作修饰语，可与形容词构成形容词短语。
It is very hot today.(作表语)
今天很热。
The road is long enough.(作表语)
这路够长的。
3．介词及其宾语可用在形容词后修饰形容词，可与形容词构成形容词短语。
I am sure of success.(作表语)
我确信会成功的。
The bottle is full of water.(作表语)
瓶子里装满了水。
4．不定式在形容词后作修饰语，可与形容词构成形容词短语。
He is sure to come.(作表语)
他一定会来的。
[名师点津]
形容词短语在句中还可以作状语和后置定语。
1．形容词短语作状语说明主语的情况，可以表示动作或状态发生的原因、方式、时间等，或对谓语作补充说明。
Afraid of difficulty，he prefers to do the easy maths problem.(作原因状语)
他害怕困难，宁愿做容易的数学题。
The lost boy spent three days in the forest cold and hungry.(作伴随状语)
那个迷路的男孩又冷又饿地在森林中过了三天。
Wet or fine，he got up at six and took a walk in the park.(作让步状语)
不管天晴还是下雨他总是六点起床在公园里散散步。
2．形容词短语作后置定语
Factories，big or small，can be seen there.
在那里你可以看到大大小小的工厂。
The house worth is 500，000 yuan was sold by his son.
那栋价值高达五十万人民币的房子被他儿子卖掉了。
[即学即练2]
找出下列句中的形容词短语，并指出其作什么成分。
Glad to accept，the girl nodded her agreement.
__________________________
The room was awfully dirty.
__________________________
He cast it a second time，and drew in an old basket full of sand.
__________________________
三、副词短语
副词短语是指由几个副词或副词及其修饰语构成的短语。在句中主要作状语。
1．两个或多个副词可以由and，but等对等连词构成副词短语。
I tried again and again.(作状语)
我试了一遍又一遍。
2．very，extremely，clearly等程度副词作修饰语，可与其他副词构成副词短语。
He runs extremely fast.(作状语)
他跑得快极了。
The teacher speaks clearly enough.(作状语)
老师说得够清楚的。
3．其他类型的副词短语
I was so deeply moved by his deeds that I couldn’t fall asleep deep into the night.(作状语)
他的行为深深打动了我，在深夜我无法入睡。
We air the bedrooms every day.(作状语)
我们每天给卧室通通风。
[即学即练3]　找出下列句中的副词短语
He can finish that much quicker.
____________
She types quickly and correctly.
___________________
That man talked too much.
__________
四、动词短语
动词短语就是有些动词可以和一些别的词构成短语(以动词为中心)，表达一个概念，其作用和一个单独动词差不多的一种固定搭配。在实际使用中，通常会把动词短语当成一个整体。动词短语的搭配可分为下列五种基本类型：
1．动词＋介词
go over 复习，listen to 听，think about 考虑，look for 寻找，rely/depend on 依靠，look into 调查，play with 玩，send for 派人去请，consist of 由……构成，arrive at 到达
He wants to check with his secretary before he signs the paper.
在签署该项文件之前，他想跟他的秘书商议一下。
He has been asked to account for his absence.
他已被要求说明缺席的原因。
2．动词＋副词
eat up 吃光，give up 放弃，hold up 举起，put on 穿，上演，turn on 打开，try on 试穿
They were so far away that I couldn’t make out their faces clearly.
他们离得那么远，我没法把他们的脸辨认清楚。
Trains stop here in order to pick up passengers only.
火车在这里停车，只让乘客上车。
[名师点津]
“动词＋副词”这类短语动词较容易出错。这类短语动词的宾语若是名词，这个宾语可在短语的中间，亦可在短语的后面。如：Turn the light on.或 Turn on the light.宾语若是代词，这个宾语只能放在短语的中间。如：Turn it on.
3．动词＋副词＋介词
catch up with 赶上，get on with 与……相处，keep up with 跟上，do away with 废除，look down upon 轻视，look forward to 期待，keep away with 脱离，go on with 继续
Have the lawyers checked up on the court proceedings very carefully
律师们是否打算把法庭的记录仔细审查一遍呢？
There are some things that teachers will not put up with.
有些事情教师是不会容忍的。
4．动词＋名词＋介词
catch hold of 抓住，give lessons to 给……上课，make friends with 与……交朋友，take care of 照料
We must keep pace with the new development of modern scientific research.
我们必须跟上现代科学研究的新发展。
People who take part in sports must be in condition.
参加运动的人一定能保持良好的健康状态。
5．动词＋形容词＋介词
be fond of 爱好，be familiar with 熟悉，be suitable for 适合于，be late for 迟到，be good at 擅长于，be afraid of 害怕
Others may be fond of titles and honors，but I am not.
人皆好名，我则不然。
You coward! What are you afraid of
你这胆小鬼！你怕什么呢？
[即学即练4]　找出下列句中的动词短语
I don’t get on with the people at work.
____________
I don’t much care for television.
_________
I’m afraid I’ll have to ring off. Someone is calling me.
