资源简介

Section Ⅲ　Grammar and usage
　　　语法项目——主语从句
语境中体悟
It is true that① experiences are acquired through our journey of life.What② we believe and how③ we look at things and people around us are based on all our experiences in life.Despite the fact that things and life are the way they are, we all have different opinions and beliefs about everything and everybody.Other people have opinions about us as well.But what④ really matters is the opinion we have about ourselves.You choose to accept and follow what other people believe, but whether⑤ you want to become yourself or live according to the reality of life is for you to decide.
[语法入门]
①处从属连词that引导的从句为真正的主语，that在从句中不作成分；
②处连接代词What引导主语从句，并在从句中作宾语；
③处连接副词how引导主语从句，并在从句中作状语；
④处连接代词what引导主语从句，并在从句中作主语；
⑤处从属连词whether引导主语从句，在从句中不作成分。
学案中理清
主语从句就是在复合句中作主语的从句，通常置于句首，也可用形式主语it代替，而将主语从句后置。
一、主语从句的连接词及其句法功能
1．连接词that和whether/if
(1)that引导主语从句时，在从句中不充当任何句子成分，也没有实际意义，只起连接作用，但不可省略。
(2)whether/if引导主语从句时，在从句中不充当任何句子成分，只起连接作用，意为“是否”，不可省略。
(3)whether引导的主语从句既可放在句首也可放在句尾，但if引导的主语从句不可以位于句首，可用it作形式主语，从句后置作真正的主语。
2．连接代词(who、whose、whom、what、which、whichever、whoever、whomever、whatever等)
(1)连接代词引导主语从句，在从句中可以作主语、宾语、表语或定语。
(2)who引导的主语从句强调一件事情，而whoever引导的主语从句强调人。
3．连接副词(when、where、how、why、whenever、wherever、however等)
连接副词引导主语从句，在从句中作状语。
[对点练]　
(1)用适当的连接词填空
①(2024·新高考Ⅰ卷)____________ worked on a veterinarian seemed likely to work on his patients.
②____________ comes next is the endless series of steps.
③Your support is important to our work.____________ you can do helps.
④____________ we understand things has a lot to do with what we feel.
⑤____________ John was late for the class has been unexplained.
⑥____________ part of the country he will travel to needs discussing.
⑦____________ the English party will be held has not yet been decided.
⑧Every year, ____________ makes the most beautiful kite will win a prize in the Kite Festival.
(2)完成句子
⑨__________________________ made us very happy.
她能来帮助我们使我们很高兴。
____________________________________ will receive a prize.
无论谁先到都可以得到奖品。
____________________________ should do no harm to others.
无论你在业余时间做什么，都不应该伤害其他人。
________________________________ is not clear to anyone.
这件事是怎样发生的，谁也不清楚。
二、主语从句中用it作形式主语的结构
1．It＋be＋形容词(obvious、true、important、strange等)＋主语从句
若形容词为important/necessary/strange等，主语从句中的谓语用“should＋动词原形”形式，其中should可省略。
2．It＋be＋名词词组(no wonder、an honour、a pity、a/no surprise等)＋主语从句
3．It＋be＋过去分词(said、reported、thought、suggested、proved等)＋主语从句
过去分词若为suggested/ordered/required/advised等，主语从句中的谓语用“should＋动词原形”形式，其中should可省略。
4．It＋不及物动词(happen、look、matter、occur、strike等)＋主语从句
5．It＋及物动词＋宾语＋主语从句
[对点练]　
(1)完成句子
①It is often the case ______________________ for those who hang on to hope.
通常情况下，对于那些心存希望的人，一切皆有可能。
②____________________ the old man should go home to have a rest.
建议这位老人应当回家休息一下。
③______________ you disagree with the plan.
很遗憾，你不赞成这个计划。
④It is doubtful __________________________.
她是否能来参加这个聚会还很难说。
⑤____________________ the harvest was bad that year.　碰巧那年收成不好。
(2)句型转换
⑥That he suddenly fell ill last month surprised us.
→____________________ he suddenly fell ill last month.
⑦Whether they will sell the house hasn't been decided yet.
→____________________________ they will sell the house.
⑧That light travels in straight lines is known to all.
→______________________ light travels in straight lines.
