资源简介

Developing ideas—Language points
Word
知识要点　desperate adj.拼命的，绝望的；极渴望的；危急的
(教材P45)He was frowning，too，and the desperate look on his face meant that he wouldn’t change his mind.
他也皱着眉头，脸上绝望的表情意味着他不会改变主意。
[例1]　The starving refugees were desperate.
饿得要死的难民都悲观失望。
[例2]　The sudden loss of his money made him
desperate.
突然丢钱使他很绝望。
[造句]　其他妇女都渴望恢复工作。
________________________________________
[知识拓展]
(1)feel/be desperate about 对……绝望
be desperate for 极需某物的；极想要某物
be desperate to do sth. 渴望做某事
(2)desperately adv. 绝望地；不顾一切地；拼命地
[即学即练]　单句语法填空
①I felt desperate _____ my future.
②He was desperate ______ work to provide food for his children.
③Even if you are desperate ______(get) married，never let it show.
[小片段填空]
They are desperate ①______(shift) from farming to industry，and they need to do so ②_________(desperate).
Sentence Patterns
重点句式1　This/That is/was why...
(教材P44)That’s why I’m bring one here.
那就是为什么我带来了一个。
句式分析：句中that’s why...那就是……的原因。此处why引导表语从句。
[例1]　Tom was ill. That was why he came late for the meeting.
汤姆病了。那就是他开会迟到的原因。
[例2]　I thought，this is why I’ve travelled thousands of miles.
我想，这就是我为何不远千里赶来的原因。
[造句]　这就是为什么我建议用军犬的原因。
________________________________
[知识拓展]
(1)That/This is/was why...那/这就是为什么……(why从句表示结果)
(2)That/This is/was because...
那/这是因为……(because从句表示原因)
(3)The reason why...is/was that...
……的原因是……(表语从句常用that引导，而不用because)
[即学即练]　完成句子
①Tom came late for the meeting. ________________ he didn’t catch the bus.
汤姆开会迟到了。那是因为他没赶上汽车。
②The reason why Tom came late for the meeting was __________________．
汤姆开会迟到的原因是他病了。
③________________ plants can make food from air，water and sunlight.
这是因为植物可以从空气、水和阳光中制造食物。
重点句式2　so that引导结果状语从句
(教材P44)The outer side of the crater sloped southward and the Earth，which was low in the southern sky，was nearly full，so that the entire crater slope was brightly lit.
陨石坑的外侧向南倾斜，低低地悬在南方天空上的地球几乎是满的，所以整个陨石坑斜坡都被照亮了。
句式分析：句中so that引导结果状语从句。
[例1]　Everyone lent a hand，so that the work was
finished ahead of schedule.
每个人都帮了忙，所以工作提前完成了。
[例2]　We arrived early，so that we got good seats.
我们到得很早，因此占到了好座位。
[造句]　天气寒冷，河水都结冰了。
__________________________________
[知识拓展]
(1)so that“为了，以便，目的是”，引导目的状语从句，相当于in order that(为了)。从句中常常使用情态动词can/could，may/might，will/would等。so that引导的目的状语从句不能放于句首，而in order that引导的目的状语从句既可放在句首，也可放在主句之后。
(2)当so that或in order that引导的目的状语从句中的主语与主句的主语一致时，从句可变为so as to或in order to的动词不定式短语。
[即学即练]　完成句子/一句多译
①I will tell you all the facts _______________________________ for yourself.
我将告诉你所有的事实以便你可以自己判断。
②__________________________ on time，we should set out early.
为了及时赶到那里，我们应该早些出发。
③He raised his voice to make himself heard.
＝He raised his voice __________________________．
＝He raised his voice __________________________．
他提高了嗓门，以便大家都能听到。
【参考答案】
知识要点
[造句]
Other women are desperate to get back to work.
[即学即练]
①about ②for ③to get
[小片段填空]
①to shift ②desperately
重点句式1
[造句]
This is why I suggested attack dogs.
[即学即练]
①That was because ②that he was ill ③This is because
重点句式2
[造句]
It was very cold，so that the river froze.
[即学即练]
①so that/in order that you can judge ②In order that we can get there ③so as to/in order to make himself heard；so that/in order that he could make himself heardUnderstanding ideas—Language points
Words
　assistant n．助手，助理
(教材P38)Thanks to AI，I’ve got my own super smart personal assistant built into my phone.
