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人教版八年级下册英语Unit 4 The Wonders of Nature 讲义
Section A
语法考点：形容词副词的比较级和最高级
1 概述：大多数形容词和副词有三个等级：原级、比较级、最高级。原级指形容词和副词的原形；比较级用来表示“较……”或“更……一些”；最高级则表示“最……”。
★形容词和副词比较级的规则变化
1）一般在词尾直接加er和est
tall—taller—tallest light—lighter—lightest
（2）以字母e结尾的直接加r或st
nice—nicer—nicest fine—finer—finest
3）以辅音字母加y结尾的词，变y为i加er或est
heavy—heavier—heaviest busy—busier—busiest
4）以重读闭音节结尾且末尾只有一个辅音字母的形容词，要双写末尾的辅音字母再加er或est.thin—thinner—thinnest hot—hotter—hottest
5）多音节词或部分双音节词的比较级和最高级在其前面加more或most。
beautiful—more beautiful—most beautiful
2、不规则的形容词副词的比较级和最高级
good/well—better—best many/much—more—most little—less—least
old—older/elder—oldest/eldest far—farther/further—farthest/furthest
ill/bad/badly—worse—worst
（一）、形容词和副词的原级：
1、表示两者（ A与B ）在某方面相同时用的句型：
A + 谓语 + as + 形容词或副词原级 + as + B
Tom is as tall as Sam. Tom runs as fast as Sam.
2、两者（A与B）在某方面A不如B用的句型：
A + 谓语+ not as / so + 形容词或副词的原形 + as+ B
Tom is not as / so tall as Sam. Tom doesn’t run as / so fast as Sam.
（二）、形容词和副词的比较级：形容词和副词的比较级表示两个事物在进行比较时，一者比另一者较/更……。常用句型：
1） A + 谓语 + 形容词或副词的比较级 + than + B
Tom is taller than Sam. Tom runs faster than Sam.
2）两者（A与B）进行比较，“A比B大/长/高……”
A + 谓语 + 数量词 + 形容词或副词的比较级 + than + B
Tom is two years older than Sam.
3）两者（A与B）进行比较，“其中A是两者中较……”
A + 谓语 + the +比较级 + of the two.
Tom is the taller of the two boys.
4）比较级+ and + 比较级， 表示 “越来越……”
Now it is hotter and hotter. 现在越来越热。 more and more beautiful
5）The + 比较级……，the + 比较级…… “越……，就越……”
The more you eat, the fatter you will become.
6）用形容词的比较级来表达最高级的概念：
A+谓语+比较级+than any (other) +可数名词单数+范围。
“A是……中最……的”或 “A比(其他)任何……都……”
注：当A在范围内比较时，必须加other；当A不在范围内比较时，去掉other。
①上海比中国其他的任何一个城市都大。Shanghai is bigger than any other city in China.
②上海比日本的任何一个城市都大。Shanghai is bigger than any city in Japan.
7）修饰比较级的词 much/far/even/still/a little/a bit
8）修饰形容词原级的词：very/so/quite/too
（三）、形容词、副词的最高级
形容词和副词的最高级常用来表示三者或三者以上人或物的比较。形容词最高级前必须加定冠词the，而副词的最高级前可以不加定冠词the。但是当形容词的最高级前已经有了作定语用的形容词性的物主代词或名词所有格时，不再加the。
1、主语+谓语+the +形容词或副词的最高级+of/in 短语，表示“主语是……中最……的”。
My mother is the busiest in my family. I jump (the) farthest in my class.
2、 one of the+形容词最高级+n.复数 “最……之一”
Beijing is one of the largest cities in China.
3、the + 序数词 + 形容词最高级 + 名词，表示“第几大／长／高……” The Yellow River the second longest river in China．
重点句子考点：
一．Unit 4 The Wonders of nature (p31)
wonder 的用法
v. 想知道；
▲wonder + if /whether 从句：想知道是否……
I wonder if he is right.我想知道他是不是对的。
▲wonder+ wh- 从句（what/when/where/how/who 等）
I wonder what he is doing.我想知道他在干什么。
②n. 奇迹；奇观（可数）
the Seven Wonders of the World世界七大奇迹
二．the highest mountain in the world世界最高峰
8848.86 metres high 8848.86 米高
about 9000 square kilometres in size 面积约9000平方公里
the lowest place on earth 地球最低点
416 metres below sea level 海平面以下416米
about 1100 metres deep 约1100米深
A: How low is it
B: Its surface is ... metres below sea level. (p32)
考点：★重点短语
①square kilometre 平方公里
②in size=in area 在面积上
③on earth 地球上
④above/below sea level 在海平面以上/下
★描述：数字+单位词+adj./(介词+n.)
