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非谓语动词用法图表解析
1.非谓语动词的分类、意义及构成：
非谓语形式 构成 特征和作用
时态和语态 否定式 复合结构
不定式 to do to be doing to have done to be done to have been done 在非谓语前加not for sb. to do sth. 具有名词，副词和形容词的作用 在句中做主、宾、定、表和状语
分词 现在分词 doing having done being done having been done 具有副词和形容词的作用 在句中做定、表、宾补和状语
过去分词 done
动名词 doing having done being done having been done sb’s doing 具有名词的作用 在句中做主、宾、定和表语
2. 做主语的非谓语动词比较：
区别 句型 举例
不定式 多表示一个特定的具体的将来的动作，做主语时可用it作形式主语，而将其真正主语放在句末，构成句型。 It is + adj. + for sb to do sth; It is +adj.+of sb to do sth To become a teacher is my dream.(dream, business, wish, idea, plan, duty, task做主语时常用); It is very kind of you to lend me the bike; It is important to study English well.
动名词 与不定式的功能区别不大，然而它更接近于名词，表示的动作比较抽象，或者泛指习惯性的动作，有时也可以用it做形式主语，构成句型。 It is no use\no good\a waste of time\fun…doing sth It is no use saying that again and again; Teaching is my job.
3.非谓语动词做宾语的区别：
情况 常用动词
只接不定式做宾语的动词 hope, want, offer, long, fail, expect, wish, ask, decide, pretend, manage, agree, afford, determine, promise, happen,
只接动名词做宾语的动词或短语 mind, miss, enjoy, imagine, practise, suggest, finish, escape, excuse, appreciate, admit, prevent, keep, avoid, dislike, risk, resist, consider, acknowledge, advocate, consider, deny, include,
can’t help, feel like, succeed in, be fond of, object to, get down to, be engaged in, insist on, think of, be proud of, take pride in, set about, be afraid of, be tired of, look forward to, devote oneself to, be worth, be busy, pay attention to, stick to
两者都可以 意义基本相同 begin, start, like, love, hate, prefer, continue, intend, love, like,（接不定式多指具体的动作，接动名词多指一般或习惯行为）
need, want, require，deserve（接动名词主动形式表示被动意义，若接不定式则应用被动形式）
意义相反 stop to do , leave off to do, 停止手中事，去做另一件事 stop doing, leave off doing, 停止正在做的事
意义不同 remember/forget/regret to do（指动作尚未发生） remember/forget/regret doing（指动作已经发生） go on to do（接着做另外一件事） go on doing（接着做同一件事）
try to do（设法，努力去做，尽力） try doing（试试去做，看有何结果） mean to do（打算做，企图做） mean doing （意识是，意味着）
can’t help to do（不能帮忙做） can’t help doing（忍不住要做）
非谓语动词做定语的区别：
区别 举例
不 定 式 与被修饰词往往有动宾关系，一般式表示将来; I have a lot of papers to type.
所有的抽象名词都只能用不定式作定语 This is the only opportunity to change your fate.
所有表示时间的名词只能用不定式作定语 It is time to have classes.
名词有序数词，最高级等修饰时只能用不定式作定语 He is always the first student to come to the classroom.
所有表示地点的名词只能用不定式作定语 The backyard is the perfect place to have fun.
动名词 通常指被修饰词的用途，功能，目的，与修饰词无逻辑上的任何关系 the swimming pool; a washing machine;
现在分词 与被修饰词之间是主谓关系.表示动作正在进行； the boiling water ; the girl singing on the stage;
过去分词 及物动词的过去分词作定语,表示被动意义或已完成的被动动作; the published news; the known fact; the job advertised in the poster
由于不及物动词没有被动语态,所以不及物动词的过去分词作定语,只表示动作已经完成，不表示被动的意义。 the boiled water;the developed country;the fallen leaves
非谓语动词做状语的区别：
不定式 目的状语只能用不定式 基础形式 to do sth He got up early to catch the earliest bus.
变体形式 in order to do sth In order to make progress, he works harder than before.
so as to do sth He stood high on the stage so as to be seen by more people.
in an attempt to do sth She makes up every morning in an attempt to look more beautiful.
in an effort to do sth He finished the task earlier in an effort to gain more time to play.
in a gesture to do sth We held the activity in a gesture to celebrate the festival.
