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2025-2026学年第二学期高一直升班单元重点词汇导学
Book 3 Unit 4
话题 人与社会：科学家和科学成就
词汇 1.deadly adj.致命的；十足的，彻底的→dead adj.死亡的；没电的；静止的；完全的→die vi.& vt.死亡→death n.死亡；破灭→dying adj.临终的，垂死的 2.survival n.生存，存活；残存物，幸存事物→survive vi.& vt.生存；挺过（难关）→survivor n.幸存者 3.broad adj.广泛的；宽阔的，广阔的；概括的；开阔的→broadly adv.广泛地→broaden vt.变宽，扩大……的范围→breadth n.宽度;广度; (知识、兴趣等的)广泛 4.intend vt.& vi.想要，计划；意指→intention n.目的；意图；打算→intentional adj.故意的；有意的→unintentional adj.无意的→unintentionally adv.无意地→intended adj.打算的；计划的 5.limited adj.有限的→limit n.& vt.限制→limitation n.限制；局限；极限→limitless adj.无限的 6.container n.容器；集装箱，货柜→contain vt.包含 7.sufficient adj.足够的，充足的→sufficiency n.充足；足量；富足→insufficient adj. 不足的，不够的→self-sufficiency n.自给自足(sufficiency of food /water 充足的食物/水) 8.illustrate vt.说明，解释；加插图于→illustration n.图解，图示→illustrative adj.说明性的；例证性的 9.surround vt.围绕，环绕；包围；与……紧密相关→surrounding adj.周围的→surroundings n.周围的环境 10.indicate vt.表明；暗示；提及；指出→indication n.表明；暗示→indicator n.指示器；指标；迹象→indicative adj. 指示的；表明的 11.accident n.意外，偶然的事；事故，意外遭遇 by accident 偶然→accidental adj.意外的；偶然的→accidentally adv.意外地；偶然地 12.intelligent adj.有才智的，聪明的；有智力的（同义词intellectual adj.脑力的；有才智的，智力发达的 n.知识分子，脑力劳动者）→intelligence n.才智 13.favour vt.较喜欢；偏袒；有助于 n.帮助，好事；赞同；偏袒→favourable adj.赞同的；支持的；有利的→favourite adj.最喜爱的 14.politician n.政治家，从政者；投机钻营者→politics n.政治（学）→political adj.政治的 15.electricity n.电，电能→electric adj.电的；发电的；电动的→electrical adj.与电有关的→electronic n.电子的 (区别：带电的、电动的用electric；电学、电气工程等抽象概念用 electrical，数码芯片产品用electronic) 16.involve vt.包含；牵涉，影响；（使）参加→involved adj.有关的；卷入的；复杂的→involvement n. 参与；卷入；投入；涉及 17.scientific adj.科学的，关于科学的；细致严谨的→science n.科学→scientist n.科学家→scientifically adv.科学地，关于科学地；细致严谨地 18.moral adj.道德的；道义上的；品行端正的 n.品行，道德；寓意→immoral adj.不道德的 →morality n. 道德；道德准则→moralize v.说教；从道德上进行评判；教化 19.apply vt. & vi. 应用；申请；涂；有关→application n.应用，运用；申请，申请表；涂抹，外敷→applicant n.申请人 20.ignorance n.无知→ignorant adj.不了解的，无知的；无礼的→ignore vt.忽视；不理睬 21.freedom n.自由→free adj.自由的；免费的→freely adv.自由地；免费地 22.permit vt.& vi.允许，准许，许可；使有可能 n.许可证→permission n.允许，许可→permissive adj. 放任的；纵容的 23.responsibility n.责任,负责；职责,义务→responsible adj.负责的→irresponsible adj.不负责的 24.declare vt.表明，宣称；公布，宣布；申报→declaration n.宣言；公布 25.nationality n.国籍；民族→national adj.国家的；全国的；民族的→nation n.国家；民族 26.publish vt.出版，发行；发表；公布→publication n.出版；发表；出版物→public adj. 公众的；公共的 n.公众→publicly adv.公开地;当众→publisher n. 出版商；出版社；发行人 27.marriage n.结婚,婚姻；已婚状态；婚礼→marry v. 嫁；娶；结婚→married adj. 已婚的→unmarried adj. 未婚的；单身的 28.theory n.学说，论；原理；看法，意见→theoretic/theoretical adj.理论的→theoretically adv.理论上地
短语 1.refer to　　查阅，参考；提到，谈及（referred-referred reference） 2.speed up　（使）加速 at low/high/full/top speed 以低/高/全/最高速pick up speed 加速 3.pay off　　成功，奏效，达到目的 4.through trial and error　　反复试验 5.by accident　　偶然，意外地 6.with a bang　　很成功；引人注目，有强烈影响 7.let sb down　　使某人失望 8.take it for granted　　想当然地认为，认为……是理所当然 9.as to　　关于，至于 10.put forward　　提出，提议，建议 11.make a difference to　对…有影响，起作用 12.thanks to　　因为，多亏了 13.far from the truth　　根本不是事实 14.a desire for truth　　对真理的渴望 15.a greatly increased chance of survival　　生存的机会大大增加 16.at a low temperature　　在低温下 17.have sufficient safety data　　有足够的安全数据 18.great potential for future advances　　未来发展潜力巨大 19.a world－changing discovery　　一个改变世界的发现 20.mass production　　大量生产；成批生产 21.the driving force　　动力，驱动力，推动力 22.to the credit of science　　归功于科学 to one’s credit值得赞扬的是；归功于某人 23.in the early days of science　　在科学的早期 24.the fruit of freedom of thought　　思想自由的果实 25. put... at risk 把...置于危险之中 26. be involved in..... 涉及到... 27. put another way 换句话说 28. be charged with...... 被指控；被赋予（职责/任务）; 充满（某种情绪/气氛） 29. declare for/against...赞成/反对… 30. be ignorant of/about sth. 不知道某事
