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Unit 8 Natural disasters
一、阅读理解，本大题共5小题，每小题4分，共20分。阅读下列短文，根据短文内容选择最佳选项。
Earthquakes happen without any warning. In just a few seconds, they can change everything. Knowing what to do before, during, and after an earthquake can help save your life.
Before an earthquake, you should make a family plan. Choose a safe place outside your home where everyone can meet after the shaking stops. Also, prepare an emergency kit. Put enough water, food, a flashlight, and a first-aid kit in it. Keep it in a place where you can get it easily.
During an earthquake, what you do depends on where you are. If you are inside, stay there. Drop to the ground, get under a strong desk or table, and hold on until the shaking stops. Stay away from windows because the glass can break and hurt you. If you are outside, move to an open area. Stay away from buildings, trees, and power lines. Do not try to run inside while the ground is shaking.
After an earthquake, stay calm. Be ready for aftershocks. These are smaller earthquakes that come after the main one. They can happen minutes, hours, or even days later. They can cause more damage. Check yourself and others for injuries. If you are trapped, do not move too much. Cover your mouth with a cloth to keep dust out. Tap on a pipe or wall to let rescuers know where you are.
We cannot stop earthquakes, but we can make ourselves safer. The more you prepare, the better you can protect yourself.
1．What should you do when you feel the ground shaking indoors
A．Run outside as fast as you can. B．Get under a strong desk or table.
C．Call your family members at once. D．Stand near a window to look outside.
2．What does the phrase “depends on” in Paragraph 3 probably mean
A．is changed by B．is decided by C．is stopped by D．is helped by
3．Why should you stay away from windows during an earthquake
A．Because windows may fall down.
B．Because glass may break and hurt you.
C．Because you need fresh air from outside.
D．Because windows help you see what happens.
4．What can we learn about aftershocks from the passage
A．They only happen in places near the ocean.
B．They always come right after the main earthquake.
C．They are usually stronger than the main earthquake.
D．They can cause more damage even after the shaking stops.
5．What is the main purpose of this passage
A．To tell why earthquakes happen.
B．To share stories about earthquakes.
C．To give advice on earthquake safety.
D．To describe how scientists study earthquakes.
二、完形填空，本大题共10小题，每小题3分，共30分。根据短文内容，从A、B、C、D四个选项中选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。
Natural disasters are very dangerous, and sometimes secondary disasters are even more terrible. On March 11, 2011, the largest earthquake ever recorded in Japan 6 great destruction. Less than half an hour later, tsunami waves 7 the coastal area. These waves damaged the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant, and later 8 occurred at the plant. More than 150,000 people had to leave the area, and lots of radioactivity got into the ocean and atmosphere.
This earthquake 9 us that disasters often cause a chain reaction. If people do not deal with them properly, it will lead to 10 disasters.
Typhoons, floods and wildfires are also common natural disasters. Typhoons are strong storms with powerful winds, which can 11 trees, damage buildings and cause floods. Floods are large amounts of water covering an area, and they can 12 farms, buildings and roads. Wildfires are big, out-of-control fires that can hurt animals, plants and people.
It is everyone’s responsibility to take action to 13 disasters. We should learn safety tips and know how to 14 ourselves when disasters happen. Remember: being prepared can 15 our lives.
6．A．caused B．made C．stopped D．reduced
7．A．hit B．left C．reached D．touched
8．A．fires B．explosions C．floods D．landslides
9．A．told B．spoke C．said D．talked
10．A．smaller B．greater C．less D．fewer
11．A．plant B．cut C．make D．break
12．A．build B．protect C．destroy D．repair
13．A．increase B．reduce C．stop D．prevent
14．A．protect B．help C．save D．stop
15．A．save B．take C．make D．risk
三、七选五：根据上下文补全对话，20分。
A tornado is a kind of strong storm with air which moves in a circle quickly. They can move over 200 miles per hour and cause a lot of damage (损坏). As they move across the land, they can easily pick up cars, trucks, and even houses, and then throw them very far. 16
A safe place could be a basement (地下室) or the lowest floor. If you are in a home without a basement, try to find a first-floor bathroom or a small room without windows in the middle of your house. 17
But there are some people who actually want to get close to tornadoes. They are scientists who want to learn more about tornadoes. 18 They use special tools to measure what is happening in and around a tornado. One special tool is called a tornado probe (探测仪). Inside the tornado probe, there are sensors (传感器) to measure wind speed, temperature, pressure, and direction. And some probes even have cameras inside. 19
To be able to get these measurements, the scientists have to get a tornado probe near or into a tornado. Scientists will try to guess where a tornado will go next. Then they drive to that location and put down the probe. If they do not guess correctly, they pick up their probe and try another place. 20 Then they take all of the measurements from the probe and use them to predict where future tornadoes may form and travel. And they can give people some warnings to keep away from a dangerous tornado.
A．It is important to find a safe place if a tornado comes.
B．Scientists have no ways to predict the time of tornado.
C．There are also some other difficulties that we cannot think of.
D．If they are right, the tornado will go near or even right over the probe.
E．So the scientists can see and understand what it’s like in a tornado.
F．One of the best ways to do this is to get as close as possible to the tornado.
G．You should curl up (蜷缩) into a ball and cover your head and neck with your hands.