多亏了人工智能，我的手机里安装了我自己的超级智能个人助理。
[例1]　An assistant sat typing away at a table beside him.
助手坐在他身旁的一张桌子上埋头打字。
[例2]　The shop assistants didn’t really want to discuss the matter，saying it was just my hard luck.
店员根本不想谈论此事，说这完全是我运气太差。
[造句]　他当过这位总统的助理。
______________________________________
[知识拓展]
(1)an assistant to ……的助理
(2)assist vt. 帮助；协助；援助
assist sb.to do sth.＝assist sb.in doing sth.
＝assist sb. with sth. 帮助某人做某事
(3)assistance n. 援助；帮助
[即学即练]　单句语法填空/一句多译
①He asked us to assist him __________(carry) through his plan.
②They sent an _________(assist) to help me here.
③We will provide ________(assist) if your car breaks down.
④Do you often ________________ the housework
＝Do you often ____________________ the housework
＝Do you often _________________ the housework
你经常帮助妈妈做家务吗？
[小片段填空]
Our ①_____________ manager is on duty 24 hours a day in the lobby. Please dial“6100”for ②_____________．
　potentially adv.潜在地
(教材P39)Nearly every job is potentially at risk in the long run.
从长远来看，几乎所有的工作都存在潜在的风险。
[例1]　The disease is potentially fatal.
这种疾病可能会致命。
[例2]　All polling methods are potentially open to abuse.
所有的民意调查方法都有可能被滥用。
[造句]　这无疑是一种潜在的危险局势。
______________________________________
[知识拓展]
potential adj.　 潜在的，有可能的
n. 潜力，潜势，可能性
a potential disaster 潜在的灾祸
(a)potential for (doing)sth. ……的潜力
with great potential 有巨大的潜力
have the potential to do... 有做某事的潜力或可能性
[即学即练]　单句语法填空
①There is also potential for ___________ (exploit)
untouched arable land resources.
②China is abundant in resources of rivers，grassland and mountains， ________ great potential of development.
③The new biological science does have the potential ___________(do) great harm，as well as good.
　(教材P39)I believe most of the value of AI lies in its capacity to analyse and interpret vast amounts of data，which means it can even solve problems that are too challenging for human experts.我相信人工智能的大部分价值在于它分析和解释大量的数据的能力，这意味着它甚至可以解决人类专家难以解决的问题。
(1)capacity n．能力，才能；职位；容量
[例1]　In my capacity as president，I would like to thank Jack for his hard work.
作为总统，我要感谢杰克的辛勤工作。
[例2]　The mountain walk is well within the capacity of most fit people.
对大多数健康的人来说，走这条山路不成问题。
[造句]　儿童生来就有理解语言的能力。
___________________________________________________
[知识拓展]
at full capacity 以全(部)力(量)，满功率，满负载
in one’s capacity as＝in the capacity of 作为……；以……资格、身份或职位
beyond one’s capacity 超出某人的能力范围
capacity for ……的能力
capacity to do sth. 做某事的能力
[即学即练]　单句语法填空
①In his capacity ________ captain，he’s got the right to tell us what to do.
②This maths problem is ________ the capacity of most school children.
③She seems to have lost the capacity ________ (enjoy) herself.
(2)analyse v．分析
[例1]　We analysed the results of our experiment.
我们分析了试验的结果。
[例2]　The precise reasons for the disaster are difficult to analyse.
这场灾难的确切原因很难分析。
[造句]　必须对结果进行详尽分析。
___________________________________
[知识拓展]
(1)analyse...into 把……分解成
analyse...in detail 详尽分析……
(2)analysis n. 分析；分析报告
[即学即练]　单句语法填空
①Analyse this complex sentence _______ many clauses.
②Blood samples from almost 6，000 five year olds ________(analyse) in the study.
③We made a careful ________(analyse) of his character.
[小片段填空]
The article has introduced some ①________ of this information system，including feasible ②________，and business procedure ③________，too.
　illegal adj.非法的，违法的
(教材P39)One thing I think we all agree on，though，is that saying “My AI did it！”won’t be any excuse for illegal or immoral behaviour!
不过，有一件事我想大家都同意，那就是说“这是我的人工智能做的！”不会成为任何违法或不道德行为的借口！
[例1]　In this sentence，the writer uses an illegal construction.
