资源简介

Developing ideas and Presenting ideas—Language points
Words
　emerge v.出现
(教材P32)It is no wonder that many，if not most，of China’s leading scholars and scientists emerged at Lianda，including the two Nobel Prize winning physicists，Yang Zhenning and Li Zhengdao.
难怪许多，如果不是大多数的话，中国顶尖学者和科学家出现在联大，包括两位诺贝尔物理学奖得主——杨振宁和李政道。
[例1]　He didn’t emerge from his bedroom until noon.
中午以前他一直在卧室里没有出来。
[例2]　He emerged from the accident unharmed.
他在这次事故中侥幸脱险没有受伤。
[造句]　这种药的问题现在开始暴露出来了。
______________________________________________
[知识拓展]
emerge from 从……中出现或显露
emerge out of 来源于
emerge as 作为……出现
[即学即练]　单句语法填空
①Several facts started to emerge _________ my investigation.
②The musical forms emerged out ____ the American black experience.
③The Pacific region has rapidly emerged _____ a leading force on the world stage.
　representative n. 代表
(教材P33)In 2017，representatives from Peking University，Tsinghua University，Nankai University and Yunnan Normal University gathered to commemorate the 80th anniversary of its founding.
2017年，来自北京大学、清华大学、南开大学和云南师范大学的代表们齐聚一堂，纪念联大建校80周年。
[例1]　The association is sending representatives to the conference.
协会将派代表出席大会。
[例2]　The negotiation was attended by representatives of several states.
来自几个国家的代表出席了谈判。
[造句]　这个事例典型地反映了警方的态度。
______________________________________________
[知识拓展]
(1)a representative of ……的代表
a representative for 为……行事的代表
a representative from 来自……的代表
(2)represent v. 代表，象征，表示；作为……的代表
[即学即练]　单句语法填空
①He was in no way a representative ______ dog trainers in general.
②He is a representative ______ a large steel company.
③The ________________(represent) from New Zealand spoke for the Pacific Islands Forum.
[小片段填空]
When asked by officials to select five ①___________ to negotiate their demands，the crowd began to shout，“We don’t want ②____ be represented.”
　relevant adj.有关的，切题的
(教材P36)Prepare a short presentation on one of the topics from Activity 2 or think of another relevant topic.准备一份关于活动2中某个主题的简短报告，或者思考另一个相关的主题。
[例1]　Museums should have a more involved or relevant public role.
博物馆应起到进一步介入公众生活或更加举足轻重的社会作用。
[例2]　These materials are relevant to the case.
这些材料与这案件有关。
[造句]　除非你有什么切题的话要说，否则请勿打断人家。
____________________________________________________
[知识拓展]
(1)be relevant to　 与……有关
(2)irrelevant adj. 不相干的，不相关的
[即学即练]　单句语法填空
①Her appearance is not relevant _______ whether she can be a good teacher.
②It was all _______ (relevant)，but I didn’t want to interrupt him.
[小片段填空]
Not all the content will be directly ①____________ your tastes and in fact some of it will be completely ②____________ to you.
Sentence Pattern
　not only...but also...
(教材P33)But it has become the crowning glory of China’s modern universities，not only because of its prominent professors and talented students，but also because of the school’s strong spirit of perseverance and dedication.
但它已经成为中国现代大学的最高荣誉，不仅因为它杰出的教授和有才华的学生，还因为学校的坚强的毅力和奉献精神。
句式分析：句中not only...but also...“不仅……而且……”用作并列连词，相当于“not just ...but also ...”。
[例1]　The Americans and the British not only speak the same language but also share a large number of social customs.
英国人和美国人不但语言相同，而且有很多相同的风俗习惯。
[例2]　Light and bright colors make people not only happier but more active.
浅色和鲜艳的颜色不但使人看了高兴，也会使人更加活泼。
[造句]　莎士比亚不仅是一位剧作家，而且是一位演员。
___________________________________________
[知识拓展]
(1)该结构常用来连接并列成分，如两个主语、谓语、宾语、表语、定语、状语或句子，在意义上强调后者，其中also可以省略。
(2)“not only...but also...”连接主语时，谓语动词的数遵循就近原则；当not only 位于句首连接两个句子时，第一个分句要用部分倒装，第二个分句不倒装。
[即学即练]　完成句子
①They _________________________________ but (also) tore up his papers.
