资源简介

(共50张PPT)
Unit 1
Reading 1
The evolution of video and sound devices
高中英语 必修（第一册）
Unit 3 Getting along with others
Grammar and usage
Restrictive relative clauses with relative pronouns
Exploring the rules
Read a magazine article in Part A on Page 34 and answer the following question.
What are the pros and cons of making friends online
Exploring the rules
Pros:
People may be able to make many friends online.
Cons:
Friendships online can be very shallow.
Texting and messaging cannot replace face-to-face chatting.
Sharing experiences on social media is not enough to express one’s values.
“Liking” friends’ photos online doesn’t develop the connection with them.
Exploring the rules
一、基本概念
1. 在主从复合句中，对某一名词、代词或名词短语起修饰作用的从句叫定语从句。被修饰的名词、代词、名词短语或整个句子叫先行词，引导定语从句的词叫关系词（代替先行词在从句中作一定的句子成分）。
Exploring the rules
2. 关系词分为关系代词（that，which，who，whom，whose等）和关系副词（when，where，why等）两类。
定语从句关系代词使用一览表
分类 词形 指代内容 成分 可否省略
关系代词 that 人、物 主、宾、表 宾语可省
which 物 主、宾 宾语可省
who 人 主、宾 宾语可省
whom 人 宾 可省
whose （人、物）的 定语 不可省
as 事 主、宾 不可省
Exploring the rules
3. 限制性定语从句表现为在意义上是先行词不可缺少的定语，若省略，所修饰主句的内容就不完整或失去意义，和主句的关系十分密切，不可用逗号分开。
限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句
1. She and her family bicycle to school, which helps them keep fit.
2. They were trained by their masters who had great experience in caring for these animals.
非限制性定语从句
限制性定语从句
The girl who is in red is my sister.
the antecedent
( )
the restrictive relative clauses
the relative pronoun
the main clause
Exploring the rules
Exploring the rules
Read the magazine article in Part A on Page 34 again and find out the restrictive relative clauses with relative pronouns.
1. A real friend is someone who walks in when the rest of the world
walks out.
2. A real friend is someone whose support we can count on.
3. A real friend is someone who sees our true self, not just the face that we show to the world.
4. … the modern tools that keep us connected are eating away at the meaning of friendship.
Exploring the rules
5. Social media like blogs has come between us and the friends whom we love.
6. “Sharing” our experiences on social media is not enough to express the values which matter most to us.
7. “Linking” our friends’ photos online does not develop the connection which we share.
Exploring the rules
(1) People have close friends.
People naturally enjoy their company.
People who have close friends naturally enjoy their company.
Lead-in
Combine the following sentences using relative clauses.
(2) He is kind-hearted.
He has true friends.
He who is kind-hearted has true friends.
Lead-in
Lead-in
(3) Friendship is a precious wealth.
One searches for it all one’s life.
Friendship is a precious wealth (that) one searches for all one’s life.
Combine the following sentences using relative clauses.
(1) The trees are in front of the library.
They have lost their leaves.
The trees which are in front of the library have lost their leaves.
“Which” functions as the subject in the relative clause.
Exploring the rules
(2) We saw the worker just now.
He is the best engineer in our factory.
The worker (whom) we saw just now is the best engineer in our factory.
“Whom” functions as the object in the relative clause.
Exploring the rules
We can leave out “who” “whom” “which” and “that” when they are the objects in the relative clause.
(3) It used to be a farm.
It is no longer a farm.
It is no longer the farm that it used to be.
“That” functions as the predicative in the relative clause.
Exploring the rules
(4) He has a sister.
I can’t remember her name.
He has a sister whose name I can’t remember.
“Whose” functions as the attributive in the relative clause.
Exploring the rules
Finish “Working out the rules” on Page 34.
(1) which
(2) who
(3) that
(4) whose
Applying the rules
1．who的用法
The person who tricked me was one of my classmates.
骗我的那个人是我的一个同学。
He is the man who I respect very much.
他就是我非常尊重的那个人。
Exploring the rules
2．whom的用法
Jack is the person (whom/who/that) you should care about.
杰克是你应该关心的人。
The old man to whom a medal is awarded is very inspiring.