在本句中，作者使用了一个不合语法的结构。
[例2]　It’s illegal for people under 17 to drive a car in Britain.
在英国，不满17岁的人驾驶车辆是违法的。
[造句]　把车停在这里是违法的。
_____________________________
[知识拓展]
(1)illegal drugs　 非法药品
an illegal act 非法行为
It’s illegal (for sb.) to do sth. (某人)做某事是违法的
(2)legal adj. 合法的
It’s legal (for sb.) to do sth. (某人)做某事是合法的
(3)illegally adv. 非法地，不合法地
legally adv. 合法地；法律上
[即学即练]　单句语法填空
①Is it legal for boys of that age ______(drink) alcohol
②All the ______ (legal) constructed buildings must be pulled down.
③The school is ______ (legal) responsible for your child’s safety.
[小片段填空]
There is no need for ①______ border crossings if you are not doing something ②______!
Sentence Patterns
　either...or...不是……就是
(教材P38)In the words of Professor Stephen Hawking，artificial intelligence will be“either the best，or the worst thing，ever to happen to humanity”．
用斯蒂芬·霍金教授的话来说，人工智能“要么是人类历史上最好的事物，要么就是最糟糕的事物”。
句式分析：句中either...or...连接两个表语，表示“不是……就是……；或者……或者……”。
[例1]　I’m going to try to go to either Montreal or Ottawa University，as both are supposed to have good Physics Departments.
我想去蒙特利尔大学或渥太华大学，因为这两所大学的物理系都很棒。
[例2]　It had also given me a choice，either to leave that page blank or to keep writing the story with hope.
它也给了我一个选择，或者留着那页空白或者带着希望继续写故事。
[造句]　不是我父母就是我哥正待在家里。
_____________________________________________
[知识拓展]
(1)either...or...表示“不是……就是……；或者……或者……”，相对应的反义短语为neither...nor...“既不……也不……”，两者都常用来连接两个平行结构。
(2)连接两个并列主语时，谓语动词要和临近的主语保持一致，即遵循“就近一致”原则。
(3)neither...nor...连接两个句子且置于句首时，(因neither和nor都是否定意义的词)前后两句都要用倒装语序。
(4)遵循“就近原则”的并列连词还有：
not only...but also... 不但……而且……
not...but... 不是……而是……
...or... ……或者……
[即学即练]　单句语法填空
①This phenomenon is neither good _____ bad.
②_____ (have) either he or his classmates known the secret
③Not you but I _____ (be) mistaken.
④I have not been to either Paris _____ Rome.
　used to do sth.过去常常做某事
(教材P38)It used to feel like 50 per cent of my time was spent researching new restaurants.
我过去常常感觉好像自己有50%的时间都花在了寻找新餐馆上。
句式分析：句中used to do sth.表示“过去常常做某事”(指过去的习惯或状态)，现在已经不再做了。
[例1]　I used to cook，but I don’t have time to cook now.
我以前经常做饭，但是现在没时间做了。
[例2]　Tom used to be a couch potato，but he works out everyday now.
汤姆过去是个电视迷，但现在每天都健身。
[造句]　在星期天，他过去常常早起去钓鱼。
__________________________________________
[知识拓展]
(1)used to do sth.表示“过去常常做某事”
否定形式：didn’t use to或used not (usedn’t) to
疑问形式：Did...use to...？或Used... to...
反意疑问形式：肯定句，usedn’t/didn’t＋主语？
(2)be/get used to (doing)sth.表示“习惯于(做)某事”，现在依旧在做
be used to do sth.表示“被用于做某事”，是被动语态
[即学即练]　完成句子
①It can _____________________ the same thing.
它可以用来做相同的事情。
②Let your body _____________________ the temperature change!
让你的身体适应温度的变换！
③I _____________________ early in the morning.
我过去常常在清晨去取邮件。
④You used to go there， _____________________
你过去常到那里去，是吗？
　条件状语从句的省略
(教材P39)If not，it might wipe us all out!
如果不这样的话，它可能会把我们都消灭！
句式分析：句中if not 是if we’re not lucky的省略形式，表示否定意义。
[例1]　It is OK to leave an electrical appliance on so long as you are using it —if not，turn it off!
只要你在使用电器设备，你便可以把它开着，如果不用就把它关掉！
[例2]　I think there’s a bullet train at midday. If not，you will have to wait till 2 o’clock in the afternoon.