四、书面表达，30分。
21．地震是一种自然灾害。学会在不同的地方用不同的方法自救非常重要。请结合下表内容,写一篇80词左右的短文,介绍一些自救常识。
At home In the classroom Outside In a car
·Stay under the table ·Cover your head and neck with your arms ·Stay under the desk ·Move to an open area ·Stay away from... ·Stop by the roadside and stay inside ·Do not stop near the bridge
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
参考答案
1．B 2．B 3．B 4．D 5．C
【导语】本文介绍了地震发生前、发生时和发生后的安全注意事项，旨在帮助人们保护自己。
1．第三段指出：“Drop to the ground, get under a strong desk or table, and hold on until the shaking stops.”，说明地震发生时首先应躲在坚固的桌子下。
2．第三段指出地震时的应对措施取决于所在位置，因此“depends on”意为“取决于”。
3．第三段指出：“Stay away from windows because the glass can break and hurt you.”，说明远离窗户是因为玻璃破碎会伤人。
4．第四段指出余震的特点：“They can cause more damage.”，说明余震可能造成更多破坏。
5．全文围绕地震安全展开，介绍了不同场景下的应对措施，目的是给出地震安全建议。
6．A 7．A 8．B 9．A 10．B 11．D 12．C 13．B 14．A 15．A
【导语】本文以2011年日本大地震及其引发的海啸、核电站爆炸为例，说明自然灾害会引发连锁反应，并提醒人们要学习安全知识，做好防范。
6．句意：2011年3月11日，日本有史以来最大的地震造成了巨大的破坏。
根据“destruction”可知，地震“造成”破坏。caused意为“造成”，符合语境。
7．句意：不到半小时后，海啸袭击了沿海地区。
海啸“袭击”沿海地区，应用hit，意为“袭击”。
8．句意：这些海浪损坏了福岛第一核电站，随后电站发生了爆炸。
核电站受损后，可能发生“爆炸”。explosions意为“爆炸”，符合语境。
9．句意：这次地震告诉我们，灾害往往会引发连锁反应。
地震“告诉”我们一个道理，应用told。spoke“说”后常接语言；said“说”后接具体内容；talked“谈论”强调互相交流，均不符合。
10．句意：如果人们处理不当，将导致更大的灾难。
由第一段的“secondary disasters are even more terrible”，说明次生灾害是“更大的”。greater意为“更大的”，符合语境。
11．句意：台风是带有强风的强烈风暴，可以吹倒树木、损坏建筑物并引发洪水。
结合常识，台风可以折断树木。break意为“折断，损坏”，break trees可理解为“折断树木”，符合语境。
12．句意：洪水是覆盖大片区域的大量水体，可以摧毁农田、建筑物和道路。
结合常识，洪水能够“摧毁”农田、建筑物和道路。destroy意为“摧毁”，符合语境。
13．句意：每个人都有责任采取行动来减少灾害。
人类可以采取行动减少灾害，reduce意为“减少”，符合语境。人为措施无法使自然灾害停止，更无法阻止自然灾害的发生，所以要排除stop“停止”、prevent“阻止”。
14．我们应该学习一些安全知识，并了解在灾难发生时如何保护自己。
结合实际，我们应该了解在灾难发生时如何保护自己。protect意为“保护”，符合搭配。
15．句意：记住：做好准备可以拯救我们的生命。
此处指提前做好准备可以在灾害发生时拯救我们的生命。save one’s life是固定搭配，意为“拯救某人的生命”。
16．A 17．G 18．F 19．E 20．D
【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了龙卷风的危害、避险方法，以及科学家为研究龙卷风所采取的探测手段。
16．根据下文“A safe place could be a basement or the lowest floor”可知，此处提到了安全的地方，A选项“如果龙卷风来袭，找到一个安全的地方很重要。”起到了承上启下的作用，衔接自然。故选A。
17．根据上文“If you are in a home without a basement, try to find a first-floor bathroom or a small room without windows in the middle of your house”可知，此处提到了龙卷风来的时候要怎么做，G选项“你应该蜷缩成一团，用双手护住头部和颈部。”是对避险动作的补充说明，符合语境。故选G。
18．根据上文“But there are some people who actually want to get close to tornadoes. They are scientists who want to learn more about tornadoes”可知，此处提到了科学家为了了解龙卷风需要靠近龙卷风，F选项“做到这一点的最佳方法之一是尽可能靠近龙卷风。”承接了这一内容，引出了下文的探测工具。故选F。
19．根据上文“And some probes even have cameras inside”可知，此处提到了摄像头，E选项“这样科学家就能看到并理解龙卷风内部的情况。”是对探测仪作用的总结，符合逻辑。故选E。
20．根据上文“If they do not guess correctly, they pick up their probe and try another place”可知，此处提到了如果猜不对的情况，D选项“如果他们猜对了，龙卷风就会靠近甚至直接经过探测仪。”承接了这一内容，与后文“如果猜错了就换地方”形成对应，符合语境。故选D。
21．例文
An earthquake is a kind of natural disaster. It may lead to serious results and make lots of people lose their homes or even lives. So it’s important for us to know how to keep safe in an earthquake.
If you are at home, it’s safe to hide under strong tables. Cover your head and neck with your arms. If you are in a classroom, stay under the desk. When you are outside, you should quickly run to an open space. Stay away from buildings or trees. When you are driving a car, stop it by the roadside at once, and stay inside. Never stop your car near a bridge.
Remember to keep calm and try to protect yourself when an earthquake starts.
【详解】[总体分析]
①题材：本文是一篇材料作文；
②时态：为“一般现在时”；
③提示：材料所给表格内容须完整表达，不得遗漏，可适当增加细节，使行文连贯。
[写作步骤]
第一步：开篇点题，强调地震中自我保护的重要性。
第二步：按表格顺序，用简洁的句子描述不同场景下的自救方法。
第三步：总结全文。
[亮点词汇]
①protect保护
②cover遮盖
③open space空旷区域
④roadside路边
[高分句型]
①If you are at home, it’s safe to hide under strong tables.（if引导的条件状语从句）
②Remember to keep calm and try to protect yourself when an earthquake starts.（祈使句+时间状语从句）

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