资源简介

Language points
Words and Phrases
　dozen n./number 一打；许多
(教材P69)The book also gives dozens of other examples of eradication programmes that did nothing to reduce the problems they were originally designed to solve.
该书还列举了许多其他的实例来说明一些根除方案根本没有采取任何措施来减少它们原本要解决的问题。
[例1]　I’d like three dozen altogether.
我一共想要3打。
[例2]　Dozens of people have been injured and many vehicles set on fire.
很多人受了伤，很多汽车起火。
[造句]　他已在这儿住了24年。
__________________________________
[知识拓展]
by the dozen 按打计算；大量地
dozens of 许多的
[即学即练]　单句语法填空
On her birthday，she always receives cards _____ the dozen.
_______(dozen) of miles of railway track have been torn up.
If you buy a dozen _____ these tins，we can take 5 percent off the price.
[名师点津]
(1)与具体数字连用时，不加复数词尾 s；若后接名词，通常也无需用介词of。
(2)若不与具体数字连用，而是表示不确定的泛指数时，则不仅要加复数词尾 s，而且要后接介词of，然后才能接名词。如：
There were dozens of people there.那里有许多人。
(3)当与a few，several，many等数目不很具体的词或词组连用时，带不带复数词尾 s均可，但是注意：若不带复数词尾 s，其后的介词of可以省略；若带复数词尾 s，则其后介词of不能省略。如：
several dozens of eggs＝several dozen eggs 几打鸡蛋
(4)若其后的名词被the，these，those等特指限定词的修饰，或其后接的是us，them 等人称代词时，则此时必须用介词of。如：
a dozen of his friends 他的12个朋友
two dozen of them 它们中的24个
　precise adj.精确的；一丝不苟的
(教材P69)The 50 or so pages at the end of the book list Carson’s sources，showing how thorough and precise she was as a scientist.
书的最后50页左右列出了卡森的资料来源，显示了她作为一名科学家是多么地缜密和一丝不苟。
[例1]　A lawyer needs a precise mind.
律师需要有缜密的思考能力。
[例2]　There were not many—five，to be precise.
数量不多——准确地说，只有五个。
[造句]　她给了我清晰而准确的指示。
___________________________________
[知识拓展]
(1) to be precise 准确地说，确切地说
be precise about... ……方面准确
(2) precisely adv. 精确地；恰好；细心地
more precisely 更确切地说
[即学即练]　单句语法填空
The shelf is about a metre long—well，98 cm，_______(be) precise.
② The problem is due to discipline，or，more ________(precise)，the lack of discipline，in schools.
③You have to be precise _______ the numbers.
[小片段填空]
Not only can a cell’s motions be ①_________ controlled with the device，but it can also provide very ②_________ measurements of a cell’s position.
　ban vt.禁止，取缔n.禁令
(教材P69)Its impact was immediate and far-reaching: the use of DDT was banned and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)was established in the US.
它的巨大影响是立刻显现的和深远的：DDT的使用被禁止，环境保护署(EPA)在美国成立。
[例1]　Britain’s health experts are pushing for a ban on all cigarette advertising.
英国的健康专家正努力争取取缔任何形式的香烟广告。
[例2]　Smoking is now banned in many places of work.
现在许多工作场所禁止吸烟。
[造句]　老师严禁他在课上讲话。
_________________________________________
[知识拓展]
(1) ban sth. 禁止(做)某事
ban sb. from (doing) sth. 禁止(某人)做某事
(2) a ban on/against sth. 对……的禁令
place/put...under a ban 禁止……
[即学即练]　单句语法填空
Chemical weapons ___________(ban) internationally.
They are banned from __________ (swim) in the river.
There is a ban __________ smoking in all indoor public places.
The new rule has put/placed smoking _______ a ban.
[名师点津]
“禁止某人做某事”的表达：
ban sb. from doing sth.
prohibit sb. from doing sth.
forbid sb. from doing sth.
forbid sb. to do sth.
　launch n．推出，发起；使(船)下水；发动；发射
(教材P69)Silent Spring was therefore regarded as a milestone in the launch of the green movement in the Western world.