句型 1.句式：含蓄虚拟条件句 原句：Without her broad knowledge of both traditional Chinese medicine and Western medicine，Tu might never have discovered qinghaosu. 如果没有她丰富的中西医知识，屠呦呦可能永远也不会发现青蒿素。 2. it作形式宾语 原句：Now, we scientists take it for granted that it is perfectly possible to live and not know. 现在，我们科学家理所当然地认为，人类生而有所不知是完全有可能的。 主语+ find / think / feel / make / consider / believe/ like / hate / appreciate it，形式宾语记心间
语法 动词 ed形式作定语、状语和宾语补足语
写作 关于校园科技节的新闻报道或介绍（投稿信）
二、重点单词讲解
intend vi.& vt.想要，计划；意指
【教材原句】20世纪60年代，许多人死于疟疾。1969年屠呦呦担任了一个课题组的组长，这个课题组计划找到该疾病的治疗方法。
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【拓展】
(1)intend to do sth. 打算做某事 intend sb.to do sth. 打算让某人做某事
had intended to do sth. 本打算做而未做
(2)intended adj.打算的；计划的
be intended for... 为……打算(或设计)的 be intended to do... 打算做……
(3)intention n. 意图，目的；企图
with the intention of 有……的打算/目的
【运用】
①He went to Paris with the_________ (intend)of learning French.
②He intends his son____________(manage)the company.
③I _____________(intend)to do it，but I'm sorry I forgot.
④This is a new book____________(intend)for little children.
⑤4月19日，我校在学校礼堂举办了科技节。本次活动旨在丰富学生课余生活，培养动手实践能力。
_________ ____ _________ students' after-school life and develop their _________ skills, our school held the Science and Technology Festival in the school _________ on April 19th.
⑥科技节于 4 月 19 日在我校举行，旨在普及科学知识，鼓励学生探索科学世界。
_________ _________ _________ _____ spreading scientific knowledge and encouraging students to explore the world of science, the Science and Technology Festival _________ _________ in our school on April 19th.
refer to 查阅，参考；提到，谈及
【教材原句】当它们未能产生预期效果时，屠呦呦再次查阅历代中医典籍。
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【拓展】
(1)refer v.　　 参考；提到；查阅；涉及
refer to...as...(被动情况下用的较多) 把…… 称作……
be referred to as 被称之为
查字典的四种表述: refer to a dictionary=look up a word in a dictionary=consult a dictionary=check a dictionary
(2)reference n. 参考，查阅；提到，谈及； 介绍信，介绍人
in/with reference to 关于
reference book 参考书；工具书
【运用】
①He made no__________(refer)to his illness but only to his future plans.
②He __________(refer)to as a living Lei Feng.
③The question referred_________ at the meeting is hard to answer.
④I have nothing to say _________reference to that case.
⑤这个节日被称作年度最精彩的活动。
This festival ___ _________ ___ ___ the most wonderful event of the year.
⑥我们常把这次校园科技节称作一场科学盛宴。
We often _____ _____ this school festival _____ a feast of science.
3.trial n.试用，试验；审讯，审判；考验 vi.& vt.测试，试验
【教材原句】然而，由于研究资源有限，难以生产出足够的青蒿提取物进行大型试验。
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【拓展】
be on trial　正在受审 stand/go on trial 受到审判
on trial 在试验/测试中 trial and error 反复试验
a trial period 试用期；试验期；试行阶段
【运用】
①Now, he is ____ trial for murder.
②The suspect went ____ trial yesterday.
③学语言是一个反复试验的过程。Learning a language is a process of ____ ____ ____.
④她同意试用我一段时间。She agreed to _______ me for ____ ____ ____.
4.pay off 成功，奏效，达到目的; 还清（债务）
【教材原句】屠呦呦和其团队的努力终于有了回报。
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【拓展】
pay for 为……付钱；为……付出代价 pay back 还钱；报复
pay a visit to 拜访，参观 pay sb some money 付给某人一些钱
【运用】
①The efforts made by Jack and his parents paid ______.