他们不仅闯进了他的办公室，而且还撕碎了他的文件。
②_________________________________ has saved the boys from the fire.
不仅是你而且还有他从火中救出了那些男孩。
③Not just the students but also their teacher _________________________________．
不仅学生，而且他们的老师也喜欢踢足球。
④Not only _________________________________ correctly，but he also speaks it fluently.
他不仅能准确地说英语，而且说得很流利。
【参考答案】
[造句]
Problems with this drug are now beginning to emerge.
[即学即练]
①from ②of ③as
[造句]
This case is a representative of the attitudes of the police.
[即学即练]
①of ②for ③representative
[小片段填空]
①representatives ②to
[造句]
Don’t interrupt unless you have something relevant to say.
[即学即练]
①to ②irrelevant
[小片段填空]
①relevant to ②irrelevant
[造句]
Shakespeare was not only a writer but (also) an actor.
[即学即练]
①not only broke into his office ②Not only you but (also) he ③likes playing football ④can he speak EnglishStarting out & Understanding ideas—Language points
Words
　violent adj.狂暴的，凶暴的
(教材P25)A good soldier is not violent.
一个好士兵是非暴力的。
[例1]　It was the most violent film that I have ever seen.
这是我看过的最暴力的一部电影。
[例2]　The mad man was violent and had to be locked up.
这个精神病患者很凶暴，不得不把他锁起来。
[造句]　猛烈的火山爆发致使1 700人死亡。
_________________________________________
[知识拓展]
(1)lay violent hands on 对……行凶，对……下毒手
be violent to/towards 对……粗暴
(2)violence n. 暴力；暴行
do violence to 损害；污辱；侵害
with violence 猛烈地
[即学即练]　单句语法填空
①She thought that some of them had been laying violent hands ____ me.
②He slammed the door ____ violence.
③My father was violent ________ my mother when he was drunk.
④These modern buildings do ________(violent) to the beauty of the old city.
[小片段填空]
I set out to make a film without ①________，and Dolls ended up becoming the most ②________ film that I’ve made.
　objective n. 目的，目标
(教材P27)Their objective was clear: to reach the Normandy beaches along about 80 kilometres of French coastline.
他们的目标很明确：沿着法国大约80公里的海岸线到达诺曼底海滩。
[例1]　We succeeded in our main objective of cutting costs.
我们实现了削减费用的主要目标。
[例2]　The legislation has failed to achieve its stated objectives.
这项法规没有达到它所宣称的目标。
[造句]　目标是把球弄到网里。
________________________________
[知识拓展]
(1)a common objective 共同的目标
achieve/meet/reach one’s objective 达到目标；实现目标
establish a clear objective 制订一个明确的目标
(2)object n. 物体；对象；客体；宾语
[即学即练]　单句语法填空/完成句子
①The two groups are pursuing _____ common objective.
②We need ___________________．
我们需要制订一个明确的目标。
③The department needs more money ______________________．
该部门需要更多资金以实现目标。
[小片段填空]
The ①__________ of this game is to escape the room by using various ②__________ that are hidden in the room.
　recall v.回想，回忆起
(教材P27)One soldier recalled how he barely made it with bombs falling all around him.
一名士兵回忆说，当时他身边到处都是落下来的炸弹，他差点丧命。
[例1]　Try to recall what happened.
用心回忆一下，发生了什么事情。
[例2]　I seem to recall that she said she was going away.
我似乎记得她说过她打算离开。
[造句]　她还能清晰地记起初次见面的情景。
_______________________________________
[知识拓展]
recall doing... 回忆起做某事
recall...to 把……召回到……；迫使(某人)恢复……
recall that... 回忆起……
recall one’s schooldays/childhood 回忆起学生时代/童年
[即学即练]　单句语法填空
①John recalled _________ (attend) school with Mary.