三、主语从句中应注意的问题
1．主语从句要用陈述语序。
2．从句作主语时，主句的谓语一般用单数形式。
3．由and连接两个或两个以上的主语从句作主语时，谓语动词用复数；由两个或多个连接词引导一个主语从句时，谓语动词用单数。
应用中融通
选择适当的连接词完成短文
It is a well－known fact ①____________ (that/what) the faces some people show to the world might be completely different to their real personalities.For instance, most comedians have permanent smiles on their faces and always sound cheerful because that's the nature of their work.From this, it's impossible to know ②__________ (what/where) their true feelings are.Although they might be laughing on the outside, they might be crying on the inside.③____________ (That/How) others are feeling is not something that we should make assumptions about, because it's not always obvious ④____________ (whomever/who) is truly happy.⑤____________ (What/That) is certain is that comedians often use comedy to help them understand themselves and the world.In fact, comedy is a very serious job indeed!
Run by the China National Space Administration, China's space agency, it comprises three stages: orbiting, landing and returning.
该项目由中国的太空机构，中国国家航天局运营，包括三个阶段：绕、落、回。
★comprise vt.包括，包含；组成，构成
|用|法|感|知|
·(主旨升华句)Life comprises little moments that are full of meaning and pleasure.
生活由充满意义和快乐的微小瞬间组成。
[归纳点拨]
(1)comprise vt.　　包括，包含，由……组成
(以整体作为主语，部分作为宾语，此时不用于进行时态)
comprise＝be comprised of＝consist of/be made up of/be composed of
(2)comprise vt. 组成，构成(以部分作为主语，整体作为宾语)
comprise＝compose＝make up
|应|用|融|会|
(1)写出下列句中comprise的含义
①Women comprise 51 percent of the population of France.________________
②The committee comprises men with widely different views.________________
(2)一句多译
　这个小组由十个人组成。
③Ten people _________________________________________________ the group.
④The group __________________________________________________ ten people.
Section Ⅲ　Grammar and usage
语法专题突破
学案中理清 　
一、①What　②What　③Whatever　④How　⑤Why　⑥Which
⑦Where/When　⑧whoever
⑨That she could come to help us　⑩Whoever arrives first
Whatever you do in your spare time　 How this happened
二、①that anything is possible　②It's suggested that
③It is a pity that
④whether she will be able to come to the party
⑤It happened that　⑥It surprised us that
⑦It hasn't been decided yet whether　⑧It is known to all that
应用中融通 　
①that　②what　③How　④who　⑤What
新知深化学习
①构成　②包含　③make up/comprise/compose
④consists of/comprises/is made up of/is composed of/is comprised of
1 / 4(共56张PPT)
Section Ⅲ　Grammar and usage
(语法项目——主语从句)
目 录
NO.1 语法专题突破
NO.2 新知深化学习
课时检测
语法专题突破
NO.1
语境中体悟
It is true that① experiences are acquired through our journey of life.What② we believe and how③ we look at things and people around us are based on all our experiences in life.Despite the fact that things and life are the way they are, we all have different opinions and beliefs about everything and everybody.Other people have opinions about us as well.But what④ really matters is the opinion we have about ourselves.You choose to accept and follow what other people believe, but whether⑤ you want to become yourself or live according to the reality of life is for you to decide.
[语法入门]
①处从属连词that引导的从句为真正的主语，that在从句中不作成分；
②处连接代词What引导主语从句，并在从句中作宾语；
③处连接副词how引导主语从句，并在从句中作状语；
④处连接代词what引导主语从句，并在从句中作主语；
⑤处从属连词whether引导主语从句，在从句中不作成分。
学案中理清
主语从句就是在复合句中作主语的从句，通常置于句首，也可用形式主语it代替，而将主语从句后置。
一、主语从句的连接词及其句法功能
1．连接词that和whether/if
(1)that引导主语从句时，在从句中不充当任何句子成分，也没有实际意义，只起连接作用，但不可省略。
(2)whether/if引导主语从句时，在从句中不充当任何句子成分，只起连接作用，意为“是否”，不可省略。
(3)whether引导的主语从句既可放在句首也可放在句尾，但if引导的主语从句不可以位于句首，可用it作形式主语，从句后置作真正的主语。
2．连接代词(who、whose、whom、what、which、whichever、whoever、whomever、whatever等)
(1)连接代词引导主语从句，在从句中可以作主语、宾语、表语或定语。
(2)who引导的主语从句强调一件事情，而whoever引导的主语从句强调人。
3．连接副词(when、where、how、why、whenever、wherever、however等)
连接副词引导主语从句，在从句中作状语。
[对点练]　
(1)用适当的连接词填空
①(2024·新高考Ⅰ卷)_______ worked on a veterinarian seemed likely to work on his patients.
