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(共22张PPT)
Section Ⅲ　Learning About Language
UNIT 5 POEMS
复习定语从句
观察下面的句子，体会黑体词的用法。
①There are various reasons why people compose poetry.
②Some of the first poems a young child learns in English are nursery rhymes.
③One of the simplest kinds of poem is the “list poem”，which contains a list of things，people，ideas，or descriptions that develop a particular theme.
④List poems have a flexible line length and repeated phrases which give both a pattern and a rhythm to the poem.
⑤Another simple form of poem that amateurs can easily write is the cinquain，which is made up of five lines.
⑥Haiku is a Japanese form of poetry that consists of 17 syllables.
⑦The haiku poem on the right is a translation from Japanese，which shows a moment in the life of a delicate butterfly.
[自我归纳]
(1)在上述句子中，句①、句②、句④、句⑥中的从句以及句⑤中that引导的从句是 定语从句；句③和句⑤中which引导的从句是
定语从句。
(2)句②中省略了定语从句的 。
(3)句①中是 引导定语从句；句③～句⑦都是 引导定语从句。
限制性
非限制性
关系词
关系副词
关系代词
在复合句中，修饰某一名词、代词或整个主句的从句叫定语从句。被定语从句修饰的名词或代词叫先行词，连接先行词和定语从句的词叫关系词。关系词的主要作用是连接主句和从句，同时指代先行词，并在从句中充当一定的句子成分。关系词分为关系代词和关系副词两种，关系代词有that，which，who，whom，whose等；关系副词有when，where，why等。
一、关系代词引导的定语从句
1．who, whom, whose引导的定语从句
(1)who和whom指人，who在定语从句中作主语或宾语，作宾语时在限制性定语从句中可省略；whom在定语从句中作宾语，在限制性定语从句中可省略。在口语中可用who代替whom。
(2)whose指人或物，在定语从句中作定语，指物时常可用of which取代。
Do not follow the people who make you feel not-good-enough.
不要跟随那些让你觉得自己不够好的人。
The person whom I can turn to for help when in trouble is Mr. Wang.
我有困难时可以求助的人是王先生。
Children who are not active or whose diet is high in fat will gain weight quickly.
很少进行体育锻炼或饮食中富含脂肪的孩子体重会增加得很快。
2．that, which引导的定语从句
(1)that多指物，有时也指人，在定语从句中作主语、表语或宾语，作宾语或表语时可以省略。指物时其用法和which大致相同，但也有区别。
(2)which指物，在定语从句中作主语或宾语。作宾语时，在限制性定语从句中可以省略，在非限制性定语从句中不可省略。
Thank you for your letter, which really made me happy.
谢谢你的来信，你的信让我很开心。
(3)下列情况只用that不用which：
①先行词是all, something, everything, anything, nothing, little, much, few等不定代词；
②先行词被all, any, every, no, little, much, some等词修饰；
③先行词被序数词、形容词最高级修饰或先行词本身是序数词；
④先行词被the only, the very(正是，恰是)，the last修饰；
⑤先行词中既有人也有物；
⑥在which或who引导的特殊疑问句中含有定语从句。
She described in her composition the people and places that impressed her most.
她在作文中描述了令她印象最深刻的一些人和地方。
All that can be done has been done.
一切能做的都已经做完了。
This is the best play that was written by Jack.
这是杰克写得最好的一个剧本。
二、关系副词引导的定语从句
1．关系副词when, where, why的先行词是表示时间、地点或原因(一般为reason)的名词，在从句中作状语。有时可用“介词＋which”结构替换。
China first had to put a satellite in orbit above the moon in a spot where it could send signals to the spacecraft and to Earth.
中国首先必须把一颗人造卫星送入月球轨道上的一个点，人造卫星可以在这个点向航天器和地球发射信号。
I shall never forget the days when/in which we worked on the farm.
我永远忘不了我们在农场工作的那些日子。
The reason why I don't trust him is that he often tells lies.
我不信任他的原因是他常常撒谎。
2．当定语从句中缺少主语或宾语时，即使先行词表示时间、地点和原因，关系词仍用which或that。
Is this the reason (that /which) he explained for his rudeness at the meeting
这就是他解释的在会议上无礼的原因吗？
3．当先行词为一些表示抽象地点的名词，如point, situation, case, stage等时，如果引导词在从句中作状语，常用关系副词where引导定语从句；如果不作状语，则用关系代词that或which。
They have reached the point where they have to separate with each other.