因此，《寂静的春天》被认为是西方世界发起绿色运动的里程碑。
[例1]　The launch of their new machines in this factory received much media coverage.
这个工厂投产的新机器广获传媒报道。
[例2]　Are you at the launch of the new ship
新船下水时你在场吗？
[造句]　我昨天看了火箭发射。
____________________________________
[知识拓展]
(1) the launch of (火箭)的发射；(船)下水；(新产品)投产
(2) launch into (积极热情地)开始，着手
launch out 开创，启动(新而难的事)
[即学即练]　单句语法填空
She launched _____ an explanation of how the machine worked.
She’s decided she has enough experience to launch ____ on her own.
She is signing copies of her book at _____ official launch.
Sentence Pattern
　more...than...与其说……倒不如说……
(教材P69)Some also said that her work was more emotional than scientific.
一些人还说，她的工作更多的是情感上的，而不是科学上的。
句式分析：句中more...than...意思为“与其说……倒不如说……”；另外，此结构意思还可以是“比……多，比……更”。
[例1]　The book seems to be more a dictionary than one on grammar.
与其说这是本语法书，倒不如说是一本词典。
[例2]　It is more a lyric than a folk story.
与其说这是个民间故事，不如说是首抒情诗。
[造句]　众所周知，行动比语言更有力度。
_________________________________________________
[知识拓展]
(1) no more...than... 与……一样不
not more...than... 不如；不及
(2) more than 超过；不止
more than one＋单数名词，意为“不止一个……”，在语意上虽为复数，但作主语时，谓语动词用单数。
[即学即练]　完成句子
This book is _____________________ that one.
这本书不如那本书难。
He’s _______________________________ I am.
他和我都不懂西班牙语。
He is __________ a writer; he is also a professor.
他不仅仅是位作家，还是一名教授。
[小片段填空]
She is ①____ a producer than an actress in this film. And she had to do ②________ others，which makes her ③___________ tired.
【参考答案】
Words and Phrases
[造句]
He has lived here for two dozen years.
[即学即练]
by ②Dozens ③of
[造句]
She gave me clear and precise directions.
[即学即练]
to be ②precisely ③about
[小片段填空]
precisely ②precise
[造句]
The teacher banned him from talking in class.
[即学即练]
are banned ②swimming ③on/against ④under
[造句]
I saw the launch of the rocket yesterday.
[即学即练]
into ②out ③the
Sentence Pattern
[造句]
As we all know，actions are more powerful than words.
[即学即练]
not more difficult than ②no more able to read Spanish than ③more than
[小片段填空]
more ②more than ③more than非限定动词作定语、状语和宾语补足语
一、非限定动词作定语
[观察例句]
1．The question to be discussed at the meeting is very important.
2．He has no pen to write with.
3．He is always the first to arrive at school and the last to leave school.
4．The ability to express an idea is as important as the idea itself.
5．Do you know the man standing under the tree
6．He is very old and walks with a walking stick.
7．We must keep a secret of the things being discussed here.
8．The players selected from the whole country are expected to bring us honor in this summer game.
[归纳用法]
1．不定式作定语常表示将来的动作。
2．不定式常放在某些名词或代词后作定语。如果作定语的不定式是不及物动词，或者不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的地点、工具等，不定式后需要加相应的介词。
3．不定式用来修饰被序数词、最高级或no，all，any等限定的中心词，且与中心词之间为逻辑上的主动关系。
4．被修饰词是抽象名词时，常用不定式作定语。常见的该类名词有：ability，chance，idea，hope，wish，fact，excuse，promise，attempt，way等。
5．主动的-ing形式作定语，常表示被修饰词的用途或正在进行的动作；其被动形式“being＋过去分词”表示正在进行的被动动作。
6．及物动词的过去分词作定语，表示被动并已完成的动作；不及物动词的过去分词作定语通常只表示已完成的动作。
[即学即练1]　单句语法填空
①Laura was away in Paris for over a week. When she got home，there was a pile of mail ________(wait) for her.