②_______ comes next is the endless series of steps.
③Your support is important to our work.__________ you can do helps.
What
What
Whatever
④_____ we understand things has a lot to do with what we feel.
⑤______ John was late for the class has been unexplained.
⑥_______ part of the country he will travel to needs discussing.
⑦____________ the English party will be held has not yet been decided.
⑧Every year, _________ makes the most beautiful kite will win a prize in the Kite Festival.
How
Why
Which
Where/When
whoever
(2)完成句子
⑨____________________________ made us very happy.
她能来帮助我们使我们很高兴。
⑩____________________ will receive a prize.
无论谁先到都可以得到奖品。
That she could come to help us
Whoever arrives first
_______________________________ should do no harm to others.
无论你在业余时间做什么，都不应该伤害其他人。
__________________ is not clear to anyone.
这件事是怎样发生的，谁也不清楚。
Whatever you do in your spare time
How this happened
二、主语从句中用it作形式主语的结构
1．It＋be＋形容词(obvious、true、important、strange等)＋主语从句
若形容词为important/necessary/strange等，主语从句中的谓语用“should＋动词原形”形式，其中should可省略。
2．It＋be＋名词词组(no wonder、an honour、a pity、a/no surprise等)＋主语从句
3．It＋be＋过去分词(said、reported、thought、suggested、proved等)＋主语从句
过去分词若为suggested/ordered/required/advised等，主语从句中的谓语用“should＋动词原形”形式，其中should可省略。
4．It＋不及物动词(happen、look、matter、occur、strike等)＋主语从句
5．It＋及物动词＋宾语＋主语从句
[对点练]　
(1)完成句子
①It is often the case _______________________ for those who hang on to hope.
通常情况下，对于那些心存希望的人，一切皆有可能。
②_________________ the old man should go home to have a rest.
建议这位老人应当回家休息一下。
that anything is possible
It's suggested that
③______________ you disagree with the plan.
很遗憾，你不赞成这个计划。
④It is doubtful _________________________________________.
她是否能来参加这个聚会还很难说。
⑤_______________ the harvest was bad that year.
碰巧那年收成不好。
It is a pity that
whether she will be able to come to the party
It happened that
(2)句型转换
⑥That he suddenly fell ill last month surprised us.
→__________________ he suddenly fell ill last month.
⑦Whether they will sell the house hasn't been decided yet.
→______________________________ they will sell the house.
⑧That light travels in straight lines is known to all.
→____________________ light travels in straight lines.
It surprised us that
It hasn't been decided yet whether
It is known to all that
三、主语从句中应注意的问题
1．主语从句要用陈述语序。
2．从句作主语时，主句的谓语一般用单数形式。
3．由and连接两个或两个以上的主语从句作主语时，谓语动词用复数；由两个或多个连接词引导一个主语从句时，谓语动词用单数。
选择适当的连接词完成短文
It is a well－known fact ①______ (that/what) the faces some people show to the world might be completely different to their real personalities.For instance, most comedians have permanent smiles on their faces and always sound cheerful because that's the nature of their work.From this, it's impossible to know ② _______ (what/where) their
that
what
应用中融通
true feelings are.Although they might be laughing on the outside, they might be crying on the inside.③_____ (That/How) others are feeling is not something that we should make assumptions about, because it's not always obvious ④______ (whomever/who) is truly happy.⑤_______ (What/That) is certain is that comedians often use comedy to help them understand themselves and the world.In fact, comedy is a very serious job indeed!
How
who
What
新知深化学习
NO.2
Run by the China National Space Administration, China's space agency, it comprises three stages： orbiting, landing and returning.
该项目由中国的太空机构，中国国家航天局运营，包括三个阶段：绕、落、回。
★comprise vt.包括，包含；组成，构成
|用|法|感|知|
·(主旨升华句)Life comprises little moments that are full of meaning and pleasure.
生活由充满意义和快乐的微小瞬间组成。
[归纳点拨]
(1)comprise vt.　　包括，包含，由……组成
(以整体作为主语，部分作为宾语，此时不用于进行时态)
comprise＝be comprised of＝consist of/be made up of/be composed of
(2)comprise vt. 组成，构成(以部分作为主语，整体作为宾语)
comprise＝compose＝make up
|应|用|融|会|
(1)写出下列句中comprise的含义
①Women comprise 51 percent of the population of France.