他们已经到了必须分手的地步。
Remember that there is still one point which we must make clear at the conference tomorrow.
记住，在明天的会议上我们还有一点必须弄清楚。
三、“介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句
1．若介词放在关系代词之前，关系代词指人时常用whom，指物时常用which。另外，whose也可以放在介词后，即“介词＋whose＋名词”结构。
William Hastie once suggested that history informs us of past mistakes from which we can learn without repeating them.
威廉·哈斯蒂曾经说过，历史会告诉我们过去的错误，我们可以从中学习，避免重复犯错。
I wish to thank Professor Smith, without whose help I would never have got this far.
我想要感谢史密斯教授，没有他的帮助，我不会走这么远。
2．该结构中介词的选用
(1)一般来说，确定关系代词前的介词，可以从以下三方面入手：
①先行词的意义；
②从句中的动词或形容词与先行词的固定搭配；
③句子的意思。
(2)表示“整体和部分关系”，介词常用of。常见结构：
①在some, any, few, little, none, all, both, neither, many, most, each等代词或数词的前、后可以用of which/whom。
There are many books in the library，some of which are about history.
图书馆里有很多书，其中一些是关于历史的。
John invited about 40 people to his wedding, most of whom are family members.
约翰邀请了大约40人参加他的婚礼，他们当中绝大部分是家庭成员。
He has five children，two of whom are abroad.他有五个孩子，其中两个在国外。
②“the＋比较级或最高级”结构的前、后用of which/whom等。
I have many books，the best of which was given by Mary.
我有很多书，其中最好的一本是玛丽送的。
四、as, which引导定语从句
1．as作关系代词引导非限制性定语从句，意为“正如，正像”，as可以放在句首、句末或句中。
2．as常用在下列习惯用语中：
as (it) often happens, as I remember, as is often the case, as is expected, as is known to us, as is shown等。
The air quality in the city, as is shown in the report, has improved over the past two months.
正如报告所显示的，在过去的两个月里，这个城市的空气质量已有所改善。
3．which引导定语从句代指前面整句话内容时which只能放在逗号后面。
He began to try to sit up，which showed us that the effects of the drug were wearing off.
他开始试图坐起身来，这向我们表明药力正在消退。
4．“such/so ... that ...”表示“如此……以至于……”，用来引导一个结果状语从句；而“such/so ... as ...”表示“像……这样……”，用来引导定语从句，as在从句中充当主语、宾语或表语等。
上学期数学老师出的考试题目太难，没有一个人能解出来。
→Last term our maths teacher set so difficult an examination problem as none of us worked out.(定语从句)
→Last term our maths teacher set so difficult an examination problem that none of us worked it out.(结果状语从句)
5．“the same ... that ...”表示同一人或物，而“the same ... as ...”表示同种类的东西。
I would like to use the same tool as you used yesterday.
我想用你昨天使用的那种工具。
I would like to use the same tool that you used yesterday.
我想用你昨天使用的那件工具。
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．I live next door to a couple children often make a lot of noise.
2．This is the very factory they visited last summer holiday.
3．My father is a teacher loves his work and his students very much.
4．The hungry bear followed his nose to our camp， was surrounded by a high wire fence.
5．Last month, an English festival was held in our school, and our class performed a song you taught us in the class.
whose
that
who
which
which/that
6．I see libraries as a safe haven(避风港) for readers and writers, a bridge
helps put together a reader with a book.
7．He's got himself into a dangerous situation he is likely to lose control over the plane.
8．Many young people，most of were well-educated，headed for remote regions to chase their dreams.
9．We have found such ingredient is used by them.
10．I shall never forget those years I lived in the countryside with my grandparents.
that/which
where
whom
as
when
Ⅱ.完成句子
1．那是现在我们唯一能做的事。
That's the only thing now.
2．这正是我要找的那本书。
This is the very book ．
3．我们都知道，吸烟有害健康。
，smoking is harmful to one's health.
4．这是一个星期前他们住过的房子。
This is the house ．
5．我仍然记得我们第一次相遇的那一天。
I still remember the day ．
that we can do
that I am looking for
As we all know
where they lived a week ago
when we met for the first time

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