②Can you lend me some money？I'll pay you_______ on Friday.
③He will have to pay ______ his careless mistakes in the exam.
④The couple were happy to know that their son's debt ____________(pay) off.
⑤We plan to pay _______________ the science museum this weekend.
【注意】pay off表示“得到回报”时，无被动语态，且一般用表示事物的名词作主语；表示“偿清”时，用人作主语。
5.surround vt.围绕，环绕；包围；与……紧密相关
【教材原句】他观察到霉菌周围的细菌都死了。
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【拓展】
(1)surround sb./sth. with.. 以……围绕，包围 be surrounded by/with... 被……环绕/包围
(2)surrounding adj.周围的，附近的
(3)surroundings n.环境；周围的事物
【运用】
①___________(surround)by beautiful rivers，the country has attracted a lot of visitors.
②The policemen decided to search the_____________(surround)area.
③When Mr.Brown got off the train，he found himself _____________ (surround)by his students.
④There are a lot of fans____________(surround)the young star over there.
⑤The old campus boasts pleasant and peaceful ___________ (surround), which are quite beneficial to students’ study and life.
6.by accident 偶然，意外地
【教材原句】有人可能会认为弗莱明发现青霉素是出于偶然，然而实际上，这远非事实。
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【拓展】
by accident＝by chance= by coincidence=by mistake(侧重“弄错，误操作”) = accidentally=unintentionally
偶然；无意中；不小心
by design＝on purpose= purposely= deliberately 故意地
【运用】
①I can't find my book. Someone may have taken it ______mistake.
②Your words sound as if I did it _________ design!
③It was __________accident that I met one of my old friends in the street.
④He did it __________ purpose，knowing it would annoy her.
7.favour（favor） vt.较喜欢；偏袒；有助于n.帮助，好事；赞同；偏袒
【教材原句】正如路易斯·巴斯德所说：“幸运垂青于有准备的人。”
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【拓展】
(1)in favour of　　支持，赞同 in sb.'s favour 对某人有利
do sb.a favour/do a favour for sb. 帮某人一个忙 ask sb.a favour/ask a favour of sb. 请某人帮个忙
(2)favourable adj. 给人好印象的；赞同的；有利的
【运用】
①The terms of the agreement are ___________(favour)to both sides.
②The exchange rate is______ our favour at the moment.
③Most people are in favour__________ bringing down the housing prices.
④She asked her colleague a timely favour when she found herself unable to finish the urgent task before the deadline.
翻译______________________________________________________________________________________
⑤Would you do me a great favour and keep an eye on my luggage while I go to collect my ticket
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8.charge vt.& vi.充电；收费；控告；谴责；使承担责任；使充满n.收费；控告；谴责；掌管
【教材原句】当雷雨来临时，闪电就会给钥匙充电。
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【拓展】
in charge of主管；负责；掌管(主动) in the charge of sb＝in one's charge 在某人的掌管下；由某人管理（被动）
take charge of 负责；掌管；接管 charge sb. with (doing) sth. 控告某人犯某罪；指责某人做某事
charge...for... 就…向某人索取…费用 free of charge 免费
【运用】
①He was charged with___________(steal)a car last week.
②He charged me 50 yuan ________ repairing the mobile phone.
③The company is in the charge________ Miss Green.
④He was charged _________murder.
9.involve vt.牵涉，影响；包含；(使)参加
【教材原句】我不得不问自己：“科学里是不是有罪恶？”
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【拓展】
be involved in= involve oneself in 参与；与…有关；被卷入；专心地(做)
be involved with 涉及 involve doing sth 包含/ 需要做某事
【运用】
①What kind of organizations will be involved in ___________(set)up these projects
②He____________(involve)in reading the novel all morning.
③There was a lot of work ______________(involve)in setting up the festival.
④Parents should involve themselves__________ their children's education.
⑤Being a volunteer often involves __________(give) up your spare time to help others.
⑥本次科技节还组织了丰富多彩的创意活动，涉及创新装置设计、小组实验以及向评委展示研究报告等环节。
A wide ________ of creative activities were organized, ________ designing innovative devices, conducting group experiments and ________ research reports to the judges.
10. let sb. down 使某人失望
【教材原句】我们从不担心答案可能会令人失望，总是快乐而自信地开始每一次新探索，发现一些意想不到、稀奇古怪的东西，随之而来的是更加奇妙的问题和奥秘。
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【拓展】
let off　放（炮/烟花）; 不惩罚，宽恕 let out 泄露；发出叫声
let sb. alone 不要管某人，不打扰某人 let alone 更不用说，更谈不上
let in 让……进来; 容许 let go of 放开；放手；放弃
【运用】
①I'll let him ________ this time but next time he'll be punished.
②I'm counting on you to make it—don't let me ________．
③It remains unknown who let ________the secret.