②His first book ____________(publish) next month is based on a true story.
③He got up early the next morning and found a lot of ______(fall) leaves on the ground.
④She is now looking for a room ________(live) in.
二、非限定动词作状语
[观察例句]
1．To pass the college entrance examination，we must work hard.
2．The bus stopped in order to/so as to pick up passengers.
3．Tom took a taxi to the airport，only to find his plane high up in the sky.
4．More highways have been built in China，making it much easier for people to travel from one place to another.
5．One evening Harry phoned me，asking me to come to his flat as soon as possible.
6．Translated into English，the sentence was found to have an entirely different word order.
7．We were astonished to find the temple still in its original condition.
8．Not understanding this problem，he asked the teacher about it.
9．Defeated by his deskmate，he felt discouraged.
10．Given another hour，I can also work out this problem.
11．Warned of the danger，he still went skating on the thin ice.
[归纳用法]
1．不定式作目的状语意为“为了”，可以单独放在句首、句中或句末。如果强调目的性，不定式前也可加in order或so as，但so as to不能用于句首。
2．不定式作结果状语，其前常有only，表示令人意外的结果；-ing形式作结果状语常表示自然而然的结果，其前可有thus。
3．作时间状语，-ing形式相当于when，while，before，since，as引导的时间状语从句。
4．作方式或伴随状语，-ing形式表示一个同时发生的次要的(或者伴随的)动作，常用逗号与句子主体部分隔开，相当于并列句。
5．作原因状语，不定式常用于“主语(人)＋系动词＋形容词(过去分词)＋to do”结构中；-ing形式表示的动作与句子主语之间是主动关系；过去分词表示的动作与句子主语之间是被动关系，且常含有完成的意义。
6．作条件状语，过去分词短语相当于if，unless等引导的条件状语从句。
7．作让步状语，过去分词短语相当于though，although，even if等引导的让步状语从句。
[即学即练2]　单句语法填空
I stopped the car _______(take) a short break as I was feeling tired.
②George returned after the war，only _________(tell) that his wife had left him.
③The sun began to rise in the sky， ______(bathe) the mountain in golden light.
④______(see) from the top of the mountain，the city is very beautiful.
三、非限定动词作宾语补足语
[观察例句]
1．The doctor warned him not to eat too much meat.
2．He depends on you to help him with his English.
3．They use computers to keep the traffic running smoothly.
4．He tried to get his work recognized in the medical circles.
5．I saw him leave a few minutes ago.
6．He saw the suspect entering the building.
7．Back from his two-year medical service in Africa，Dr. Lee was very happy to see his mother taken good care of at home.
[归纳用法]
1．有些动词及动词短语后接不定式作宾补，即“动词/动词短语＋sb.＋to do”。常见的这类动词或动词短语有：
advise建议 ask询问；要求 cause导致 expect期望 force强迫 invite邀请 persuade说服 require需要 remind提醒 want想要 wish想要 depend on依靠 allow允许 beg乞求 encourage鼓励 forbid禁止 intend意欲 order订购 prefer喜爱 teach教 tell告诉 warn警告 wait for等待 call on号召；要求
2. -ing 形式作宾语补足语时，表主动并且正在进行的动作。
3．过去分词作宾语补足语时，表被动并且已完成的动作。
4．非谓语动词作感官动词和使役动词的宾补
[名师点津]
(1)使役动词have，make，let后用不带to的不定式作宾语补足语，表示“使，让”的含义。
The teacher had/made/let some students stay in the classroom after school.
＝The teacher got some students to stay in the classroom after school.
放学后老师让一些学生待在教室里。
(2) have sb. doing sth.用于否定句中，常与can't，won't等连用，表示“不能容忍某人做某事”。
I won't have you speaking to your dad like that.
我不容许你和你父亲那样讲话。
(3) have/get/make＋宾语＋done让……被……/遭遇某事(强调被动性动作)
I'll have/get/make my bike repaired tomorrow.
我明天得(请人)修一下我的自行车。
He had his wallet stolen on his way home.