______
②The committee comprises men with widely different views.
______
构成
包含
(2)一句多译
这个小组由十个人组成。
③Ten people _________________________ the group.
④The group _____________________________________________ ______________ ten people.
make up/comprise/compose
consists of/comprises/is made up of/is composed of/is
comprised of
课时检测
(标 语篇配有教师讲评课件)
Ⅰ.阅读理解
When Boeing's Starliner spacecraft docked with the International Space Station (ISS) in 2024, the two NASA astronauts on board discovered several minor faults in its propulsion system, leading to a much longer than expected stay on the ISS.This led to headlines about the astronauts being “stranded (滞留)” in space and a renewed interest in the subject of space rescue.
Astronauts normally leave the ISS in the same vehicle they arrived in — and that's as true in the case of an emergency evacuation (疏散) as a routine departure.So any problem with the spacecraft — even a relatively minor one — is a potential worry.If the problem is considered to put the astronauts' lives at risk, then a replacement spacecraft will be sent up.
The key to any kind of in－space rescue is the ability to connect two spacecraft together so astronauts can transfer quickly and safely from one to the other.This process is referred to as docking, and in principle can apply to uncrewed vessels as well as crewed (载人的) ones.However, when an uncrewed vehicle is involved, the procedure is more often referred to as “berthing” rather than docking.The difference is that a crewed spacecraft actively flies in and couples to the ISS, while an uncrewed one is grabbed by a robotic arm operated by an astronaut on board the station and then gently pulled in and attached to one of the external ports.
In those early days, the Soviets and Americans developed their own systems for docking, but they soon realized that agreeing an international standard would make future space rescues much more practical.In 2010 the ISS member states — Russia, the United States, Japan, Canada and the European Space Agency (ESA) — formally agreed on an International Docking System Standard (IDSS)．
This will apply to all future docking systems, and also covers berthing mechanisms.In docking mode, one vehicle — typically the visiting spacecraft, such as the Soyuz or Crew Dragon — takes an active role, while the other, usually the ISS itself, remains passive.Docking then proceeds in two phases, the first called “soft capture” and the second “hard capture”．Only after the second phase is complete are the two vehicles firmly locked together and it's safe for the crew to transfer from one to the other.
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。文章从波音公司的“星际客机”出现故障导致两名宇航员在空间站长期滞留这一事件引入，主要探讨了太空救援。
1．Why is Boeing's Starliner spacecraft mentioned in paragraph 1
A．To analyze the cause of space rescue.
B．To stress the significance of space rescue.
C．To suggest another strategy of space rescue.
D．To introduce more knowledge about space rescue.
√
解析：推理判断题。第一段先描述了一起太空事故，第二段开始介绍关于太空救援的知识，因此作者在第一段中提到Boeing's Starliner spacecraft是为了引出“太空救援”这一话题，作者再就此对救援模式进行更加详细的解释。
2．What's the difference between docking and berthing
A．Docking is the earlier stage before berthing.
B．Docking is safer than berthing in an evacuation.
C．Docking is relatively active but berthing passive.
D．Berthing isn't completed in the ISS like docking.
√
解析：细节理解题。根据第三段中的“The difference is that a crewed spacecraft actively flies in and couples to the ISS, while an uncrewed one is grabbed by a robotic arm operated by an astronaut on board the station and then gently pulled in and attached to one of the external ports.”可知，docking指载人飞船通过主动飞入国际空间站进行对接，而berthing指无人宇宙飞船由机器臂抓入国际空间站停泊在固定地方，这个过程是被动进入，所以对接docking相对属于主动，而停泊berthing属于被动，C项描述准确。
3．What's the purpose for some countries to set International Docking System Standard
A．Advance docking remarkably and rapidly.
B．Make docking consistently and effectively.
C．Research docking systematically and completely.
D．Avoid member states' faults totally and accurately.
√
解析：细节理解题。根据第四段中的“In those early days, the Soviets and Americans developed their own systems for docking, but they soon realized that agreeing an international standard would make future space rescues much more practical.”可知，在各个国家自行研究航空航天技术的情况下，达成统一的标准，会使对接进行得更加 顺利。
4．What does “hard capture” mean
A．A crewed spacecraft actively flies into the ISS.