④When my father is upset，he would rather we let him ________．
⑤It’s time to let ________ the past and move on.
11.ignorance n.无知
【教材原句】科学家经常会经历无知、疑惑和不确定。而这种经历是十分重要的。
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【拓展】
be in ignorance of sth. 不知某事；对某事不了解 ignore vt.忽视；对……不予理会
ignorant adj. 无知的；愚昧的 be ignorant of/about sth. 不知道某事
【运用】
①Sometimes children do dangerous things out of_________ (ignore).
②We are ignorant ___________ your plan.
③The singer held his head and walked past,__________(ignore)his fans.
④She ____________(ignore)him and carried on with her work.
12.permit vt.& vi.允许，准许，许可；使有可能 n．许可证
【教材原句】允许我们质疑、怀疑、不确定。_______________________________________________________
【拓展】
permit sb.to do sth. 允许某人做某事 permit(doing)sth. 允许(做)某事
permission n. 允许；许可；同意 ask sb.for permission＝ask permission from sb.请求某人许可
with/without(one's)permission得到/未经(某人的)允许
【运用】
①The rules of the club don't permit____________(smoke).
②We asked him for __________(permit)to use the car.
③Smoking is not ___________(permit)in the cinema.
④You are not allowed to camp here without ___________(permit).
13.declare vt.表明，宣称；公布，宣布；申报
【教材原句】作为科学家，我们有责任阐明这种自由的价值。
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【拓展】
declare war on/against　向…宣战 declare sb./sth. as/to be＋n./adj. 宣布某人/物为
declare sth./that... 宣布…… declare for/against...赞成/反对……
It is/was declared that...据宣布……
【运用】
①They declared him ___________(be)the winner.
②The government has declared war __________ drug dealers.
③It ___________(declare)that the plane would not take off due to the bad weather.
④The doctor finally ____________(declare)that the woman was dead.
三、重点句式讲解
It was not until the 1970s that Tu succeeded in discovering qinghaosu after many failed experiments.
【句式分析】本句是It is/was.......that.......强调句，其中也包含了not until句式，表示“直到........才........”
两个句式的组合可以使得句子更加高级。
①It was not until 1974 that his ability to write gelled again. 直到1974年，他的写作才华才又得以发挥。
②It was not until I visited the place that I found it really worthy of the reputation. 到桂林一看，果然名不虚传。
【运用】
直到长大我才理解父母。_________________________________________________________________
②直到校园科技节落下帷幕，我们才真正意识到科技的魅力。
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Without her sufficient knowledge of both traditional Chinese medicine and western medicine, Tu might never have discovered qinghaosu.
【句式分析】
本句是without引起的含蓄虚拟句，表示“如果没有........就可能会........”, 句子中使用的是would have done的虚拟时态，表示对过去发生情况的虚拟。
①Without your advice I would have failed. 假若没有你的劝告，我想必已失败了。
②Without /But for you, our project wouldn't have succeeded. 如果没有你的话，我们的计划就无法成功了。
【运用】
①Without your reasonable advice, I ___________（not finish） my paper excellently.
②___________________, we wouldn't have finished the task on time. （没有你的帮助）
3.If he had really done it, he would have received a deadly electric shock.
【句式分析】
与过去事实相反：if +主语 + had done, 主语+ would/could/might have done
与现在事实相反: if + 主语 + did/were, 主语+ would/could/might do
与将来事实相反: if + 主语 + should do / were to do / did, 主语+ would/could/might do
总结：时态退一格
①If I had got there earlier, I would have met her. 如果我早到那儿，我就会见到她。
②If he should come here tomorrow, I would talk to him. 如果他明天来这儿的话，我就跟他谈谈。
③If I had more time, I would design a better robot.如果我现在有更多时间，我会设计一个更好的机器人。
【运用】
①如果我当时参加了这次科技竞赛，我本会获得更多经验。
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②如果我现在是一名科学家，我会创造出更多有用的发明。
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③万一我们的计划失败了，我们会再想别的办法。
____________________________________________________________________________________________2025-2026学年第二学期高一直升班单元重点词汇导学
Book 3 Unit 4