作原因状语与表示人的心情，情绪的单词连用，构成固定句式 结构 be+happy\excited…to do sth I am glad to receive your letter.
表示出乎意料的结果，构成固定句式 固定句式 only to do sth; He hurried to the port only to find that the ship had set out.
so\such…as to do sth He is such a kind boy as to be loved by everyone.
enough…to do sth We are old enough to understand all these.
too…to do sth You are too young to drive a car.
分词 现在分词作结果状语，表示自然而然的结果 Both of the parents died in the accident, leaving three children homeless.
作时间，原因，方式，让步，伴随，条件等状语 现在分词 doing为其基础形式，其逻辑主语为主句主语，与主句主语逻辑上为主动关系； Seeing the moving scene, she can′t help weeping tears.
having done为其完成形式，表主动，说明分词动作先于主句谓语动作发生； Having considered all the possible results, he set out to do the experiment.
having been done为其完成被动形式，表被动，说明分词动作先于主句谓语动作发生 Having been told many times, he still stuck to his false opinions.
过去分词 只有done这一种形式，其逻辑主语为主句主语，与主句主语逻辑上为被动关系 Seen from the mountain top, our school looks beautiful.
非谓语动词做宾语补足语的区别：
常见动词 与宾语的逻辑关系及时间概念 例句
不 定 式 表愿望，命令的动词: ask, beg, expect, order, tell, want, wish, encourage 主谓关系。强调动作将发生或已经完成 He encouraged me to think twice before taking action.
使役动词: have, make, let, get, leave 主谓关系,主动句中用于have, make, let后省略to,被动句中需将to补充还原出来, get, leave后带to。放在使役动词后表让某人做某事 The teacher had him clean the classroom for a week.
感官动词：notice, see, watch, hear, feel, 主谓关系,主动句中常省略to,被动句中需将to补充还原出来。放在感官动词后表见证动作发生的全过程 I heard him call me several times.
现在分词 使役动词，感官动词和表愿望，命令的动词：have, make, get, let, notice, see, watch, hear, find, keep, have, feel 主谓关系。放在感官动词后强调动作正在进行，尚未完成； I found her listening to the radio.
主谓关系。用在使役动词后作宾补表动作持续进行; Mr Li had the naughty boy standing at the back of the classroom for a class.
放在愿望，命令动词后，表主动; I like him helping to solve my problem.
过去分词 使役动词，感官动词和表愿望，命令的动词：have, make, get, let, notice, see, watch, hear, find, keep, have, feel 动宾关系。动作已经完成，多强调状态 We found the village greatly changed; I like my way of life accepted by others; He saw the child well taken care of by the babysitter.
非谓语动词其它形式的用法：
being done 动名词的被动态 表被动，说明一个被动的动作在句子中作主语，宾语，表语 What he can't stand is being laughed at by so many people.
现在分词的被动态 表示一个被动的动作正在进行，在句子中作定语为最常见，可作补语，作状语少见 The problem being discussed at the meeting is very important.
having done 动名词的完成态 表主动，说明一个动作先于主句谓语动作发生，在句子中作宾语为最常见 He remembered having put the book back in the cupboard.
现在分词的完成态 表主动，说明一个动作先于主句谓语动作发生，在句子中作状语为最常见 Having experienced so many hardships on the way, he finally learned to be practical.
having been done 动名词的完成被动态 表被动，说明一个被动的动作先于主句谓语动作发生，在句子中作宾语为最常见 He admitted having been admitted to Beijing University.
现在分词的完成被动态 表被动，说明一个被动的动作先于主句谓语动作发生，在句子中作状语为最常见 Having been helped so much, he was shy to ask more.
to be done 不定式的被动态 表被动，在句子中作主语，宾语，表语，定语，状语，补语 He asked to be promoted as manager of the department.
to have done 不定式的完成态 表主动，说明不定式动作先于主句谓语动作发生，主要用于少数单词的固定用法和句型中 He pretended to have understood all these.
to have been done 不定式的完成被动态 表被动，说明不定式动作先于主句谓语动作发生，主要用于少数单词的固定用法和句型中 The killer was reported to have been arrested by the police.
to be doing 不定式的进行态 表主动，说明不定式动作正在进行，主要用于少数单词的固定用法和句型中 His girlfriend is said to be studying abroad.

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