我想正午会有一辆动车。要是没有，你只好等到下午2点了。
[造句]　如果还没有，这就是你要做的第一步。
__________________________________
[知识拓展]
(1)在时间状语从句和条件状语从句中，如果从句主语与主句主语一致或从句主语为it，且谓语动词为be动词时，则可以省去其主语和be动词。
(2)if构成的省略形式：
if not 如果不这样的话，不然，表示否定意义
if so 如果这样的话，表示肯定意义
if any 如果有的话
if ever 如果有过或发生过的话
if necessary/possible 如果有必要/可能
[即学即练]　单句语法填空/句型转换
①Are you ready If ___，let’s set off at once.
②She wants to go with us，____ possible.
③Wash it in water and pick out the small particles，if there are any.
→Wash it in water and pick out the small particles，_______．
④I’ll go if you are going. If you aren’t going，I’d rather stay at home.
→I’ll go if you are going. ________，I’d rather stay at home.
【参考答案】
[造句]
He worked as an assistant to the president.
[即学即练]
①to carry ②assistant ③assistance ④assist your mother with；assist your mother to do；assist your mother in doing
[小片段填空]
①assistant ②assistance
[造句]
Clearly this is a potentially dangerous situation.
[即学即练]
①exploiting ②with ③to do
(1)
[造句]
Children have a born capacity to understand the language.
[即学即练]
①as ②beyond ③to enjoy
(2)
[造句]
The results must be analysed in detail.
[即学即练]
①into ②were analysed ③analysis
[小片段填空]
①analysis ②analysis ③is analysed
[造句]
It is illegal to park your car here.
[即学即练]
①to drink ②illegally ③legally
[小片段填空]
①illegal ②illegally
[造句]
Either my parents or my brother is (staying) at home now.
[即学即练]
①nor ②Has ③am ④or
[造句]
On Sundays he used to get up early and go fishing.
[即学即练]
①be used to do ②get/be used to ③used to get the mail ④usedn’t/didn’t you
[造句]
If not，this should be your first step.
[即学即练]
①so ②if ③if any ④If not续写故事
文体指导
续写故事，首先要能对所给的故事有深刻的理解，对故事的脉络和发展的方向有很好的把握，对故事使用的词汇的特点有整体的认知。然后，根据对故事结构的理解设计合理的情节，完成对故事的续写。因此，续写故事的关键是：
1．掌握所给故事的主旨意图及故事情节的发展方向
这点至关重要。只有把握了故事的主旨意图，才能很好地完成续写。
2．正确理解故事的脉络线索和段落结构，设计续写内容的基本框架
只有对原文的脉络线索和段落结构有正确的和深刻的理解，续写的内容才能和原文骨肉相连，契合紧密。
3．理清故事中的要点信息和逻辑关系
确保续写的内容和原文要有逻辑上的一致性，并能回应原文的信息。
4．感知故事的用词特点
这样做可以使续写的内容在语言色彩上和所给故事保持一致。
5．注意语言的使用
写作中要准确使用语法和词汇，清楚、连贯地表达自己的意思。所以，在考虑故事结构的同时，一定要注意使用比较“高级”的词汇和句式。
学以致用
阅读下面材料，根据其内容和所给段落开头语续写两段，使之构成一篇完整的短文。续写的词数应为150左右。
On a bright，warm July afternoon，Mac Hollan，a primary school teacher，was cycling from his home to Alaska with his friends. One of his friends had stopped to make a bicycle repair，but they had encouraged Mac to carry on，and they would catch up with him soon. As Mac pedaled (骑行)along alone，he thought fondly of his wife and two young daughters at home. He hoped to show them this beautiful place someday.
Then Mac heard quick and loud breathing behind him. “Man，that's a big dog！”he thought. But when he looked to the side，he saw instantly that it wasn't a dog at all，but a wolf，quickly catching up with him.
Mac's heart jumped. He found out his can of bear spray. With one hand on the bars，he fired the spray at the wolf. A bright red cloud enveloped the animal，and to Mac's relief，it fell back，shaking its head. But a minute later，it was by his side again. Then it attacked the back of Mac's bike，tearing open his tent bag. He fired at the wolf a second time，and again，it fell back only to quickly restart the chase(追赶).
Mac was pedaling hard now. He waved and yelled at passing cars but was careful not to slow down. He saw a steep uphill climb before him. He knew that once he hit the hill，he'd be easily caught up and the wolf's teeth would be tearing into his flesh.