10 metres in depth =10 metres deep深度 10 米
6 metres in height= 6 metres high高度 6 米
4 metres in length=4 metres long 长度 4 米
3 metres in width= 3 metres wide 宽度 3 米
问高度：How high is it → It’s 8848.86 metres high.
问深度：How deep is it → It’s about 1100 metres deep.
★一千以上数字的表示方法：
从右往左，每 3 个数分一节：, → thousand / million / billion千/百万/十亿
有具体数字：thousand/hundred/million 永远不加 s
英式：百位 + 十位之间加 and；美式常省略
小数点：读 point，后面数字逐个念
例子：3,248,231:拆分（三位一分）
3,248,231 = 3 million / 248 thousand / 231
标准英文读法three million, two hundred and forty-eight thousand, two hundred and thirty-one
三．Depth at which the deep sea begins 深海起始的深度 (p33)
考点：当从句缺少地点状语时，用关系副词where =介词 + which 引导定语从句
本质是把从句里固定搭配的介词，提前放到关系代词 which 前面。
口诀：从句还原看搭配，搭配带啥介词，前面就加啥。
原句拆分：
The deep sea begins at the depth.（深海在这个深度开始）
合并定语从句：
the depth at which the deep sea begins
= the depth where the deep sea begins
四．Height of Mount Qomolangma/why people are researching the deep sea
/which Chinese vessel dived deeper in the water than many others (p33)
考点：①height （n.） 高度；身高；高处
常用结构
the height of … …的高度
at a height of + 数字 在高度为…处
Eg.The plane flies at a height of 10,000 meters.该飞机飞行高度为10,000米。
reach a height of … 达到…… 高度
②research （v. /不可数n. ）研究
do research on / into sth 对…… 做研究
research sth.研究...
Eg.They research deep-sea creatures.他们研究深海生物。
scientific research 科学研究
③dive (v. /n.) 潜水；下潜
dive into the water / the sea 潜入水中
go diving 去潜水
deep-sea dive 深海潜水
dive→dived / dove→dived
④film 核心用法 n.电影
watch / see a film 看电影v.拍摄（电影、视频）
film a scene 拍摄一个场景
film sb./sth. 拍摄某人 / 某物
Eg.They are filming a new movie.他们正在拍摄一部新电影
五.Some can even create their own light.What is the bottom of the deep sea like (p33)
①Some can even create their own light.同义替换：make light by themselves / produce light
②What is + 地点 + like …… 是什么样子的？
③the bottom of the deep sea 深海底部
at the bottom of… 在…… 底部→at the top of ...在…顶部
六． the Yangtze River is the longest river in China. It travels the farthest and is about 6,300 kilometres long. The Yellow River is 5,464 kilometres long and is the second longest. By the way, do you know why it's called the Yellow River (p34)
考点：①the Yangtze River 长江the Yellow River 黄河by the way 顺便问一下
be called… 被叫做……（被动语态）
②far → farther → farthest 侧重距离上 “更远、最远”
far → further → furthest 侧重程度、抽象“进一步、最深层”
Eg. It travels farthest. 它流得最远。We need further study. 我们需要进一步研究。
七．Both the Nile and the Yellow River helped ancient civilizations to develop.We should protect them at all costs. Yellow River helped in the development of ancient cliizations(p34)
考点：
①Both A and B + 复数谓语
同义：not only A but also B（谓语就近）
②ancient civilizations 古代文明
③at all costs 不惜一切代价
protect them at all costs= try our best to protect them
④in the development of 在…… 的发展中= during the development of= as … develops
例:Water is important in the development of ancient civilizations.水在古代文明的发展中很重要。
八．Some deep-sea animal are blind but they can "see"as well as others.
25,768 cubic metres of water pours down Inga Falls each second.The Taklimakan Desert has a total area of about 337,000 square kilometres.(p35)
考点：①as well as：和…… 一样好；也
结构：as + 原级 + as
can see as well as others能和其他动物一样 “看” 东西
②cubic metres 立方米
③each second 每秒
③pour down 倾泻、奔流而下
④have an area of … 有…… 面积
⑤a total area of 总面积
九．As we went closer to the falls, the noise of the water slowly grew louder and louder .It went on for as far as the eye could see. Later, we sat in a special pool at the top of the falls. There, we felt the water rush past us and become a part of the waterfall.(p35)
考点：①比较级 + and + 比较级：越来越...
②grew louder and louder变得越来越响
more and more beautiful 越来越美
③as far as the eye could see目之所及；放眼望去
④go closer to …走近……；靠近……
⑤rush past sb从某人身边冲过、湍急流过
⑥past的用法
★ prep.：经过；超过；在…… 另一边
walk past the library 走过图书馆
half past three 三点半
★ (adv).：经过；过去
A car drove past. 一辆车开过去了。
★(adj.）：过去的；昔日的
in past years 在过去的几年里
★（n.)：过去；往事
in the past 在过去
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