②She recalled _________ he had left early.
③He has been recalled ____ his old post.
　liberate v. 解放(城市、国家等)
(教材P27)By the end of August 1944，the Allies had reached the River Seine，Paris was liberated and the Germans had been removed from north west France.1944年8月底，盟军到达塞纳河，巴黎获得解放，德国人被从法国西北部赶走。
[例1]　You should liberate the mind from prejudice.
你该解除心中的偏见。
[例2]　The heat brings about a chemical reaction，and oxygen is liberated.
热量引起化学反应，释放出氧气。
[造句]　这个城市是1949年解放的。
__________________________
[知识拓展]
(1)liberate sb./sth.　 解放或释放某人或某物
liberate...from 把……从……中解放出来
(2)liberation n. 解放
[即学即练]　单句语法填空
①This will liberate him ________ economic worry.
②Before ________ (liberate) he lived on wild potatoes.
[小片段填空]
I ①______ the man who was in despair and desperately struggled for ②______．
Sentence Patterns
　过去完成进行时
(教材P26)By spring 1944，the Second World War had been raging across the globe for about five years.
到1944年春，第二次世界大战已经在全球肆虐了大约五年。
句式分析：句中had been raging为过去完成进行时，是由“had been ＋现在分词”构成。表示过去某一时间之前一直进行的动作。
[例1]　I asked where they had been staying all those days.
我问他们那些天是待在哪儿的。
[例2]　She had been suffering from a bad cold before she took the exam.
她在考试之前一直患重感冒。
[造句]　直到那时他一直在翻译这些书。
______________________________________________
[知识拓展]
(1)过去完成进行时表示动作在过去某一时间之前开始，一直延续到这一过去时间。和过去完成时一样，过去完成进行时也必须以一个过去时间为前提。
(2)表示过去反复的动作。
[即学即练]　完成句子
①I __________________ it for days before I found it.
这东西我找了好多天才找着的。
②He __________________ two weeks. He was still waiting.
他已经等了两个星期。他还在等。
③He __________________ your name to me.
他过去多次向我提到过你的名字。
　独立主格结构
(教材P26)Code named “Operation Overlord”，it was the largest combined sea，air and land operation in history，the aim being to free north west Europe from German occupation．
代号为“霸王计划”，这是历史上规模最大的海陆空联合行动，目的是要将西北欧从德国占领下解放出来。
句式分析：句中the aim being to free north west Europe from German occupation为“名词＋现在分词”构成的独立主格结构。
[例1]　The question being settled，we went home.
问题解决之后，我们就回家了。
[例2]　We shall play the match tomorrow，weather
permitting.
假设明天天气好，我们就进行比赛。
[造句]　班长病了，我们最好还是延期开会吧。
________________________________________________
[知识拓展]
独立主格结构形式为：
(1)名词/代词＋现在分词(表示主动或正在进行)
(2)名词/代词＋过去分词(表示被动或已完成)
(3)名词/代词＋不定式(表示将要发生的动作)
(4)名词/代词＋形容词/副词/介词短语(常用来说明名词或代词的性质、特征或所处的状态)
[即学即练]　单句语法填空/完成句子
①Time __________(permit)，we’ll go to your house.
②Lots of homework ________(do)，I have to stay at home all day.
③______________，we should have done the job much better.
如果给我们更多的时间，我们会把工作做得更好。
④________________，the teachers went out one by one.
会议结束了，老师们一个个走了出来。
　过去分词短语作状语
(教材P27)Meanwhile，thousands more were journeying across the English Channel to Normandy，protected by fighter planes in the skies above them．
与此同时，数千名士兵在战斗机的保护下，横渡英吉利海峡前往诺曼底。
句式分析：句中protected by fighter planes in the skies above them为过去分词短语作伴随状语。
[例1]　The teacher came in，followed by a group of
students.
老师进来了，后面跟着一群学生。(表示伴随)
[例2]　Used with care，one tin will last for six weeks.