B．The ISS itself usually remains passive when docking.
C．An uncrewed spacecraft is pulled passively to the ISS.
D．The two spacecraft connect together securely and strongly.
解析：推理判断题。根据最后一段所描述的先后顺序可推知，soft capture是指飞船进入国际空间站的过程，而hard capture是指最后实现安全、牢固对接的过程，与D项描述相符。
√
Ⅱ.完形填空( )
As a child, I was crazy about flying.I spent hours watching birds fly, noting how the angle of their 5 affected their flight.I would then waste tons of fresh printer paper, much to the disappointment of my parents, to 6 various wing types by constructing paper airplanes.
One day, I decided to 7 .I built a plane out of a wooden clothes rack, with plastic bags as parachutes (降落伞)．After being in the air for a second, the world came 8 around me as I fell onto the bed with pieces of wood flying everywhere.
As I grew older, my inner 9 to discover why produced a desire to solve problems, allowing my great 10 for flying to turn into a deep－seated love for engineering.
I began to 11 myself academically, taking the hardest STEM classes offered.I also elected to participate in my school's engineering path. 12 ， I sought to solve problems that affect the real world.Inspired by the 13 crisis in India, I 14 a new purification system that can purify water more efficiently and cost－effectively than conventional plants.
Working on the project, I saw the raw power of engineering — a(n) 15 idea gradually becoming reality.I was spending most of my days 16 the reasons behind things, while also discovering solutions to common problems.
Thirteen years have passed since that first flight, and I have yet to 17 the difficulty of physical human flight.My five－year－old self would have seen the crash as a huge 18 .But the great curiosity that I found in myself that day is still with me.It has continued to push me to challenge myself to 19 ever more complex problems, absorbed in the promise and applicability of engineering.
语篇解读：本文是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了作者五岁时试图飞起来，结果失败了。这次经历让作者对飞行的热情变成了对工程的热爱。
解析：根据后文的“various wing types”可知，作者观察的是鸟类的翅膀角度。
5．A.eyes　　　　　　　　　 B．wings
C．tails D．heads
√
解析：作者通过制作纸飞机来测试各种机翼类型。
6．A.take off B．make up
C．put on D．test out
√
解析：根据后文的“After being in the air for a second”可知，作者决定自己尝试飞行。
7．A.jump B．sing
C．float D．fly
√
解析：作者在空中待了一秒钟后，摔在了床上，木头碎片飞得到处都是。
8．A.running B．burning
C．crashing D．living
√
解析：根据后文的“to discover why produced a desire to solve problems”可知，作者想弄明白为什么的内在动力产生了解决问题的欲望。
9．A.doubts B．pain
C．drive D．conflicts
√
解析：根据后文的“for flying to turn into a deep－seated love for engineering”可知，作者后来喜欢上了工程学。
10．A.passion B．sympathy
C．patience D．praise
√
解析：此处表示，作者选修最难的STEM课程在学术上挑战自己。
11．A.convince B．behave
C．relax D．challenge
√
解析：此处表示，比参加课程更重要的是，作者试图解决影响现实世界的问题。
12．A.By the way B．Most of all
C．In other words D．Strange enough
√
解析：根据下文的“a new purification system that can purify water”可知，此处表示，作者开发净水系统是受到印度用水危机的启发。
13．A.river B．water
C．energy D．identity
√
解析：根据后文的“a new purification system”可知，此处指作者开发了一种新的净水系统。
14．A.developed B．changed
C．advocated D．informed
√
解析：此处表示，工程学是一门把抽象想法变成现实的学科。
15．A.abstract B．basic
C．absurd D．main
√
解析：此处表示，作者寻找事情背后的原因，同时也在寻找常见问题的解决方案。此处和“discovering”为同义词复现。
16．A.remembering B．transporting
C．questioning D．seeking
√
解析：根据后文的“the difficulty of physical human flight”可知，此处表示克服困难。
17．A.announce B．reserve
C．overcome D．register
√
解析：根据上文可知，作者五岁时曾试图飞起来，结果失败了。
18．A.eruption B．failure
C．honour D．enterprise
√
19．A.record B．collect
C．address D．accept
√
解析：根据后文的“ever more complex problems”可知，此处表示“解决”更复杂的问题。
Ⅲ.语法填空(15分)( )
The world is in a climate crisis.We need to change how we get our power, which 20 (mean) we need to end the use of fossil fuels, like oil and gas.The European Space Agency (ESA) has started on work that could provide 21 (million) of homes with clean and reliable energy. 22 was reported that a three－year project had been approved to test huge solar farms in space.These solar farms are expected 23 (send)
energy wirelessly from space into people's homes.An ESA spokesperson said one solar farm satellite could create the same amount of electricity 24 a power station on Earth.She added that the satellites will be around 1.7 km in 25 (long) and their aim is to have many of these giant satellites 26 (place) in low Earth orbits.They could cut our use of fossil fuels and reduce energy shortages.