话题 人与社会：科学家和科学成就
词汇 1.deadly adj.致命的；十足的，彻底的→dead adj.死亡的；没电的；静止的；完全的→die vi.& vt.死亡→death n.死亡；破灭→dying adj.临终的，垂死的 2.survival n.生存，存活；残存物，幸存事物→survive vi.& vt.生存；挺过（难关）→survivor n.幸存者 3.broad adj.广泛的；宽阔的，广阔的；概括的；开阔的→broadly adv.广泛地→broaden vt.变宽，扩大……的范围→breadth n.宽度;广度; (知识、兴趣等的)广泛 4.intend vt.& vi.想要，计划；意指→intention n.目的；意图；打算→intentional adj.故意的；有意的→unintentional adj.无意的→unintentionally adv.无意地→intended adj.打算的；计划的 5.limited adj.有限的→limit n.& vt.限制→limitation n.限制；局限；极限→limitless adj.无限的 6.container n.容器；集装箱，货柜→contain vt.包含 7.sufficient adj.足够的，充足的→sufficiency n.充足；足量；富足→insufficient adj. 不足的，不够的→self-sufficiency n.自给自足(sufficiency of food /water 充足的食物/水) 8.illustrate vt.说明，解释；加插图于→illustration n.图解，图示→illustrative adj.说明性的；例证性的 9.surround vt.围绕，环绕；包围；与……紧密相关→surrounding adj.周围的→surroundings n.周围的环境 10.indicate vt.表明；暗示；提及；指出→indication n.表明；暗示→indicator n.指示器；指标；迹象→indicative adj. 指示的；表明的 11.accident n.意外，偶然的事；事故，意外遭遇 by accident 偶然→accidental adj.意外的；偶然的→accidentally adv.意外地；偶然地 12.intelligent adj.有才智的，聪明的；有智力的（同义词intellectual adj.脑力的；有才智的，智力发达的 n.知识分子，脑力劳动者）→intelligence n.才智 13.favour vt.较喜欢；偏袒；有助于 n.帮助，好事；赞同；偏袒→favourable adj.赞同的；支持的；有利的→favourite adj.最喜爱的 14.politician n.政治家，从政者；投机钻营者→politics n.政治（学）→political adj.政治的 15.electricity n.电，电能→electric adj.电的；发电的；电动的→electrical adj.与电有关的→electronic n.电子的 (区别：带电的、电动的用electric；电学、电气工程等抽象概念用 electrical，数码芯片产品用electronic) 16.involve vt.包含；牵涉，影响；（使）参加→involved adj.有关的；卷入的；复杂的→involvement n. 参与；卷入；投入；涉及 17.scientific adj.科学的，关于科学的；细致严谨的→science n.科学→scientist n.科学家→scientifically adv.科学地，关于科学地；细致严谨地 18.moral adj.道德的；道义上的；品行端正的 n.品行，道德；寓意→immoral adj.不道德的 →morality n. 道德；道德准则→moralize v.说教；从道德上进行评判；教化 19.apply vt. & vi. 应用；申请；涂；有关→application n.应用，运用；申请，申请表；涂抹，外敷→applicant n.申请人 20.ignorance n.无知→ignorant adj.不了解的，无知的；无礼的→ignore vt.忽视；不理睬 21.freedom n.自由→free adj.自由的；免费的→freely adv.自由地；免费地 22.permit vt.& vi.允许，准许，许可；使有可能 n.许可证→permission n.允许，许可→permissive adj. 放任的；纵容的 23.responsibility n.责任,负责；职责,义务→responsible adj.负责的→irresponsible adj.不负责的 24.declare vt.表明，宣称；公布，宣布；申报→declaration n.宣言；公布 25.nationality n.国籍；民族→national adj.国家的；全国的；民族的→nation n.国家；民族 26.publish vt.出版，发行；发表；公布→publication n.出版；发表；出版物→public adj. 公众的；公共的 n.公众→publicly adv.公开地;当众→publisher n. 出版商；出版社；发行人 27.marriage n.结婚,婚姻；已婚状态；婚礼→marry v. 嫁；娶；结婚→married adj. 已婚的→unmarried adj. 未婚的；单身的 28.theory n.学说，论；原理；看法，意见→theoretic/theoretical adj.理论的→theoretically adv.理论上地
短语 1.refer to　　查阅，参考；提到，谈及（referred-referred reference） 2.speed up　（使）加速 at low/high/full/top speed 以低/高/全/最高速pick up speed 加速 3.pay off　　成功，奏效，达到目的 4.through trial and error　　反复试验 5.by accident　　偶然，意外地 6.with a bang　　很成功；引人注目，有强烈影响 7.let sb down　　使某人失望 8.take it for granted　　想当然地认为，认为……是理所当然 9.as to　　关于，至于 10.put forward　　提出，提议，建议 11.make a difference to　对…有影响，起作用 12.thanks to　　因为，多亏了 13.far from the truth　　根本不是事实 14.a desire for truth　　对真理的渴望 15.a greatly increased chance of survival　　生存的机会大大增加 16.at a low temperature　　在低温下 17.have sufficient safety data　　有足够的安全数据 18.great potential for future advances　　未来发展潜力巨大 19.a world－changing discovery　　一个改变世界的发现 20.mass production　　大量生产；成批生产 21.the driving force　　动力，驱动力，推动力 22.to the credit of science　　归功于科学 to one’s credit值得赞扬的是；归功于某人 23.in the early days of science　　在科学的早期 24.the fruit of freedom of thought　　思想自由的果实 25. put... at risk 把...置于危险之中 26. be involved in..... 涉及到... 27. put another way 换句话说 28. be charged with...... 被指控；被赋予（职责/任务）; 充满（某种情绪/气氛） 29. declare for/against...赞成/反对… 30. be ignorant of/about sth. 不知道某事