________
五、介词短语
介词短语是介词和其他代词或名词或词组搭配形成的短语。在句中作状语、表语、补语、定语等。
1．常见的介词短语
(1)介词＋名词：at the door，into the bag
(2)介词＋代词：for me，of others
(3)介词＋动名词：in doing so，to my saying that
(4)介词＋连接副词/连接代词/what从句：over what he had better do
(5)介词＋连接副词/连接代词＋不定式：on how to do this
(6)介词＋介词短语：from across the street，until after dinner
(7)介词＋副词：from below
(8)介词＋复合结构：with the light on
(9)介词＋不定式(but/except)：...did nothing but sleep
2．介词短语的用法
(1)用作表语
The house is in fairly good condition.
这所房子状况尚好。
She looks like her mother.
她像她母亲。
(2)用作宾语
Choose a book from among these.
从这些书中选一本吧。
The window is never opened except in summer.
除夏天外，这扇窗户从未打开。
(3)用作定语
I like the design on his tie.
我喜欢他领带上的图案。
I’ve decided to leave on the afternoon of the 18th.
我决定18号下午离开。
(4)用作状语
Mr Smith was injured in the war.
史密斯先生在战争期间受过伤。
He walked by me without noticing me.
他从我身旁走过而没有注意到我。
(5)用作补语
Kelly is employed as a mechanic.(宾语补足语)
凯利受雇当技工。
He is regarded as the best doctor in town.(主语补足语)
他被认为是本城最好的医生。
[即学即练5]　找出下列句中的介词短语
A man stepped out from behind the wall.
____________________
Change the oil in the car every 5，000 miles.
_____________
I saw him walking along the street.
_____________
【参考答案】
[即学即练1]
①three close friends作宾语 ②some red roses作主语；that small table作宾语 ③the cute boy作主语；blue jeans作宾语；my brother作表语
[即学即练2]
glad to accept作原因状语 ②awfully dirty作表语 ③full of sand作后置定语
[即学即练3]
much quicker ②quickly and correctly ③too much
[即学即练4]
get on with ②care for ③ring off
[即学即练5]
①from behind the wall ②in the car ③along the street演讲稿
文体指导
演讲稿包括发言稿、致辞、竞选稿等，句子要求短小精悍、铿锵有力。赞成什么、反对什么要旗帜鲜明，不能模棱两可。
[基本框架]
1．称呼语：最常用的是ladies and gentlemen，也可根据情况选用my dear friends；hello，everyone等。
2．具体内容：开门见山，提出主题，对主题要进行清楚、客观的论述，最后简明扼要地总结演讲。
3．结尾：最常用的结尾是Thank you for your listening。
[常用词块]
1．like to help strangers喜欢帮助陌生人
2．be full of love充满爱
3．need others’ help需要别人的帮助
4．appeal for aid恳求援助
5．hold a heated discussion开展热烈的讨论
6．poor children in need in remote areas需要帮助的偏远地区的贫困儿童
7．make our society more harmonious让社会更加和谐
8．lack necessities of life缺少生活必需品
9．be badly in need of our assistance急需我们的帮助
10．with our joint efforts在我们的共同努力下
[常用语句]
★夺人眼球开头句
My name is...Today I am very glad to have the opportunity to make this presentation. I shall be speaking about...
我是……今天很高兴能有机会做这个演讲。我演讲的内容是……
Good morning，everyone! It is my great honor to share with you my opinions on...
大家上午好！很荣幸能和你们分享一下关于……我的看法。
It’s my honour to stand here and say something about friendship.
站在这里，谈谈关于友谊的话题对我来说是件荣幸的事情。
★亮点出彩主体句
The topic of my speech today is...
我今天演讲的主题是……
As far as I am concerned，I think it is a good idea to...
就我而言，我认为……是一个好主意。
I would like to concentrate on the problem of...
我想把重点集中在……问题上。
As is known to us all，failure is the mother of success，but few people can really understand what the saying means.
我们都知道失败是成功之母，可是很少有人真正理解这句格言的真谛。
★韵味无穷结尾句
Thanks for your listening (to my speech)．
感谢大家倾听我的演讲。
That’s all I want to say about this point.
关于这一点，我就讲这些。
学以致用
假如你是李华，现任学校学生会主席。最近，你所在的城市正开展“帮助贫困孩子”的活动。你将代表学生会起草一份演讲稿，号召同学们帮助这些孩子们，并利用暑假时间积极到边远地区去参加志愿者活动。主要包括以下要点：
1．介绍贫困孩子的现状；2．呼吁同学们参加活动。
注意：1.词数80左右；2．可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯；3．开头语和结束语已给出，不计词数。
Dear brothers and sisters，
Good morning，everyone! I’m Li Hua，chairman of the Students’ Union.
Thanks for your listening.
【参考答案】
【参考范文】
Dear brothers and sisters，
Good morning，everyone! I’m Li Hua，chairman of the Students’ Union. I am earnestly calling for your active participation in the campaign to be held in our city，whose theme is to help poor children in need in remote areas.
Far away from the city，many children of our age are terribly lacking in necessities of life. Besides，good education is unavailable for them. What’s worse，some are living alone without their parents’ company. They are badly in need of our assistance now.
Do not hesitate to join us to be a volunteer in such a meaningful event. I have a firm belief that with our joint efforts，the children there will surely have a brighter future.
Thanks for your listening.

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