这位被授予奖章的老人非常鼓舞人心。
Exploring the rules
(1)whom指人，在定语从句中作宾语，可用who 代替，也可省略。
(2)在从句中作介词的宾语且直接跟在介词后时，用whom，不用who。口语中whom前无介词时可用that或who代替。
3．which的用法
The plane is a machine which can fly. 飞机是一种会飞的机器。
The gold medal (which) she won has been given to her old school.
她赢得的那块金牌已经被送给她的母校了。
Exploring the rules
4．that的用法
The number of people that/who come to visit the city reaches one million every year.
每年来参观这座城市的人数达到了一百万。
The report (that) Mr Turner handed in was about the motor race.
特纳先生递交的报告是关于摩托车比赛的。
He doesn’t seem to be the man that he was ten years ago.
他看起来已不是十年前的样子了。
Exploring the rules
注：当先行词为one, ones, anyone, everyone, none, all指人时，关系代词常用who（不用that）.
e.g Anyone who is against us is our enemy. 任何反对我们的人都是我们的敌人。
5．whose的用法
He lives in the room whose window faces south. 他住在窗户朝南的那个房间。
[温馨提示]
whose既可指人又可指物（既可以说“某人的”，也可以说“某物的”），在定语从句中修饰名词，作定语。whose指人时，也可用下列结构来代替：
I will talk to those students whose homework hasn’t been done on schedule.
= I will talk to those students the homework of whom hasn’t been done on schedule.
= I will talk to those students of whom the homework hasn’t been done on schedule.
我将和那些没按时完成作业的学生谈话。
Exploring the rules
三、关系词宜用that而不用which的情况：
1．当先行词是all，little，much，something，anything，everything，nothing等不定代词时。
2．当先行词被all，every，any，little，much，the only，the very，the right，the last，just等修饰时。
3．当先行词是序数词、形容词最高级或被序数词、形容词最高级修饰时。
4．当先行词中既有人又有物时。
5．当先行词前面出现who，which等疑问代词时，为了避免重复，只能用that。
6.先行词为主句的表语或关系代词在从句中作表语。
Exploring the rules
四、用which不用that的情况：
(1) 引导非限制性定语从句。(先行词和后面的定语从句被逗号隔开)
Paper-cutting, which is a traditional art form in our country, dates from the Han Dynasty.
剪纸可追溯到汉朝，它是我们国家的传统艺术形式。
(2)在定语从句中作介词的宾语，且介词位于关系代词前时。
This is the book for which I paid five dollars.
这就是我花5美元买的那本书。
Exploring the rules
[疑难点津]
(1)选用哪个关系词，关键是看关系词在定语从句中（而不是主句中）做什么成分，也不是看先行词是什么词性。
(2) 关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，定语从句的谓语动词要和先行词的数保持一致。
Those who are over 45 won’t be permitted to enter the hall.
不允许超过45岁的人进入这间大厅。
Exploring the rules
[温馨提示]
(1) “one of＋复数名词”作先行词，定语从句的谓语动词用复数形式；在肯定句中，“the only one of＋复数名词”作先行词，定语从句的谓语动词用单数形式。
This is one of the books which were written by Charles Dickens.
这是查尔斯·狄更斯所写的书中的其中一本。
He is the only one of the boys in our class who has learned French.
他是我们班里唯一学过法语的男孩。
Exploring the rules
[温馨提示]
(2) 为避免关系词的重复，被关系代词代替的成分不可在从句中重复出现。
This is the factory which we visited last Sunday. (visited后不可加it)
Exploring the rules
[温馨提示]
(3) 特殊用法：当先行词为way且定语从句要表示“以...的方式”时，定语从句常用that或in which引导，that或in which也可以省略。
I like the way (that/in which) she smiles.
Exploring the rules
五、练习
（一）观察定语从句体会其作用：
① Do you know the man that/who is waiting outside
② He showed me the photos (that/which) he took on his trip to Xi'an．
③ Simon is the poor man whose car has been stolen．
例句1中的关系词在定语从句中作________，不可省略。
例句2中的关系词在定语从句中作________，可以省略。
例句3中的关系词在定语从句中作________。
Exploring the rules
主语
宾语
表语
（二）找出下列定语从句中的先行词：
④ Who is the man that is speaking to your mother？________________
⑤ They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down. ________________
Exploring the rules
the man
the man
（三）单句语法填空：
1.Is there anything _____________ I can do for you
2.I like the very method _____________ she uses to learn English.