句型 1.句式：含蓄虚拟条件句 原句：Without her broad knowledge of both traditional Chinese medicine and Western medicine，Tu might never have discovered qinghaosu. 如果没有她丰富的中西医知识，屠呦呦可能永远也不会发现青蒿素。 2. it作形式宾语 原句：Now, we scientists take it for granted that it is perfectly possible to live and not know. 现在，我们科学家理所当然地认为，人类生而有所不知是完全有可能的。 主语+ find / think / feel / make / consider / believe/ like / hate / appreciate it，形式宾语记心间
语法 动词 ed形式作定语、状语和宾语补足语
写作 关于校园科技节的新闻报道或介绍（投稿信）
二、重点单词讲解
intend vi.& vt.想要，计划；意指
教材原句：In the 1960s，many people were dying of malaria，and in 1969 Tu became head of a team that intended to find a cure for the disease. 20世纪60年代，许多人死于疟疾。1969年屠呦呦担任了一个课题组的组长，这个课题组计划找到该疾病的治疗方法。
【用法】
【拓展】
(1)intend to do sth. 打算做某事 intend sb.to do sth. 打算让某人做某事
had intended to do sth. 本打算做而未做
(2)intended adj.打算的；计划的
be intended for... 为……打算(或设计)的 be intended to do... 打算做……
(3)intention n. 意图，目的；企图
with the intention of 有……的打算/目的
【运用】
①He went to Paris with the_________ (intend)of learning French.
②He intends his son____________(manage)the company.
③I _____________(intend)to do it，but I'm sorry I forgot.
④This is a new book____________(intend)for little children.
【答案】intention to manage had intended intended
⑤Intended to enrich students' after-school life and develop their practical skills, our school held the Science and Technology Festival in the school hall on April 19th.
4 月 19 日，我校在学校礼堂举办了科技节。本次活动旨在丰富学生课余生活，培养动手实践能力。
⑥With the intention of spreading scientific knowledge and encouraging students to explore the world of science, the Science and Technology Festival took place in our school on April 19th.
科技节于 4 月 19 日在我校举行，旨在普及科学知识，鼓励学生探索科学世界。
refer to 查阅，参考；提到，谈及
教材原句：When they failed to produce any promising results，Tu referred to the ancient books of traditional Chinese medicine again.当它们未能产生预期效果时，屠呦呦再次查阅历代中医典籍。
【拓展】
(1)refer v.　　 参考；提到；查阅；涉及
refer to...as...(被动情况下用的较多) 把…… 称作……
be referred to as 被称之为
查字典的四种表述: refer to a dictionary=look up a word in a dictionary=consult a dictionary=check a dictionary
(2)reference n. 参考，查阅；提到，谈及； 介绍信，介绍人
in/with reference to 关于
reference book 参考书；工具书
【运用】
①He made no__________(refer)to his illness but only to his future plans.
②He __________(refer)to as a living Lei Feng.
③The question referred_________ at the meeting is hard to answer.
④I have nothing to say _________reference to that case.
【答案】 reference is referred to in/with
⑤This festival is referred to as the most wonderful event of the year.
这个节日被称作年度最精彩的活动。
⑥We often refer to this school festival as a feast of science.
我们常把这次校园科技节称作一场科学盛宴。
trail n.试验；审判
教材原句：However，it was hard to produce enough qinghao extract for large trials because research resources were limited． 然而，由于研究资源有限，难以生产出足够的青蒿提取物进行大型试验。
【拓展】
be on trial　正在受审 stand/go on trial 受到审判
on trial 在试验/测试中 trial and error 反复试验
a trial period 试用期；试验期；试行阶段
【运用】
①He is on trial for murder.他因谋杀罪受审。
②The suspect went on trial yesterday.
③Learning a language is a process of trial and error.学语言是一个反复摸索的过程。
④She agreed to employ me for a trial period. 她同意试用我一段时间。
4.pay off 成功，奏效，达到目的
教材原句：The efforts of Tu and her team finally paid off. 屠呦呦和其团队的努力终于有了回报。
【拓展】
pay for 为……付钱；为……付出代价 pay back 还钱；报复
pay a visit to 拜访，参观 pay sb some money 付给某人一些钱
【运用】
①The efforts made by Jack and his parents paid off.
②Can you lend me some money？I'll pay you back on Friday.
③He will have to pay for his careless mistakes in the exam. 他将为考试中粗心的错误付出代价。
④The couple were happy to know that their son's debt had been paid off.