The ESA project 27 (call) Solaris.Josef Aschbacher, 28 is currently the director general of the ESA, said that Solaris could be of great significance. “We humans are consuming large quantities of fossil fuels.We need to change the way we produce energy.We especially need to reduce the fossil fuel part of our energy production，” said Josef.“It would be 29 (absolute) fantastic if we could do it from space.It would be a solution to lots of problems.”
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了一项研究计划：在太空中收集太阳能，并以无线方式传输到地球上。
20．means　考查动词的时态和主谓一致。设空处在非限制性定语从句中作谓语；陈述客观情况，谓语动词用一般现在时；which指代前面的整句话，从句谓语应用第三人称单数形式。
21．millions　考查固定搭配。millions of意为“数百万的”，为固定搭配。
22．It　考查it的用法。It was reported that ...“据报道……”，其中It是形式主语，that 引导的从句是真正的主语。
23．to send　考查非谓语动词。be expected to do sth.意为“被期待做某事”，设空处应用动词不定式。
24．as　考查介词。the same ...as ...意为“和……一样”，为固定短语。
25．length　考查名词。介词in后用名词形式。
26．placed　考查非谓语动词。have sth.done意为“让某事被做”，place与逻辑主语many of these giant satellites之间为被动关系，应用过去分词作宾补。
27．is called　考查动词的时态、语态和主谓一致。陈述客观事实，用一般现在时。设空处为谓语，call与主语The ESA project之间为被动关系，应用被动语态；主语为第三人称单数，助动词应用is。
28．who　考查定语从句。Josef Aschbacher为先行词，指人，在非限制性定语从句中作主语，设空处应用关系代词who。
29．absolutely　考查副词。修饰形容词fantastic，应用副词作 状语。UNIT 2　课时检测(三)　Grammar and usage
(标语篇配有教师讲评课件。选择题在答题区内作答，主观题在题后作答)
Ⅰ.阅读理解
When Boeing's Starliner spacecraft docked with the International Space Station (ISS) in 2024, the two NASA astronauts on board discovered several minor faults in its propulsion system, leading to a much longer than expected stay on the ISS.This led to headlines about the astronauts being “stranded (滞留)” in space and a renewed interest in the subject of space rescue.
Astronauts normally leave the ISS in the same vehicle they arrived in — and that's as true in the case of an emergency evacuation (疏散) as a routine departure.So any problem with the spacecraft — even a relatively minor one — is a potential worry.If the problem is considered to put the astronauts' lives at risk, then a replacement spacecraft will be sent up.
The key to any kind of in space rescue is the ability to connect two spacecraft together so astronauts can transfer quickly and safely from one to the other.This process is referred to as docking, and in principle can apply to uncrewed vessels as well as crewed (载人的) ones.However, when an uncrewed vehicle is involved, the procedure is more often referred to as “berthing” rather than docking.The difference is that a crewed spacecraft actively flies in and couples to the ISS, while an uncrewed one is grabbed by a robotic arm operated by an astronaut on board the station and then gently pulled in and attached to one of the external ports.
In those early days, the Soviets and Americans developed their own systems for docking, but they soon realized that agreeing an international standard would make future space rescues much more practical.In 2010 the ISS member states — Russia, the United States, Japan, Canada and the European Space Agency (ESA) — formally agreed on an International Docking System Standard (IDSS)．
This will apply to all future docking systems, and also covers berthing mechanisms.In docking mode, one vehicle — typically the visiting spacecraft, such as the Soyuz or Crew Dragon — takes an active role, while the other, usually the ISS itself, remains passive.Docking then proceeds in two phases, the first called “soft capture” and the second “hard capture”．Only after the second phase is complete are the two vehicles firmly locked together and it's safe for the crew to transfer from one to the other.
1．Why is Boeing's Starliner spacecraft mentioned in paragraph 1
A．To analyze the cause of space rescue.