3.Who was the woman ________________________ you were talking with
4.Maybe you have a habit _____________ is driving your family crazy.
5.In the end, she decided to sell the house ____________ windows were almost all broken.
6.This is the most interesting story ____________ I have ever read.
Exploring the rules
that
that
(who/ whom/ that)
which/ that
whose
that
7.I'm really interested in all _____________ you have said.
8.All __________ heard the story were amazed.
9.Tom has the good qualities of kindness and honesty, _______ is what his parents expect.
10.Please pass me the book the cover of __________ is green.
11.The exact year _____________________ Angela and her family spent together in China was 2008.
12.Can you tell me the people and the events ____________ you saw in Britain
Exploring the rules
that
who
which
(which/ that)
that
which
1. In some cases, only “that” can be used as the relative pronouns while “which” or “who” can’t. They are:
(1) When the antecedent is an indefinite pronoun such as “all, everything, nothing, something, anything, little, much”.
e.g. I’m sure she has something (that) you want.
Exploring the rules
(2) When the antecedent is a noun or noun phrase with such determiners as “all, every, no, some, any, little, much”.
e.g. I have read all the books (that) you wrote.
Exploring the rules
(3) When the antecedent takes a premodifier in the superlative degree or an ordinal numeral.
e.g. This is the best movie (that) I have ever seen.
(4) When the antecedent is a noun or noun phrase modified by “the only, the very, the same, the last, the right”.
e.g. This is the very book (that) I’m looking for.
Exploring the rules
(5) When the antecedent includes both persons and things.
e.g. Do you know the persons and things (that) they are talking about
(6) When the main clause begins with “which” or “who”.
Which is the dress (that) you like best
Who is the girl that won the gold medal
Exploring the rules
(7) When the antecedent functions as the predicative in the relative clause.
e.g. My hometown is no longer the village that it used to be.
2. After a preposition, the relative pronoun can only be “which” or
“whom”.
Exploring the rules
The park is a place which/that I often go to.
= The park is a place to which I often go.
This is the woman the daughter of whom is a famous teacher.
= This is the woman whose daughter is a famous teacher.
We have three foreign teachers, two of whom are from Canada.
The old man has two sons, both of whom are doctors.
He spent four years in college, during which time he studied computer science.
Exploring the rules
3. The relative pronoun after “the way” can be “that” “in which” or no relative pronoun.
e.g. I don’t like the way (that/in which) you talk to me.
Exploring the rules
1. Rewrite the sentences using restrictive relative clauses in Part B1 on Page 35.
Applying the rules
Common interests provide rich ground from which many friendships grow.
Friendships grow best between friends whose communication is warm and open.
Friendships are like flowers which/that need to be taken good care of.
A relationship with a true friend (whom/ who/ that) you can count on will surely produce fruit.
To make friends, you should help others the way (that/in which) you have been helped.
2. Complete the passage in B2 with correct relative pronouns where necessary.
(1) which/that
(2) whose
(3) who/that
(4) (which/that)
(5) which
(6) (whom/that/who)
(7) who/that
Applying the rules
P70 C
(1) (which/that)
(2) whose
(3) who/that
(4) which/that
(5) whose
Workbook
(6) (that/ which)
(7) that
(8) who/ that
(9) (who/ whom/ that)
(10) (that/ in which)
P70 D
1. She is very tired, and (she) feels like having a good sleep.
2. Many failures ate away at his confidence.
3. She never lets her daughter out of her sight at the theme park.
4. In my opinion, the two novels have much in common.
Workbook
P70 D
5. To be frank, the meeting last night was a failure.
6. One of the many benefits of travelling is to learn local culture.
7. He has a lot of good qualities such as honesty and independence.
8. If you have a problem about mental health, please seek experts’/expert advice.
Workbook
3. Work in pairs to describe a classmate of yours, using relative clauses where necessary. Then share your descriptions in class without telling the name of the person who is described and let the other students guess who you are talking about.
Applying the rules
Homework
Write a short passage to describe one of your friend.

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