At this moment，Paul and Becky were driving their car on their way to Alaska. They didn't think much of it when they saw two cyclists repairing their bike on the side of the road. A bit later，they spotted what they，too，assumed was a dog running alongside a man on a bike. As they got closer，they realized that the dog was a wolf. Mac heard a large vehicle behind him. He pulled in front of it as the wolf was catching up fast，just a dozen yards away now.
Paragraph 1：
The car abruptly stopped in front of him.__________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Paragraph 2：
A few minutes later，the other two cyclists arrived. __________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
【参考答案】
学以致用
[参考范文]
Paragraph 1：
The car abruptly stopped in front of him. A woman hurriedly opened the door and stretched out her hand，shouting，“Get in！”Mac grabbed her hand without hesitation，leaving his bicycle lying on the road and jumped into the car. The moment he shut the door，he caught the glimpse of the fierce eyes and hungry look of the wolf by the door. A cold feeling crept over his heart and made him shiver. However，the car had left the wolf far behind，which made him sigh with relief. Mac thanked Paul and Becky and afterwards they pulled over by the road to wait for Mac's friends.
Paragraph 2：
A few minutes later，the two other cyclists arrived. As soon as they met，his friends' worried look faded away. “Where have you been We saw your bicycle on the road. “His friends asked and these words like a penetrate of sunshine warmed his heart. After Mac explained to them，they said farewell to Paul and Becky in sincerely indebtedness. On the way home，night breeze made him at ease and he couldn't wait to share his experience with his wife and children and show the kindness of the world.主谓一致(Ⅱ)
一、数量概念作主语时的主谓一致
[观察例句]
1．Five minutes isn’t enough to finish this work.
2．Most of the workers are against the plan.
3．A number of students have made up their minds to take part in after school activities.
4．The number of students who have made up their minds to take part in after school activities is 120.
[归纳用法]
1．表示时间、距离、长度、重量等的复数名词短语作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。
2．some，most，rest及分数、百分数等作主语时，谓语动词的单复数根据some等所代替的名词而定。
3．“a number of＋可数名词复数”作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式。但是，“the number of＋可数名词复数”作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。
[即学即练1]　单句语法填空
Many people say 1，000 dollars ____(be)a lot of money.
About 70 per cent of the earth’s surface ______(cover)with water.
The number of the students in middle school ____ (be)increasing year by year.
④The rest of the girls _____ (be)fond of music.
二、不定代词作主语时的主谓一致
[观察例句]
1．Each of the books is worth reading.
2．Both of the sisters are interested in medicine.
3．All are present at the meeting today.
4．All of the information is very important.
5．None of them is/are aware of the danger.
[归纳用法]
1．either，each，little，much等作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。
2．both，few，many，several等作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式。
3．all指可数名词复数，作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式；若指不可数名词，作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。
4．none指可数名词复数，作主语时，谓语动词用单、复数形式均可；若指不可数名词，作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。
[即学即练2]　单句语法填空
Since everyone ___ (be) here，let’s begin our meeting.
None of the tasks _________ (have) been finished so far.
③All _____(be) willing to reach an agreement.
三、其他情况作主语时的主谓一致
[观察例句]
1．To read English aloud every morning is of great benefit to your English study.
2．Staring at someone in public is impolite.
3．What he said has been recorded.
4．What we badly need are good teachers.
5．There is a table and four chairs in the room.
6．Mr. Smith，who is now downstairs，is asking to see you.
7．The injured of this accident are being taken good care of in hospital now.
[归纳用法]
1．单个动词不定式(短语)、动名词(短语)或从句作主语时，谓语动词用单数。
2．当what引导的主语从句表示复数概念时，谓语动词用复数。
3．there be句型中，be动词的单复数与最靠近它的主语一致。
4．定语从句中关系代词作主语，谓语动词与先行词一致。
5．the＋adj.指一类人谓语动词用复数。
[即学即练3]　单句语法填空
What I say and think _____(be)none of your business.
There ____(be)an old temple and some ancient trees on the top of the mountain.
Having a balanced diet in our daily life ____(be)good to us all.
【参考答案】
[即学即练1]　单句语法填空
①is ②is covered ③is ④are
[即学即练2]　单句语法填空
①is ②has/have ③are
[即学即练3]　单句语法填空
①are ②is ③is

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