B．To stress the significance of space rescue.
C．To suggest another strategy of space rescue.
D．To introduce more knowledge about space rescue.
2．What's the difference between docking and berthing
A．Docking is the earlier stage before berthing.
B．Docking is safer than berthing in an evacuation.
C．Docking is relatively active but berthing passive.
D．Berthing isn't completed in the ISS like docking.
3．What's the purpose for some countries to set International Docking System Standard
A．Advance docking remarkably and rapidly.
B．Make docking consistently and effectively.
C．Research docking systematically and completely.
D．Avoid member states' faults totally and accurately.
4．What does “hard capture” mean
A．A crewed spacecraft actively flies into the ISS.
B．The ISS itself usually remains passive when docking.
C．An uncrewed spacecraft is pulled passively to the ISS.
D．The two spacecraft connect together securely and strongly.
Ⅱ.完形填空()
As a child, I was crazy about flying.I spent hours watching birds fly, noting how the angle of their __5__ affected their flight.I would then waste tons of fresh printer paper, much to the disappointment of my parents, to __6__ various wing types by constructing paper airplanes.
One day, I decided to __7__.I built a plane out of a wooden clothes rack, with plastic bags as parachutes (降落伞)．After being in the air for a second, the world came __8__ around me as I fell onto the bed with pieces of wood flying everywhere.
As I grew older, my inner __9__ to discover why produced a desire to solve problems, allowing my great __10__ for flying to turn into a deep seated love for engineering.
I began to __11__ myself academically, taking the hardest STEM classes offered.I also elected to participate in my school's engineering path.__12__， I sought to solve problems that affect the real world.Inspired by the __13__ crisis in India, I __14__ a new purification system that can purify water more efficiently and cost effectively than conventional plants.
Working on the project, I saw the raw power of engineering — a(n) __15__ idea gradually becoming reality.I was spending most of my days __16__ the reasons behind things, while also discovering solutions to common problems.
Thirteen years have passed since that first flight, and I have yet to __17__ the difficulty of physical human flight.My five year old self would have seen the crash as a huge __18__.But the great curiosity that I found in myself that day is still with me.It has continued to push me to challenge myself to __19__ ever more complex problems, absorbed in the promise and applicability of engineering.
5.A.eyes　　　　　　 B．wings
C．tails D．heads
6．A.take off B．make up
C．put on D．test out
7．A.jump B．sing
C．float D．fly
8．A.running B．burning
C．crashing D．living
9．A.doubts B．pain
C．drive D．conflicts
10．A.passion B．sympathy
C．patience D．praise
11．A.convince B．behave
C．relax D．challenge
12．A.By the way B．Most of all
C．In other words D．Strange enough
13．A.river B．water
C．energy D．identity
14．A.developed B．changed
C．advocated D．informed
15．A.abstract B．basic
C．absurd D．main
16．A.remembering B．transporting
C．questioning D．seeking
17．A.announce B．reserve
C．overcome D．register
18．A.eruption B．failure
C．honour D．enterprise
19．A.record B．collect
C．address D．accept
Ⅲ.语法填空(15分)()
The world is in a climate crisis.We need to change how we get our power, which 20.____________ (mean) we need to end the use of fossil fuels, like oil and gas.The European Space Agency (ESA) has started on work that could provide 21.____________ (million) of homes with clean and reliable energy. 22.____________ was reported that a three year project had been approved to test huge solar farms in space.These solar farms are expected 23.____________ (send) energy wirelessly from space into people's homes.An ESA spokesperson said one solar farm satellite could create the same amount of electricity 24.____________ a power station on Earth.She added that the satellites will be around 1.7 km in 25.____________ (long) and their aim is to have many of these giant satellites 26.____________ (place) in low Earth orbits.They could cut our use of fossil fuels and reduce energy shortages.
The ESA project 27.____________ (call) Solaris.Josef Aschbacher, 28.____________ is currently the director general of the ESA, said that Solaris could be of great significance. “We humans are consuming large quantities of fossil fuels.We need to change the way we produce energy.We especially need to reduce the fossil fuel part of our energy production，” said Josef.“It would be 29.____________ (absolute) fantastic if we could do it from space.It would be a solution to lots of problems.”