在回家的路上，他的钱包被偷了。
[即学即练3]　单句语法填空
I heard an English song ________(sing) by a little girl when I passed by her room yesterday.
Claire had her luggage _______(check) an hour before her plane left.
She was seen _____(enter) the manager's office ten minutes ago.
Let those in need ___________(understand) that we will go all out to help them.
【参考答案】
[即学即练1]　单句语法填空
①waiting ②to be published ③fallen ④to live
[即学即练2]　单句语法填空
①to take ②to be told ③bathing ④Seen
[即学即练3]　单句语法填空
①being sung ②checked ③to enter ④understand如何写英语诗歌
文体指导
诗歌是各种英语文体中最富有激情和感彩的一种。诗歌往往用高度凝练的语言来表达诗人的喜怒哀乐。
诗歌的篇幅一般短小精悍、语言精练、感情强烈。在格式上，英语诗歌同汉语诗歌一样讲究押韵。诗的押韵是指通过重复元音或辅音以达到一定的音韵效果，一首诗的押韵具有带规律性的一致性，尤其是在诗句的末尾，称尾韵。
现代诗歌可以押韵，也可以不押韵，但是写作时需注意两点：
1．要有节奏感。没有节奏感的诗歌，不能算诗，最多算是分行的散文。
2．要把握句子结构的平衡。也就是诗句长短不要相差太多，否则读起来给人不平衡、不舒服之感。
下面我们欣赏一首佳作：
When You Are Old
When you are old and grey and full of sleep，
And nodding by the fire，take down this book，
And slowly read，and dream of the soft look，
Your eyes had once，and of their shadows deep；
How many loved your moments of glad grace，
And loved your beauty with love false or true，
But one man loved the pilgrim soul in you，
And loved the sorrows of your changing face；
And bending down beside the glowing bars，
Murmur，a little sadly，how love fled，
And paced upon the mountains overhead，
And hid his face amid a crowd of stars.
这首诗的作者是William Butler Yeats(威廉·巴特勒·叶芝)。叶芝是爱尔兰最伟大的诗人之一，对现代诗有很大影响。这首诗是叶芝写给自己心爱的人的情诗。诗中的主人公“你”指的是爱尔兰革命家Maud Gonne，叶芝遇见她并爱上她，曾多次向其求婚，均未成功，但他对她爱慕终生，于是就有了这篇经典之作。
全诗共三节，前两节均是对 Maud Gonne的爱意的倾诉。第一节中虽然多次用第二人称“你”，但实际上是描述作者自己心中的所思所想。第二节中诗人采用了对比的手法，讲述了对 Maud Gonne的爱慕之情，突出自己永恒的爱。最后一节诗人描述了自己内心悲伤的感情。诗中sleep/deep，book/look，grace/face，bars/stars，fled/overhead这几组韵调使诗歌富于音韵感，有音律美，节奏感强，读起来琅琅上口。
纵观全诗，没有华丽的辞藻，也找不到甜蜜的情话，有的只是平淡的文字背后寄予的永恒的爱意和深情，反而能让读者久久回味。
学以致用
请以The Significance of Failure为题写一首英文现代诗歌，句尾可以押韵，也可以不押韵，但每句诗都要以排比的形式重复使用Failure doesn't mean... It does mean....
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【参考答案】
学以致用
[参考范文]
The Significance of Failure
Failure doesn't mean you are a failure，
It does mean you haven't succeeded yet.
Failure doesn't mean you have accomplished nothing，
It does mean you have to do something in a different way.
Failure doesn't mean you are inferior，
It does mean you are not perfect.
Failure doesn't mean you've wasted your life，
It does mean you have a reason to start afresh.
Failure doesn't mean you have been a fool，
It does mean you had a lot of faith.
Failure doesn't mean you've been disgraced，
It does mean you were willing to try.
Failure doesn't mean you should give up，
It does mean you must try harder.
Failure doesn't mean you'll never make it，
It does mean it will take a little longer.
Failure doesn't mean God has abandoned you，
It does mean God has a better idea.

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