⑤We plan to pay a visit to the science museum this weekend.我们计划本周末去参观科学博物馆。
【注意】
pay off表示“得到回报”时，无被动语态，且一般用表示事物的名词作主语；表示“偿清”时，用人作主语。
5.surround vt.围绕，环绕；包围；与……紧密相关
教材原句：He observed that the bacteria surrounding the mould were dead.他观察到霉菌周围的细菌都死了。
【拓展】
(1)surround sb./sth. with.. 以……围绕，包围 be surrounded by/with... 被……环绕/包围
(2)surrounding adj.周围的，附近的
(3)surroundings n.环境；周围的事物
【运用】
①___________(surround)by beautiful rivers，the country has attracted a lot of visitors.
②The policemen decided to search the_____________(surround)area.
③When Mr.Brown got off the train，he found himself _____________ (surround)by his students.
④There are a lot of fans____________(surround)the young star over there.
【答案】 Surrounded surrounding surrounded surrounding
⑤The old campus boasts pleasant and peaceful surroundings, which are quite beneficial to students’ study and life.
这所老校园拥有宜人宁静的环境，这对学生的学习和生活十分有益。
6.by accident 偶然，意外地
教材原句：One might think Fleming discovered penicillin by accident，but actually this is far from the truth.
有人可能会认为弗莱明发现青霉素是出于偶然，然而实际上，这远非事实。
【拓展】
by accident＝by chance= by coincidence=by mistake(侧重“弄错，误操作”) = accidentally=unintentionally
偶然；无意中；不小心
by design＝on purpose= purposely= deliberately 故意地
【运用】
①I can't find my book.Someone may have taken it ______mistake.
②Your words sound as if I did it _________ design!
③It was __________accident that I met one of my old friends in the street.
④He did it __________ purpose，knowing it would annoy her.
【答案】by by by on
7.favour vt.较喜欢；偏袒；有助于n.帮助，好事；赞同；偏袒
教材原句：As Louis Pasteur said，“Fortune favours the prepared mind.” 正如路易斯·巴斯德所说：“幸运垂青于有准备的人。”
【拓展】
(1)in favour of　　支持，赞同 in sb.'s favour 对某人有利
do sb.a favour/do a favour for sb. 帮某人一个忙 ask sb.a favour/ask a favour of sb. 请某人帮个忙
(2)favourable adj. 给人好印象的；赞同的；有利的
【运用】
①The terms of the agreement are ___________(favour)to both sides.
②The exchange rate is______ our favour at the moment.
③Most people are in favour__________ bringing down the housing prices.
【答案】favourable; in; of
④当她发现无法在截止日期前完成这项紧急任务时，她向同事请求了及时的帮助。
She asked her colleague a timely favour when she found herself unable to finish the urgent task before the deadline.
⑤我去取票的时候，你能帮我照看一下行李吗？
Would you do me a great favour and keep an eye on my luggage while I go to collect my ticket
8.charge vt.& vi.充电；收费；控告；谴责；使承担责任；使充满n.收费；控告；谴责；掌管
教材原句：When a thunderstorm approached，the lightning would charge the key.
当雷雨来临时，闪电就会给钥匙充电。
【拓展】
in charge of主管；负责；掌管(主动) in the charge of sb＝in one's charge 在某人的掌管下；由某人管理（被动）
take charge of 负责；掌管；接管 charge sb. with (doing) sth. 控告某人犯某罪；指责某人做某事
charge...for... 就…向某人索取…费用 free of charge 免费
【运用】
①He was charged with___________(steal)a car last week.
②He charged me 50 yuan ________ repairing the mobile phone.
③The company is in the charge________ Miss Green.
④He was charged _________murder.
【答案】 stealing; for; of; with
9.involve vt.牵涉，影响；包含；(使)参加
教材原句：I had to ask myself，“Is there some evil involved in science？” 我不得不问自己：“科学里是不是有罪恶？”
【拓展】
be involved in= involve oneself in 参与；与…有关；被卷入；专心地(做)
be involved with 涉及 involve doing sth 包含/ 需要做某事
【运用】
①What kind of organizations will be involved in ___________(set)up these projects
②He____________(involve)in reading the novel all morning.
③There was a lot of work ______________(involve)in setting up the festival.
④Parents should involve themselves__________ their children's education.
【答案】setting; was involved; involved; in
⑤Being a volunteer often involves giving up your spare time to help others.
做志愿者常常需要牺牲业余时间去帮助他人。
⑥本次科技节还组织了丰富多彩的创意活动，涉及创新装置设计、小组实验以及向评委展示研究报告等环节。
A wide range of creative activities were organized, involving designing innovative devices, conducting group experiments and presenting research reports to the judges.
10. let sb. down 使某人失望
教材原句：Never concerned that the answer may let us down，with pleasure and confidence we turn over each new stone to find unimagined strangeness leading on to more wonderful questions and mysteries. 我们从不担心答案可能会令人失望，总是快乐而自信地开始每一次新探索，发现一些意想不到、稀奇古怪的东西，随之而来的是更加奇妙的问题和奥秘。
【拓展】
let off　放（炮/烟花）; 不惩罚，宽恕 let out 泄露；发出叫声
let sb. alone 不要管某人，不打扰某人 let alone 更不用说，更谈不上
let in 让……进来; 容许 let go of 放开；放手；放弃
【运用】
①I'll let him ________ this time but next time he'll be punished.