如果用得仔细的话，一罐够用六周。(表示条件)
[造句]　因为淋了一场大雨，所以他全身湿透了。
__________________________________
[知识拓展]
过去分词短语通常在句中作时间、原因、条件、让步、伴随、方式等状语。过去分词通常与句子的主语构成被动关系，或表示动作已完成。
[即学即练]　单句语法填空/完成句子
①______________(frighten) by the noise in the night，the girl didn’t dare to sleep in her room.
②_________ (ask) why he did it，the monitor said it was his duty.
③___________________，the professor sat there cheerfully.
那位教授在学生的簇拥下，兴高采烈地坐在那儿。
④_______________，he didn’t lose heart.
尽管再次被击败，他也没有灰心。
【参考答案】
[造句]
The violent eruption killed 1，700 people.
[即学即练]
①on ②with ③to/towards ④violence
[小片段填空]
①violence ②violent
[造句]
The objective is to get the ball into the net.
[即学即练]
①a ②to establish a clear objective ③to reach its objectives
[小片段填空]
①objective ②objects
[造句]
She could still recall the first meeting clearly.
[即学即练]
①attending ②that ③to
[造句]
The city was liberated in 1949.
[即学即练]
①from ②liberation
[小片段填空]
①liberated ②liberation
[造句]
Up to that time he had been translating those books.
[即学即练]
①had been looking for ②had been waiting for ③had been mentioning
[造句]
The monitor being ill，we’d better put the meeting off.
[即学即练]
①permitting ②to do ③More time given ④The meeting over
[造句]
Caught in a heavy rain，he was all wet.
[即学即练]
①Frightened ②Asked ③Surrounded by his students ④Defeated againUsing language——主谓一致(Ⅰ)
一、名词作主语时的主谓一致
[观察例句]
1．The police are searching for a tall dark man with a beard.
2．The goods of the store are of high quality.
3．My shoes don't fit my feet，so I have to buy another pair.
4．As far as I know，his family is a big one.
5．When I visited them yesterday，the family were having dinner.
6．His luggage is very heavy，and he needs someone to help him.
7．All possible means have been tried，but none of which is perfect.
8．Every possible means has been tried and the result is very good.
[归纳用法]
1．形式上是单数，而意义上却是复数的名词people，police，cattle等作主语，谓语动词要用复数形式。
2．只有复数形式的名词goods，clothes，remains等作主语，谓语动词要用复数形式。
3．表示由两部分构成的成双成套的名词glasses，trousers，shoes，scissors，gloves等作主语，谓语动词要用复数形式。
[名师点津]
这类名词前若有pair of，type of等修饰时，谓语动词根据量词的单复数而定。
A new pair of glasses was bought yesterday for her by her friend.
昨天她的朋友为她买了一副新眼镜。
4．集体名词crowd，family，team，group，government，committee，class，union，firm，staff，public等作主语，谓语动词的数要根据语言内容而定。强调整体，谓语动词用单数形式，强调各个成员，则谓语动词用复数形式。
5．clothing，furniture，baggage/luggage，scenery，jewellery，
equipment等不可数名词作主语，谓语动词用单数形式。
6．单复数同形的名词means，sheep，deer等作主语，根据其表达的单复数的意义确定谓语动词的单复数。
[即学即练1]　单句语法填空
My family ______ (be) going on a trip this summer.
Look! Those cattle _____(be) eating grass on the hill now.
③ The scenery of this mountain area _____ (be) beautiful，which has attracted many tourists.
二、并列结构作主语时的主谓一致
[观察例句]
1．Jim and Mary are specialists in cancer research.
2．Both Jim and his parents were sitting in the shade of a large tree.
3．Either you or the president is to deliver a speech about the topic.
4．Not only he but also I look down upon those who always rely on others.
[归纳用法]
1.主语由and或both...and连接 谓语动词用复数
2.主语由or，either...or...，neither...nor...，not only...but also...，not...but...等连接 主谓一致采取就近原则
[名师点津]
(1)由and连接的并列单数主语前若有no，each，many a，every等修饰，谓语动词要用单数。
Each teacher and (each)student was given a ticket.
每一位老师和学生都发了一张票。
Every hour and (every)minute is important for us.