UNIT 2　课时检测(三)
Ⅰ.阅读理解
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。文章从波音公司的“星际客机”出现故障导致两名宇航员在空间站长期滞留这一事件引入，主要探讨了太空救援。
1．选D　推理判断题。第一段先描述了一起太空事故，第二段开始介绍关于太空救援的知识，因此作者在第一段中提到Boeing's Starliner spacecraft是为了引出“太空救援”这一话题，作者再就此对救援模式进行更加详细的解释。
2．选C　细节理解题。根据第三段中的“The difference is that a crewed spacecraft actively flies in and couples to the ISS, while an uncrewed one is grabbed by a robotic arm operated by an astronaut on board the station and then gently pulled in and attached to one of the external ports.”可知，docking指载人飞船通过主动飞入国际空间站进行对接，而berthing指无人宇宙飞船由机器臂抓入国际空间站停泊在固定地方，这个过程是被动进入，所以对接docking相对属于主动，而停泊berthing属于被动，C项描述准确。
3．选B　细节理解题。根据第四段中的“In those early days, the Soviets and Americans developed their own systems for docking, but they soon realized that agreeing an international standard would make future space rescues much more practical.”可知，在各个国家自行研究航空航天技术的情况下，达成统一的标准，会使对接进行得更加顺利。
4．选D　推理判断题。根据最后一段所描述的先后顺序可推知，soft capture是指飞船进入国际空间站的过程，而hard capture是指最后实现安全、牢固对接的过程，与D项描述相符。
Ⅱ.完形填空
语篇解读：本文是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了作者五岁时试图飞起来，结果失败了。这次经历让作者对飞行的热情变成了对工程的热爱。
5．选B　根据后文的“various wing types”可知，作者观察的是鸟类的翅膀角度。
6．选D　作者通过制作纸飞机来测试各种机翼类型。
7．选D　根据后文的“After being in the air for a second”可知，作者决定自己尝试飞行。
8．选C　作者在空中待了一秒钟后，摔在了床上，木头碎片飞得到处都是。
9．选C　根据后文的“to discover why produced a desire to solve problems”可知，作者想弄明白为什么的内在动力产生了解决问题的欲望。
10．选A　根据后文的“for flying to turn into a deepseated love for engineering”可知，作者后来喜欢上了工程学。
11．选D　此处表示，作者选修最难的STEM课程在学术上挑战自己。
12．选B　此处表示，比参加课程更重要的是，作者试图解决影响现实世界的问题。
13．选B　根据下文的“a new purification system that can purify water”可知，此处表示，作者开发净水系统是受到印度用水危机的启发。
14．选A　根据后文的“a new purification system”可知，此处指作者开发了一种新的净水系统。
15．选A　此处表示，工程学是一门把抽象想法变成现实的学科。
16．选D　此处表示，作者寻找事情背后的原因，同时也在寻找常见问题的解决方案。此处和“discovering”为同义词复现。
17．选C　根据后文的“the difficulty of physical human flight”可知，此处表示克服困难。
18．选B　根据上文可知，作者五岁时曾试图飞起来，结果失败了。
19．选C　根据后文的“ever more complex problems”可知，此处表示“解决”更复杂的问题。
Ⅲ.语法填空
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了一项研究计划：在太空中收集太阳能，并以无线方式传输到地球上。
20．means　考查动词的时态和主谓一致。设空处在非限制性定语从句中作谓语；陈述客观情况，谓语动词用一般现在时；which指代前面的整句话，从句谓语应用第三人称单数形式。
21．millions　考查固定搭配。millions of意为“数百万的”，为固定搭配。
22．It　考查it的用法。It was reported that ...“据报道……”，其中It是形式主语，that 引导的从句是真正的主语。
23．to send　考查非谓语动词。be expected to do sth.意为“被期待做某事”，设空处应用动词不定式。
24．as　考查介词。the same ...as ...意为“和……一样”，为固定短语。
25．length　考查名词。介词in后用名词形式。
26．placed　考查非谓语动词。have sth.done意为“让某事被做”，place与逻辑主语many of these giant satellites之间为被动关系，应用过去分词作宾补。
27．is called　考查动词的时态、语态和主谓一致。陈述客观事实，用一般现在时。设空处为谓语，call与主语The ESA project之间为被动关系，应用被动语态；主语为第三人称单数，助动词应用is。
28．who　考查定语从句。Josef Aschbacher为先行词，指人，在非限制性定语从句中作主语，设空处应用关系代词who。
29．absolutely　考查副词。修饰形容词fantastic，应用副词作状语。
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