②I'm counting on you to make it—don't let me ________．
③It remains unknown who let ________the secret.
④When my father is upset，he would rather we let him ________．
【答案】off down out alone
⑤It’s time to let go of the past and move on.是时候放下过去，继续前行了。
11.ignorance n．无知
教材原句：The scientist has a lot of experience with ignorance and doubt and uncertainty，and this experience is of very great importance.科学家经常会经历无知、疑惑和不确定。而这种经历是十分重要的。
【拓展】
be in ignorance of sth. 不知某事；对某事不了解 ignore vt.忽视；对……不予理会
ignorant adj. 无知的；愚昧的 be ignorant of/about sth. 不知道某事
【运用】
①Sometimes children do dangerous things out of_________ (ignore).
②We are ignorant ___________ your plan.
③The singer held his head and walked past,__________(ignore)his fans.
④She ____________(ignore)him and carried on with her work.
【答案】 ignorance; of/about; ignoring; ignored
12.permit vt.& vi.允许，准许，许可；使有可能 n．许可证
教材原句：Permit us to question—to doubt—to not be sure. 允许我们质疑、怀疑、不确定。
【拓展】
permit sb.to do sth. 允许某人做某事 permit(doing)sth. 允许(做)某事
permission n. 允许；许可；同意 ask sb.for permission＝ask permission from sb.请求某人许可
with/without(one's)permission得到/未经(某人的)允许
【运用】
①The rules of the club don't permit____________(smoke).
②We asked him for __________(permit)to use the car.
③Smoking is not ___________(permit)in the cinema.
④You are not allowed to camp here without ___________(permit).
【答案】smoking;; permission; permitted; permission
13.declare vt.表明，宣称；公布，宣布；申报
【教材原句】作为科学家，我们有责任阐明这种自由的价值。
It is our responsibility as scientists to declare the value of this freedom.
【拓展】
declare war on/against　向…宣战 declare sb./sth. as/to be＋n./adj. 宣布某人/物为
declare sth./that... 宣布…… declare for/against...赞成/反对……
It is/was declared that...据宣布……
【运用】
①They declared him ___________(be)the winner.
②The government has declared war __________ drug dealers.
③It ___________(declare)that the plane would not take off due to the bad weather.
④The doctor finally ____________(declare)that the woman was dead.
【答案】to be; on/against; was declared; declared
三、重点句式讲解
It was not until the 1970s that Tu succeeded in discovering qinghaosu after many failed experiments.
【句式分析】
本句是It is/was.......that.......强调句，其中也包含了not until句式，表示“直到........才........”
两个句式的组合可以使得句子更加高级。
①It was not until 1974 that his ability to write gelled again. 直到1974年，他的写作才华才又得以发挥。
②It was not until I visited the place that I found it really worthy of the reputation. 到桂林一看，果然名不虚传。
【运用】
①It was not until I grew up that I understood my parents.直到长大我才理解父母。
②It was not until the School Science and Technology Festival came to an end that we realized how amazing technology truly is. 直到校园科技节落下帷幕，我们才真正意识到科技的魅力。
Without her sufficient knowledge of both traditional Chinese medicine and western medicine, Tu might never have discovered qinghaosu.
【句式分析】
本句是without引起的含蓄虚拟句，表示“如果没有........就可能会........”, 句子中使用的是would have done的虚拟时态，表示对过去发生情况的虚拟。
① Without your advice I would have failed. 假若没有你的劝告，我想必已失败了。
② Without [But for] you, our project wouldn't have succeeded. 如果没有你的话，我们的计划就无法成功了。
【运用】
① Without your reasonable advice, I ___________（not finish） my paper excellently.
②___________________, we wouldn't have finished the task on time.
【答案】
①wouldn't have fininshed
②Without your help
3.If he had really done it, he would have received a deadly electric shock.
【句式分析】
与过去事实相反：if +主语 + had done, 主语+ would/could/might have done
与现在事实相反: if + 主语 + did/were, 主语+ would/could/might do
与将来事实相反: if + 主语 + should do / were to do / did, 主语+ would/could/might do
总结：时态退一格
①If I had got there earlier, I would have met her. 如果我早到那儿，我就会见到她。
②If he should come here tomorrow, I would talk to him. 如果他明天来这儿的话，我就跟他谈谈。
③If I had more time, I would design a better robot.如果我现在有更多时间，我会设计一个更好的机器人。
【运用】
If I had joined the technology competition, I would have gained more experience.
如果我当时参加了这次科技竞赛，我本会获得更多经验。
If I were a scientist, I would create more useful inventions.
如果我现在是一名科学家，我会创造出更多有用的发明。
If our plan should fail, we would think of another solution.
万一我们的计划失败了，我们会再想别的办法。

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