每一小时和每一分钟对我们都很重要。
(2)当and连接的两个名词指同一个人同一物或同一概念时，谓语动词要用单数。
The writer and poet is coming soon.
那位作家兼诗人很快就要来了。(同一个人，注意poet前无冠词)
All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy.
只工作不玩耍，聪明孩子也变傻。
[即学即练2]　单句语法填空
A horse and cart (see) in the distance.
I saw that my neighbor and colleague (water) the flowers.
Each actor and each actress (be) invited to our school yesterday.
【参考答案】
[即学即练1]　单句语法填空
are ② are ③ is
[即学即练2]　单句语法填空
was seen ②was watering ③ wasWriting——介绍一位英雄人物
文体指导
描写一位英雄人物属于记叙文的范畴，它以写人、记事为主，以叙述和描写为主要表达方式。一篇好的人物描写一般分为三大部分，即生平介绍、事迹叙述和简短的评论。时态的选择要视情况而定，若写人物的过去就用过去时态，若写人物的现在就用现在时态。
[基本框架]
1．首段：生平介绍
人物的出生时间和地点是必不可少的信息；介绍生平时要尊重客观事实，材料要真实。
2．中段：事迹叙述
选材要着眼于人物的生活背景及其成就事迹，以形成对比，起到突出人物的特点和树立榜样的作用。选材要有重点，不必面面俱到。
3．尾段：简短的评论
对所描述的人物的评论要客观公正。
[常用词块]
1．at the age of four 4岁时
2．a boy of sixteen一个16岁的男孩
3．make friends with her和她交朋友
4．be ready to help others乐于助人
5．a lively and smart girl一个活泼聪明的女孩
6．be warm hearted and good looking热心肠而且漂亮/俊朗
7．learn from each other and help each other相互帮助相互学习
8．be highly praised by the teachers and students得到老师和同学的高度称赞
9．participate in the Eighth Route Army参加八路军
10．be born in poor peasant family出生于贫苦的农民家庭
[常用语句]
1．介绍人物的姓名、出身及外貌特征
①He has fair hair and blue eyes.
他有金色的头发和蓝色的眼睛。
②Abraham Lincoln，the son of a poor family，was born in Kentucky on February 12，1809.
亚伯拉罕·林肯，一个贫苦家庭的儿子，于1809年2月12日生于肯塔基州。
③She is an ordinary looking girl，but her kindness and consideration impress me most.
她是一个普普通通的女孩，但她的善良和体贴使我印象深刻。
④He is a good looking，kind hearted man.
他是一个俊朗且好心肠的人。
2．介绍人物的成就或取得的成绩
①He went to college，during which he showed great interest in folk music.
他上了大学，在大学期间他对民间音乐表现出极大的兴趣。
②When he was still a boy，he showed great interest in literature.
当他还是个孩子的时候，他对文学表现出极大的兴趣。
③He/She is good at spoken English and even better at using computers.
他/她擅长英语口语，更擅长使用电脑。
3．介绍人物的影响及人们对此人的评价
①We regard him as our model.
我们把他作为我们的榜样。
②The people had come to love him as an inspiring leader.
人们把他作为一个鼓舞人心的领袖而开始热爱他。
③Lei Feng has been praised for his communist spirit.雷锋因他的共产主义精神而受到称赞。
学以致用
请写一篇80词左右的短文简要介绍雷锋。主要内容如下：
雷锋出生在湖南省望城县，虽然生命只有短暂的22岁，但他作为一名解放军战士，努力工作，乐于助人，一生做好事无数，被视为英雄，人们的楷模。
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【参考答案】
学以致用
[参考范文]
Lei Feng was born on December 18，1940 in Wangcheng county，Hunan and died on August 15，1962.He was orphaned at 7 years old. Although he lived a short life of only 22 years，as a soldier in the People’s Liberation Army，he worked hard and was always ready to help others. He did countless good deeds in his short life and has been regarded all the time as a hero and model for every citizen.
In a word，Lei Feng was an example of the soldiers of the People’s Liberation Army in China.

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